TRIGONOMETRY - I

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A ƒunction ƒ: A o B is invertible iff it is a bijection. The inverse of ƒ is denoted by ƒ–1 and is defined
as ƒ–1(y) = x œ ƒ(x)=y. Trigonometric functions are periodic and hence they are not bijective. But if
we restrict their domains and codomains they can be made bijective and we can obtain their inverses.
1 Sin–1 x:
The symbol sin–1x or arcsinx denote the angle T so that sin T = x. As a direct meaning, sin–1x is
not a function, as it does not satisfy the requirements for a rule to become a function. But by a
suitable choice [–1,1] as its domain and standardized set [– S /2, S /2] as its range, then rule sin–
1
x is a single valued function
Thus sin–1x is considered as a function with domain [–1,1] and range [– S /2, S /2]
The graph of y = sin–1x is as shown below which is obtained by taking the mirror image, of the
portion of the graph of y = sin x from x = – S /2 to x = S /2, on the line y = x

cos–1x:
By following the discussions, similar to above, we have cos–1 x or arccos x as a function with domain
[–1,1] and range [0, S ]
The graph of y = cos–1 x is similarly obtained as the mirror image of the portion of the graph of y =
cos x from x = 0 to x = S

tan–1x:
We get tan–1x or arctanx as a function with domain R and range (– S /2, S /2). Graph of y = tan–1x

364
cosec–1x:
cosec–1x or arccosec x is a function with domain R–(–1,1) and range [– S /2, S /2] – {0}. Graph of
y = cosec–1x

sec–1x:
sec–1x or arcsec x is a function with domain R–(–1,1) and range [0, S ] – { S /2}.Graph of y = sec–
1
x is

cot–1x:
cot–1x or arccot x is a function with domain R and range (o, S ). Graph of y = cot–1x is

Property : “–x”
The graphs of sin–1x, tan–1x, cosec–1x are symmetric about origin.
Hence we get sin–1(–x) = –sin–1x
tan–1(–x) = –tan–1x
cosec–1(–x) = –cosec–1x
Also the graphs of cos–1x, sec–1x, cot–1x are symmetric about the point (0, S /2). From this,
we get
cos–1(–x) = S –cos–1x
sec–1(–x) = S –sec–1x
cot–1(–x) = S –cot–1x

365
 Notes :
S
(i) x2+y2 d 1 & x,y t 0 Ÿ d sin–1x + sin–1 y d and x2+y2 t 1 & x,y t 0
2
S
Ÿ sin–1x + sin–1y d S
2d
S S
(ii) xy<1and x,y t 0 Ÿ 0 d tan–1x +tan–1y< ; xy>1 and x,y t 0 Ÿ <tan–1x +tan–1y< S
2 2
(iii) For x<0 or y<0 these identities can be used with the help of property “–x”
i.e. change x or y to –x or –y which are positive
Domain & range of inverse trigonometric Functions
Function Domain Range (Principal value branch)
sin x–1
[–1,1] >– S /2 ,– S / 2 @
cos–1x [–1,1] [0, S ]
tan x–1
(– ff (– S /2, S /2)
cot x –1
(– ff (0, S )
cosec–1x ( –f–1] ‰ [1,f) [– S /2,0) ‰ (0, S /2]
sec x –1
( –f–1] ‰ [1,f) [0, S /2) ‰ ( S /2, S ]
Note : If no branch of an inverse trigonometric function is mentioned, then it means the principal value
branch of the function.
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1
­ ʌ ʌ
°° – 2nʌ  x,2nʌ – 2 d x d 2nʌ  2 ,n  Z
(i) sin–1(sinx) = ®
°2n  1ʌ – x, 2n  1ʌ – ʌ d x d 2n  1ʌ  ʌ , n  Z
°¯ 
2 2

Y

y=
–2
S

x –x x
y= y= X
S

0 S 2S

Period = 2 S & it is an odd function.

