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ANTIDIABETIC EFFICACY OF DUNALIELLA SALINA EXTRACT IN STZ-

INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Article  in  International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences · August 2016

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 Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2016 July ; 7(3): (B) 465 - 473

Original Research Article Biochemistry

International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN

0975-6299

ANTIDIABETIC EFFICACY OF DUNALIELLA SALINA EXTRACT IN STZ-INDUCED

DIABETIC RATS

FAROUK K. EL-BAZ*1, HANAN F. ALY2, GAMILA H. ALI3, REHAB MAHMOUD3, SAFAA A. SAAD1
1
Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth st. (former El Tahrir st.), Dokki, Giza,
Egypt, P.O.12622.
2
Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth st. (former El Tahrir st.), Dokki, Giza,
Egypt, P.O.12622.
3
Water pollution Research Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth st. (former El Tahrir st.), Dokki, Giza,
Egypt, P.O.12622.
ABSTRACT
The hypoglycemic role of Dunaliella salina in comparison with the reference antidiabetic drug
glibenclamide was studied. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg body
weight). D. salina ethanolic extract was administrated to rats at a dose 150 mg/kg body weight. Specific
biochemical parameters were studied including blood glucose level, pancreatic function; α-amylase, liver
function enzymes; alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
Beside, oxidative stress biomarkers including nitrite level (NO), lipid peroxidation (MDA), glutathione
levels (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined. In addition, total protein content and
albumin level were evaluated. The results clearly indicated significant increment in blood glucose level,
AST, ALT and ALP enzyme activities, NO and MDA levels in diabetic rats. While, α-amylase activity and
GSH level were decreased in hyperglycemic rats. However, albumin level, total protein content and SOD
activity showed no significant difference in diabetic rats. Liver and pancreas of diabetic rats at a cellular
level declared degenerative changes, massive area of leucocytic cells infiltrations and congested central
vein. Treatment of diabetic rats with ethanolic extract of D. salina significantly decreased blood glucose
level , AST, ALT, ALP enzyme activities as well as NO and MDA levels. Also, enhancement in α-amylase
and GSH levels was noticed as a result of D. salina administration to diabetic rats. Moreover, noticeable
improvement in liver and pancreas architectures post treatment of diabetic rats with D. salina ethanolic
extract. In conclusion, the oral administration of D. salina extract in STZ-induced diabetic rats could have
promising ameliorating effects in controlling hyperglycemia, counteract disease and delaying its
complication.

KEYWORDS:Dunaliella salina, Antidiabetic, STZ, Liver function, Oxidative stress, Liver and pancreas histology

FAROUK K. EL-BAZ
Plant Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth st. (former El
Tahrir st.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt, P.O.12622.

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 Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2016 July ; 7(3): (B) 465 - 473

INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases (i) Material
in which a person has elevated levels of blood sugar, Reagents and standards:STZ was purchased from
either due to the body does not produce enough Sigma-Aldrich, India. All chemicals in the present study
amounts of insulin or because the receptors cells are are of analytical grade, products of Sigma, Merck and
1
not sensitive to the produced insulin. It is accompanied Aldrich. All kits were the products of Biosystems
with disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat (Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain), Sigma Chemical
and protein resulting from defects in insulin secretion, Company (St. Louis, MO, USA), Biodiagnostic
2
insulin action or both. DM has many symptoms such Company (Cairo, Egypt).
as thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision and polyphagia in
addition it has severe complexities represented in keto- (ii) Methods
2
acidosis or non-ketotic hyperosmolarity. According to Cultivation of D. salina:The organism was grown in
the 2009 report of the World Health Organization conical flask 5 litres containing BG11 nutrient media
11
(WHO), high blood plasma ranked first in the list of according to Stanier et al. (Table 1). The culture was
o
leading universal hazards for death and accounted for harvested by centrifugation, dried at 40 C and then
3
7.5 million pearson in the world in 2004. In the last grounded into homogeneous fine powder.
century, leading science evolved cure for different Ethanolic extract preparation of D. salina: For the
illnesses but this lead drove to the flourishing of some preparation of the ethanolic extract, 100 g of D. salina
2
common morbid and mortal diseases. Streptozotocin powder was soaked in ethanol (80%) and shacked on
(STZ), a naturally occurring nitrosourea, has a wide use shaker (Heidolph UNIMAX 2010) for 48 hrs at 150 rpm.
to induce insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in The extract was filtered using a Buchner funnel and
experimental animals due to its toxic irreversible Whatman No. 4 filter paper and the algal residue was
4
destruction effects on islet β-cells. The STZ selectivity re-extracted with the addition of fresh ethanol for
towards pancreatic β-cell toxicity and diabetic condition another two times. Combined filtrates were
is related to the similarity between STZ and glucose concentrated using Rotary evaporator (Heidolph-
moiety in chemical structure which enables STZ to Germany) at 40°C under vacuum. The resulting dry
5
penetrate the plasma membrane and enter the β-cell. extract was evaporated on a rotary vacuum evaporator
Microalgae are considered as a unicellular to dryness. The dry extract was stored at -20˚C in a
12
microorganism which can grow in fresh or salt water freeze and kept for further analysis.
and have varied shapes with a diameter or length of 3-
6
10 m. Microalgae have bioactive compounds that 1. Biological experiment
can be sourced directly from primary metabolism
(proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and pigments) or can be a. Experimental animals:Male albino rats (n=50)
synthesized from secondary metabolism and can weighted (150±20 g), were obtained from the Animal
present antifungal, antiviral, antialgal, antienzymatic, or House of the National Research Centre (NRC).
7
antibiotic activities .Dunaliella salina, a unicellular Animals were quarantined and allowed to acclimate
halophilic green microalga, knowing as a source of β- for one week before beginning experimentation.
carotene having various applications in the health and They were housed 10 per cage under temperature
8
nutritional products. D. salina, containing cis and trans controlled environment (26-29°C) with a fixed
isomeric forms of β-carotene, act as good light/dark cycle with free access to water and food.
antihepatotoxic agent when compared to synthetic all All procedures of the present study were performed
trans β-carotene. The hepatoprotective effect of D. according to the Ethical Committee of the NRC,
salina may be due to the presence of these isomeric Egypt, provided that the animals will not suffer at
forms of carotene and other oxygenated carotenoids any stage of the experiment.
8
(xanthophylls). β-carotene rich algae has a protective b. Induction of diabetes model:For the evaluation of
role in the reduction of oxidative stress besides, it can STZ diabetic effect, Type 2 diabetes was induced by
restore the activity of hepatic enzymes such as, intraperitoneally injection of a single dose of STZ (45
catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, mg/kg body weight) dissolved in 0.01M citrate buffer
13
resulting in the protecting of vital organs against immediately before use. After STZ injection, rats
9
xenobiotic and other damages. Moreover, natural had free access to food, water and were given 5%
antioxidant products such as D. salina microalga with glucose solution to drink overnight to encounter
14
high content in carotenoids have a possible rule in hypoglycaemic shock. Rats were checked daily
10
improving oxidative stress associated with diabetes. for the presence of glycosuria. Rats were
Hence, the current research was designed to evaluate considered to be diabetic if glycosuria was present
15
the possible ameliorating effects of D. salina for for 3 consecutive days. After 3 days of STZ
lowering blood glucose level, improving pancreatic and injection fasting blood samples were obtained and
liver architectures as well as functions, oxidant- blood sugar was determined (≥300 mg/dl).
antioxidant imbalance associated with diabetes in STZ c. Experiment:Animals were divided into 5 groups (10
induced-diabetic rats. rats each), as followed;
Group 1: Considered as normal, healthy control rats.
Group 2: Considered as normal rats treated with D.
salina ethanolic extract, Group 3: Considered as
diabetic group; hyperglycemic rats were used for the
experiment and classified as follows: Groups 4:

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 Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2016 July ; 7(3): (B) 465 - 473

Considered as diabetic rats orally administered 150 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