­ – 2nS  x ,2nS d x d 2n  1S,n  Z
(ii) cos–1(cosx) = ®
¯2nS – x ,(2n – 1)S d x d 2nS,n  Z

366
 Y

y=

y=
+x

x
–x

y=

2S
2S
y=

–x
X
–2S –S 0 S 2S

Period=2 S and it is an even function

ʌ ʌ
(iii) tan–1(tanx) = – nʌ  x , nʌ –  x  nʌ  , n  Z
2 2
Y

x –x
y= y=
S

 S  S/2 0 S /2 S
+x
y=
S

Period = S
(iv) cot–1(cotx) = – nʌ  x ,nʌ  x  ( n  1) ʌ,n  Z
Y

+x x
y= x–
S

y=
S

y=
X
S 0 S

Period = S
­ S
°°x – 2nS,2nS d x d (2n  1)S,x z 2S  2
®
(v) sec–1(secx) = ° S
– x  2 n S, ( 2 n  1) S d x d 2 n S, x z ( 2 n S – n  Z
¯°
 
2


367
 Y

y=
+x

y=

2S
y=
2S

–x
y=

  S   S  S  0 S  S 
–x X
S 

Period = 2 S

­ S S
°° – 2nS  [2nS – 2 d x d 2nS  2
(vi) cosec–1(cosecx) = ®° S S
°¯(2n  1)S – x ,(2n  1)S – 2 d x d (2n  1)S  2  [ z nS,n  Z

y= 2
S

x–
y=

–x
y=
S

–x

X
S 0 S S
x
y=

Period = 2 S
2. (i) sin(sin–1x) = x, –1 d x d 1 (ii) cos(cos–1x) = x, –1 d x d 1

Y Y

1 1

X X
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
–1 –1

(iii) tan(tan–1x) = x, x  R (iv) cot(cot–1x) = x, x  R

368
 Y Y

1 1

X X
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
–1 –1

(v) sec(sec–1x) = x, x  R (–f–1] ‰ [1,f

X
–1 0 1
–1

(vi) cosce(cosce–1x)= x, x  R (–f–1] ‰ [1,f

X
–1 0 1
–1

3. (i) sin–1x+cos–1x= S 2 , –1 d x d 1

(ii) tan–1x+cot–1x = S 2 , x  R

(iii) sec–1x+cosce–1x = S 2 , x  R (–f–1] ‰ [1,f

1
4. (i) sin–1x=cosec–1 , –1 d x d 1
x

369
 §1·
(ii) cos–1x=sec–1 ¨ ¸ , –1 d x d 1
©x¹

­cot –1 1 ,x ! 0
° x
 
(iii) tan–1x= ®
°̄ – S  cot 1 x ,x  0
–1
 
5 (i) sin– 1(–x) = –sin–1x, –1 d x d 1
(ii) cos–1(–x) = S –cos–1x, –1 d x d 1
(iii) tan (–x) = –tan x,
–1 –1
–fx<f
(iv) cot–1(–x) = S –cot–1x, –fx<f
(v) cosec–1(–x) = –cosec–1x, x d –1or x t 1
(vi) sec–1(–x ) = S –sec–1x, x d –1or x t 1
6. Conversions of inverse trigonometric functions

1
x
(i)
1 – x2

x
sin–1x = cos –1 1 – x 2  tan –1
1 – x2

–1 1 – x2 –1 1 –1 1
= cot   Cosec  sec
x x 1– x2

1– x2 1
(ii)
x

1 – x2
cos–1x = sin –1 1 – x 2  tan –1
x
x 1 1
cot –1   Cosec
–1
 sec
–1

= 1– x 2
1– x 2 x

1+ x2
x
(iii)
1

370
 tan–1x = [ 1 1
sin –1 Cos–1 cot –1
2   2   x
1 x 1 x
1 x2
cos ec –1   Sec 1  x
–1 2

°
 
­sin –1 x 1 – y 2  y 1 – x 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1 & x 2  y 2 d 1
 
°°   orif xy  0&x  y ! 1
2 2

7. (i) sin –1 x  sin –1 y ® –1

 2 2

°S – sin x 1 – y  y 1 – x if 0  x , y d 1 & x  y ! 1
2 2

°
 
°¯ – S – sin –1 x 1 – y 2  y 1 – x 2 if – 1 d x , y  0 & x 2  y 2 ! 1

°
 
­sin –1 x 1 – y 2 – y 1 – x 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1 & x 2  y 2 d 1
 
°°   orif xy ! 0&x 2  y 2 ! 1
(ii) sin –1 x – sin –1 y ® –1
 2

°S – sin x 1 – y – y 1 – x if 0  x d 1,– 1  y d 0&x  y ! 1
2 2 2

°
 
°¯ – S – sin –1 x 1 – y 2 – y 1 – x 2 if – 1 d x  0,0  y d 1&x 2  y 2 ! 1

cos x  cos y
 
­°cos –1 xy – 1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d x, y d 1&x  y t 0

 
–1 –1
8. (i) ®
°̄2S – cos –1 xy – 1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1&x  y d 0

 
­°cos –1 xy  1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1&x d y

 
(ii) cos –1 x – cos –1 y ®
°̄ – cos –1 xy  1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d y d 0,0  x d 1&x t y