mg/kg body weight D. salina ethanolic extract for 15
10
days respectively, Groups 5: Considered as diabetic 1. Effect of D. salina extract on blood glucose
rats orally administered antidiabetic glibenclamide level and α-amylase activity
reference drug 10 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Table (2) demonstrated the blood glucose level and α-
16
Collection of blood, organs and tissue samples: Rats amylase activity in serum of normal and different
were fasted overnight (12-14 hours), anesthetized by therapeutic groups. It is obvious that, there is no
diethyl ether and blood collected by puncture of the significant difference in blood glucose levels and α-
sublingual vein in clean and dry test tube, left 10 amylase activity between normal control and normal
minutes to clot and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for serum rats treated with D. salina ethanolic extract. However,
separation. The separated serum was used for diabetic rats exhibited significant increase in blood
biochemical analysis of glucose, α-amylase, liver glucose level with percentage change 170.82%.
function; aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine However, significant inhibition in α-amylase enzyme
transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), activity with percentage change 45.94% was detected
albumin level and total protein content.After blood in diabetic rats. On the other hand, diabetic-treated rats
collection, rats of each group were sacrificed, liver and with D. Salina extract and glibenclamide standard drug
pancreas were removed immediately (a part was fixed declared reduction in blood glucose level with
in 10% formalin for histopathological examination). The improvement percentages 166.36 and 167.92%,
liver tissue was homogenized in 5-10 volumes of respectively comparing to normal control rats.
appropriate medium using electrical homogenizer, Significant increment in α-amylase enzyme activity was
centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min, the supernatants observed post D. salina ethanolic extract as well as
(10%) were collected and placed in Eppendorff tubes glibenclamide antidiabetic drug treatments with
then stored at -80°C and quantified for the amelioration percentages 49.87and 50.19%,
determination of oxidative stress markers; nitric oxide respectively. Diabetes mellitus is such a disease that
(NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as non- characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperglycemia or high
enzymatic antioxidant glutathione reduced (GSH), blood sugar is a condition in which the amount of blood
antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2
circulates glucose raises. DM is not only remarked
spectrophotometrically according to the commercial with abnormal blood glucose level, but it also
instructions of the kits. progressed to affect other complications such as, the
macrovascular (coronary artery disease and
d. Biochemical determinations:Glucose was cerebrovascular disease) besides, the microvascular
17
determined in blood serum using colorimetric kits. levels (renal failure, blindness, limb amputation,
18
Inhibitory activity of α-amylase was estimated. neurological complications and pre-mature death). In
27
19
AST and ALT enzyme activities were assayed. the present study, elevated level of glucose in diabetic
20
ALP enzyme activity was determined. Total rats was detected with percentage 170.82% comparing
protein content and albumin were determined to the normal rats.These results are parallel to those
21
according the method of Bradford and by reported by Garabadu and Krishnamurthy , who
28

diagnostic kits respectively. Oxidative stress and stated that a single injection of STZ (45 mg/kg) caused
antioxidants biomarkers (NO, MDA, GSH and SOD) an increase in blood glucose level of diabetic rats. This
were determined in liver tissue homogenate. NO is may be attributed to, STZ induction causes death of
was determined according to the method described pancreatic β-cell throughout the alkylation of DNA
22
by Moshage et al. Moreover, liver MDA level was leading to reduced synthesis and release of insulin.
23
estimated according to the method of Satoh , GSH 29
Treating of diabetic rats with D. salina extract as well
was determined according to the method of Beutler as glibenclamide improved the level of glucose with
24
et al. While, SOD enzyme activity was determined percentages reached to 166.36 and167.92%,
25
according to the method of Mohanty et al. . respectively.However, inhibition α-amylase enzyme
e. Histopathological examination: Collected tissues activity was observed in the diabetic rats comparing to
were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 hrs for normal control one. These results are in accordance
fixation. Then processed in automatic processors, with those reported by Aughsteen et al.
30
as they
embedded in paraffin wax (melting point 55-60 °C) declared low serum amylase activity associated with
and paraffin blocks were obtained. After embedding insulin deficiency in type 2 diabetic patients. In
in wax, tissues were cut into serial sections at 6 µm concomitant with Nakajima et al.
31
declared that, the
thicknesses were prepared and the sections were low serum amylase level may reverberate the
analyzed via haematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E abnormalities in both metabolism and glucose level
26
staining) . The cytoplasm stained shades of pink which are associated with impaired insulin action
and red and the nuclei gave blue colour. The slides resulting from insulin resistance and/or unsuitable
were examined and photographed under a light insulin secretion. Administration of D. salina extract led
microscope (x400 magnification). to increase in the activity of α-amylase with
f. Statistical analysis:Statistical analysis is carried out improvement percentage49.87%. Moreover,
using SPSS computer program (version 8) glibenclamide drug also showed enhancement in α-
combined with co- state computer program, where amylase activity with improvement percentage
unshared letters are significant at P ≤0.05. 50.19%.It was found that; D. salina green alga contains
a mass of carotenoids that have varied applications in
8
health and nutrition. Carotenoids cover a class of
natural pigments which have been epidemiologically

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 Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2016 July ; 7(3): (B) 465 - 473

32
related to a lower hazard for various diseases. with D. salina extract. Also, no detectable changes in
Fucoxanthin a marine carotenoid present in brown albumin and total protein content either in diabetic or
marine seaweeds, diatoms, macro and microalgae diabetic-treated rats with D. salina (Table 4).
revealed anti-diabetic activity via uncoupling protein 1
expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) mitochondria 4. Oxidative stress markers and non-
leading to oxidation of fatty acids and heat production in enzymatic antioxidant
33 It can be easily noticed that, NO, MDA, GSH and
WAT. Moreover, fucoxanthin improved the insulin
resistance and decreased blood glucose level by up- SOD levels revealed no significant difference in
regulation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal normal rats post supplemented with D. salina
33 extract comparing to normal untreated one (Table
muscle . Hence, the hypoglycemic effect of D. salina
may be explained on the basis of the occurrence of 5).In response to diabetic state, NO and MDA
carotenoids and enhancement of glucose metabolism. levels showed elevated values with
percentages187.90 and 57.75%, respectively
2. Liver function enzyme activities comparing to normal control rats. While, GSH level
Table (3) showed liver function enzyme activities; AST, recorded significant reduction with percentage
ALT and ALP in serum of control and therapeutic 36.70%, comparing to normal control rats. However,
groups. No change was recorded in serum AST activity SOD enzyme activity declared insignificant change
of normal rats treated with D. salina extract. With comparing to control rats. Treatment of diabetic rats
respect to diabetic rats, marked increase in all enzyme with D. salina ethanolic extract improved the levels of
activities; AST, ALT and ALP were detected with NO, MDA as well as GSH with percentages 384.48,
percentages 52.45, 32.23and 107.17%, respectively. 42.12 and 36.74%, respectively. For glibenclamide, the
Treated-diabetic rats with D. salina extract percentages of amelioration recorded 166.21, 30.45
demonstrated inhibition in AST, ALT and ALP enzyme and 39.59%, respectively for NO, MDA and
activities comparing to control rats with improvement GSH.Oxidative stress is a status implicated in diabetes
percentages 53.41, 23.13and 100.65%, respectively. complications where, continued reactive oxygen species
While, glibenclamide treated-diabetic rats recorded (ROS) generate that lead to the induction of changes in
amelioration percentages 50.67, 11.69 and 89.07% antioxidant enzymes activities in variable tissues and
29
respectively, comparing to normal control rats. The liver highly production of free radicals . According to
is involved in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) pathogenesis as diabetic condition, NO and MDA levels were
it presents a vital role in the glucose conservation in significantly elevated with increase
normal levels so, the hepatic dysfunction coming from percentages187.90 and 57.75%, respectively
34 comparing to normal control rats. On contrast, GSH
insulin resistance is proposed as driving to T2DM.
The authors added that, liver enzymes including; AST, level reduced in diabetic rats with percentage
ALT are indicators on liver function. Regarding to the 36.70%. These results run with the results indicated
38 39
current results, diabetic rats declared significant by Moraes et al. and El-Baz et al. who observed
increase in the liver enzyme activities; AST, ALT and that, MDA level increased in diabetic group while, GSH
ALP with percentages 52.45, 32.23 and 107.17%, level decreased. In diabetes, oxidative stress may
respectively. These increments in liver enzymes are rises from the autoxidation of glucose, the
considered as an indicator for the hepatic damage. peroxidation of lipids, the glycation of proteins
However, no change was observed in albumin level and besides, the reduction in antioxidant enzymes
40 41
total protein content in diabetic rats. In a good activities. In addition to, Coskun et al. related the
agreement with the current results, Ademiluyi and Oboh decreased level of GSH in diabetic to its exploitation in
35 relieving the oxidative stress. D. salina extract improved
revealed significant elevation in AST, ALT and ALP
levels in diabetic rats comparing to normal control rats. NO, MDA and GSH levels in diabetic rats with
The elevated activities of AST, ALT and ALP liver percentages 384.48, 42.12 and 36.74%, respectively.
enzymes in the circulation is related to the infiltration of This enhancement effect of D. salina extract may rely on
8
these enzymes from liver cytosol into the blood stream. the base of Murthy et al. who explained that, D. salina
36 carotenoids has the ability to enhance or maintain
Administration of D. salina extract to diabetic rats
resulted in noticeable reduction in these enzymes hepatic enzymes activity, that are implied in the
activity with improvement percentages 53.41, 23.13 and combating of ROS. Moreover, carotenoids can produce
100.65% for AST, ALT and ALP, respectively. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects
Furthermore, glibenclamide drug improved the elevated towards metabolic disorders including; diabetes and
42
levels of AST, ALT and ALP with percentages; 50.67, coronary disease.
11.69 and 89.07%, respectively. The ameliorative effect
of D. salina extract in AST, ALT and ALP activities of 5. Histopathological investigations of pancreas
diabetic rats may be associated with its highly content Normal rats showed healthy acini (Figure 1a). Diabetic
of carotenoids resulting in prohibiting the hepatic injury rats revealed focal massive area of leucocytic cells
37 infiltrations (Figure 1b). Treatments of diabetic rats with
.
D. salina extract (Figure 1c) showed congested blood
3. Albumin level and total protein content vessels. While, treated-diabetic rats with drug showed
No significant difference was observed in albumin level dilated blood vessel (Figure 1d).
and total protein content in normal control rats treated

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6. Histopathological investigations of liver congested central vein (arrow head) and blood
Normal rats revealed congested central vein (Figure sinusoids together with leucocytic cells permeation.
2a). In diabetic rats (Figure 2b), congested central vein While, treated-diabetic rats with drug (Figure 2d)
and blood sinusoids were observed. Treatments of showed congested central vein.
diabetic rats with D. salina extract (Figure 2c) showed

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Considering, the histopathological investigations of hepatic architectures of diabetic rats. Regarding to the
43
pancreas, focal massive area of leucocytic cells study of Kakkar et al. , who attributed the structural
infiltrations. The pancreatic observations of the present damage of pancreas and liver to the oxidative stress.
study are in concomitant with the results of El-Baz et al. Antioxidants, compounds that have the ability to delay,
39 43
and Kakkar et al. , who observed inflammatory cells inhibit or prevent oxidation, help in diseases prevention
infiltration in STZ-induced diabetic rats. While, by in vivo or in vitro reacting with free radicals leading to
45
congested central vein and blood sinusoids were the decrease of oxidative stress. β-carotene is
observed in the diabetic liver architecture. The considered as one of the strongest antioxidant that
presented hepatic examination is agreed with that having a powerful antioxidant properties with wide
44
reported by Sheweita et al. , who declared, STZ- applications such as medicine, pharmacy and
46
diabetic rats revealed severe pathological changes cosmetics. So, the repairing effect of D. salina extract
including congestion and dilation of hepatic on pancreatic and hepatic architectures may be due to
sinusoids.Treatments of diabetic rats with D. salina the presence of antioxidant carotenoids.
extract showed an enhancement in both pancreatic and

Table 1
BG11 nutrient composition for growing D. Salina

Macronutrient Mg/l
NaNO3 1500.000
K2HPO4 40.000
MgSO4.7H2O 75.000
CaCl2.7H2O 36.000
Citric acid 6.000
NaCO3 20.000
Na2EDTA 1.000
Ferric ammonium citrate 6.000
Micronutrient g/l
H3BO3 2.860
MnCl2.4H2O 1.810
ZnSO4.7H2O 0.222
Na2MoO4.2H2O 0.390
CuSO4.5H2O 0.079
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 0.0494
Add 1ml/L into the culture medium from the micronutrient.After autoclaving and cooling pH of medium is about 7.

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Table 2
Effect of D. salina ethanolic extract on blood glucose level and α-amylase activity in normal, STZ-induced
diabetic and diabetic-treated rats

Groups Parameters Glucose (mg/dl) α-amylase (U/l)

Normal control Mean±S.D. 112.25±2.21b 28.23± 1.53a
Mean±S.D. 111.15±3.50b 27.93± 1.03a
Normal + D. salina extract
% Change to control 0.97 0.95
Mean±S.D. 304.00±34.01a 15.26±0.06b
Diabetic rats
% Change to control 170.82 45.94
Mean ±S.D. 117.25±8.34b 29.34±1.10a
Diabetic + D. salina extract % Change to control 4.45 3.93
% of improvement 166.36 49.87
b
Mean ±S.D. 115.50±10.84 29.43±0.60a
Diabetic + glibenclamide drug % Change to control 2.89 4.25
% of improvement 167.92 50.19
Data presented as mean ± SD, n=10. Statistical analysis is carried out using Co-state and SPSS computer programs (version 7), where
unshared letter is significant at P ≤ 0.05.

Table 3
Effect of D. salina ethanolic extract on serum AST, ALT and ALP enzyme activities in normal, STZ-induced
diabetic and diabetic-treated rats

Groups Parameters AST (U/ml) ALT (U/ml) ALP (U/l)

Normal control Mean±S.D. 156.20±1.80c 72.07± 0.08e 52.10± 0.16d
c e
Mean±S.D. 157.00±1.00 72.13± 0.05 52.15± 0.11d
Normal + D. salina extract
% Change to control 1.27 0.08 0.09
Mean±S.D. 238.14±0.63a 95.30±0.20a 107.94± 3.81a
Diabetic rats
% Change to control 52.45 32.23 107.17
Mean ±S.D. 154.71±1.09c 78.63d±2.43 55.53±0.21cd
Diabetic + D. salina extract % Change to control 0.95 9.10 6.58
% of improvement 53.41 23.13 100.65
Mean ±S.D. 158.99±1.84 b 86.87±0.43b 61.53±3.01b
Diabetic + glibenclamide drug % Change to control 1.78 20.53 18.09
% of improvement 50.67 11.69 89.07
Data presented as mean ± SD, n=10. Statistical analysis is carried out using Co-state and SPSS computer programs (version 7), where
unshared letter is significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Table 4
Effect of D. salina ethanolic extract on serum albumin level and total protein content in normal, STZ-induced
diabetic and diabetic -treated rats

Groups Parameters Albumin (g/dl) Protein (g/dl)

Normal control Mean±S.D. 4.21±0.08a 6.09±0.14a
Mean±S.D. 4.47±0.11a 6.02±0.12 a
Normal + D. salina extract
% Change to control 0.06 1.14
Mean±S.D. 4.14±0.07a 7.15±0.50a
Diabetic rats
% Change to control 1.66 17.40
Mean±S.D. 4.09±0.05a 6.79±0.36 a
Diabetic + D. salina extract % Change to control 2.80 11.49
% of improvement 0.96 10.00
Mean±S.D. 4.18±0.14a 6.89±0.15 a
Diabetic + glibenclamide drug % Change to control 0.71 13.13
% of improvement 0.96 4.20
Data presented as mean ± SD, n=10. Statistical analysis is carried out using Co-state and SPSS computer programs (version 7), where
unshared letter is significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Table 5
Effect of D. salina ethanolic extract on oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers in normal, STZ-induced
diabetic and diabetic- treated rats

NO MDA GSH SOD (U/g.tissue)

Groups Parameters
(µmol/l) (µmol/g.tissue) (mmol/g.tissue)
d
Normal control Mean±S.D. 34.48±1.02 8.57±0.15d 8.79±0.02 b
16.75±0.12a
d
Mean±S.D. 34.22±1.00 8.21±0.11d 8.70±0.04 b
16.34±0.10 a
Normal + D. salina extract
% Change to control 0.75 4.20 1.02 2.44
Mean±S.D. 99.27±0.83a 13.52±0.35a 5.56±0.05c 16.97±0.14 a
Diabetic rats
% Change to control 187.90 57.75 36.70 1.31
Mean±S.D. 33.30±0.14d 9.91±0.60c 8.79 ±0.08b 16.90±0.06 a
Diabetic + D. salina extract % Change to control 3.42 15.63 0.00 0.89
% of improvement 384.48 42.12 36.74 0.41
Mean±S.D. 41.96±1.23c 10.91±0.30b 9.04±0.09 a 16.92±0.05 a
Diabetic +
% Change to control 21.69 27.30 2.84 1.01
glibenclamide drug
% of improvement 166.21 30.45 39.59 0.29
Data presented as mean ± SD, n=10. Statistical analysis is carried out using Co-state and SPSS computer programs (version 7), where
unshared letter is significant at P ≤ 0.05.

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CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The present results confirmed that D. salina ethanolic This work was supported and funded by the project
extract is rich in carotenoids which exhibited entitled "Biodiesel production from algae as a
antihyperglycemic property and may provide promising renewable energy source". Funding organization:
supplements and neutraceutical with a strong cure for Research Development and Innovation programme
diabetes. (RDI), Funding Program: EU-Egypt Innovation Fund,
2014-2016.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Conflict of Interest declared none.

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