­ –1 § x  y ·
°tan ¨¨ ¸¸if x\  
° © 1 – xy ¹
°° § xy ·
9. (i) tan –1 x  tan –1 y ®S  tan –1 ¨¨ ¸¸if [ !  \ !  [\ ! 
° © 1 – xy ¹
° § xy·
° – S  tan –1 ¨¨ ¸¸if [   \   [\ ! 
¯° © 1 – xy ¹

­ –1 § x – y ·
°tan ¨¨ ¸¸if x\ ! –
° © 1  xy ¹
°° § x–y·
(ii) tan x – tan y ®S  tan –1 ¨¨
–1 –1
¸¸if [ !  \   [\  –
° © 1  xy ¹
° § x–y ·
°– S  tan –1 ¨¨ ¸¸if [   \ !  [\  –
°¯ © 1  xy ¹

371
 Remark : If x 1, x 2 ,..........x n  R, then tan –1 x 1 +tan –1 x 2+.........+tan –1 x n
§ s1 – s 3  s 5 – s 7 ........ ·
= tan–1 ¨¨ ¸¸
© 1 – s 2  s 4 – s 6  ...... ¹
Where sk is the sum of the product of x1,x2,............ xn taken k at a time.
ie. s1 = x1 + x2+..........+xn =¦xi
s2 = x1x2+x2x3+.......+xn–1xn=¦x1x2.
s3 = ¦x1x2x3.................etc.

­ –1
 –1

°sin 2x 1 – x , if 2 d x d 2
2 1
°
10. (i) 2 sin –1 x
° –1
 2
®ʌ – sin 2x 1 – x , if
1
2
d x d1 
°
°

°– ʌ – sin 2x 1 – x , if – 1 d x d
¯
–1 2 –1
2

­ –1
 –1

°sin 3x – 4x , if 2 d x d 2
3 1
°
(ii) 3 sin –1 x
° –1
 3 1
®ʌ – sin 3x – 4x , if  x d 1
2

°
° –1
 3
–1
° – ʌ – sin 3x – 4x , if – 1 d x  2
¯

2 cos –1 x
 
­°cos –1 2x 2 – 1 , if 0 d x d 1
®
11. (i)
 
°̄2ʌ – cos –1 2x 2 – 1 , if – 1 d x d 0

­ –1 3
 1

°cos 4x – 3x , if 2 d x d 1
°
(ii) 3 cos –1 x
° –1 3

®2ʌ – cos 4x – 3x , if
–1
2
dxd 
1
2
°
° –1 3
 
–1
°2ʌ  cos 4x – 3x , if – 1 d x d 2
¯

­ –1 § 2x ·
°tan ¨ 1 – x 2 ¸, if – 1  x  1
° © ¹
12. (i) ° –1 § 2x ·
2 tan –1 x ®ʌ  tan ¨ 2 ¸
, if x ! 1
° ©1 – x ¹
° –1 § 2x ·
° – ʌ  tan ¨ 2 ¸
, if x  –1
¯ ©1– x ¹

372
 ­ –1 § 3x – x 3 · –1 1
°tan ¨¨ ¸, if
2 ¸
x
° © 1 – 3x ¹ 3 3
°
–1 § 3x – x ·
3
° 1
(ii) 3 tan –1 x ® ʌ  tan ¨
¨ 1 – 3x 2 ¸¸, if x ! 3
° © ¹
° § 3
·
° – ʌ  tan –1 ¨ 3x – x2 ¸, if x  1
¨ ¸
¯° © 1 – 3x ¹ 3

§ 2x · §1 – x2 · § 2x ·
Note :
–1
If |x|d 1 then 2 tan x sin –1 ¨ 2 ¸
cos –1 ¨¨ ¸
2 ¸
tan –1 ¨ 2 ¸ .
©1 x ¹ ©1 x ¹ ©1– x ¹
1
If |x|>1, change x to in the above.
x
Note : In cases of identities in inverse trigonometric functions, principal values are to be taken. As such
signs of x,y etc., will determine the quadrant in which the angles will fall. In order to bring the angles
of both sides in the same quadrant, adjustment by S is to be made.
1 Evaluate tan–1 tan(–6)
Solution:
S S
We know that tan–1 (tan T) = T if – < T
2 2
§ S S·
? (2 S –6)  ¨ – 2 , 2 ¸
© ¹
tan(2 S –6) = – tan6 = tan(–6)
Therefore tan–1 tan(–6) = tan–1 tan (2 S –6) = 2 S –6
2x
2 If 2tan–1x+sin–1 is independent of x, then
1 x2
(a) x  [1, f ) (b) x  [–1,1] (c) x  (– f ,–1] (d) None of these
Solution:

­S – 2 tan –1 x,x t 1
°
Sin–1 2x = ® – (S  2 tan x )x d –1
–1

°2 tan –1 x, x | 1
¯ _
? 2tan–1x+ S –2tan–1x = S when x  [1, f )
and 2tan x– S –2tan x = – S when x  (– f ,–1]
–1 –1

Ans a,c.
3 If 0<x<1, then 1 x 2 [{xcos(cot–1x)+sin(cot–1x)}2–1]1/2 =
x
(a) (b) x (c) x 1 x 2 (d) 1 x 2
1 x2

373
 Solution:
1/ 2
ª­ x 1 ½
2
º
«®x cos cos –1
 sin sin –1
¾ – 1»
1 x 2 «¬¯ 1 x2 1 x2 ¿ »¼

1/ 2
ª­ x 1 ½
2
º
«® x  ¾ – 1»
1 x 2 «¬¯ 1  x 2 1 x2 ¿ »¼

 
1/ 2
ª 1 x2 2
– 1º»
1 x 2 «¬ = 1  x 2 .x
¼
Ans (c)
§ S S· § tan x · § 3 sin 2x ·
4 If x  ¨ – , ¸ , then the value of tan–1 ¨ ¸ + tan–1 ¨ ¸ is
© 2 2¹ © 4 ¹ © 5  3 cos 2 x ¹
x
(a) (b) 2x (c) 3x (d) x
2
Solution:

§ 6 tan x ·
¨ ¸
§
–1 ¨
tan x ·
–1 ¨ 1  tan 2
x ¸
tan ¸ + tan
© 4 ¹ ¨ 3(1 – tan 2 x ) ¸
¨5 ¸
© 1  tan 2 x ¹

§ tan x · § 6 tan x ·
tan–1 ¨ ¸ + tan–1 ¨ ¸
© 8  2 tan x ¹
2
© 4 ¹

§ tan x 3 tan x ·¸
¨ 
¨ 4 4  tan 2 x ¸ tan x 3 tan x
tan–1 ¨ 3 tan 2 x ¸ as . <1
¨ 1– ¸ 4 4  tan 2 x
© 4(4  tan 2 x ) ¹

§ 16 tan x  tan 3 x ·
tan ¨¨–1 ¸¸
© 16  tan x ¹
2

tan–1 (tanx)
x
Ans d.
5 An integral solution of the equation
1
tan–1x+tan–1 = tan–13 is
y
(a)(2,7) (b) (4,–13) (c) (5,–8) (d) (1,2)

374
 Solution:
1
tan–1x+tan–1 = tan–1 3
y
§ 1·
¨x ¸ x
y¸
tan–1 ¨ = tan–1 3 if <1
¨ x¸ y
¨ 1– y ¸
© ¹

1
x
y
x =3
1–
y

1 3x
x+ = 3–
y y
3x  1
y=
3–x
which satisfied by options a, b, c and d
Ans a, b, c, d
6 Sum to the n terms of the series
cosec–1 10 +cosec–1 50 +cosec–1 170 +............+cosec–1 (n 2  1)(n 2  2n  2) is

S S
(a) 0 (b) f (c) tan–1(n+1) – (d) cot–1(n+1) –
4 4
Solution
Let T = cosec–1 ( n 2  1)( n 2  2n  2)
cosec2 T = (n2+1) (n2+2n+2)
= (n2+1)2 + 2n(n2 +1) +n2+1
1+cot2 T = (n2+n+1)2+1
cot T = n2+n+1
1 (n  1) – n
tan T = =
n  n  1 1  (n  1)n
2

T = tan–1(n+1) –tan–1n
Thus, sum to n terms of the series
= (tan–12–tan–11) + (tan–13–tan–12)+...........+(tan–1(n+1)–tan–1n)
= tan–1(n+1)–tan–11
S
= tan–1(n+1) –
4

375
 Ans. c
7 In a ' ABC, if A = tan–12, B = tan–13 then C is equal to
S S S
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 4 6
Solution:
A+B+C = S
C = S –(A+B)
= S –(tan–12+tan–13)
­ 5 ½
= S – ®S  tan
–1
¾ ' xy>1
¯ 1 – 6¿
= S – S +tan–11
S
=
4
Ans. b
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 If x satisfies the inequation x –x–2>0, then a value exits for
2

(a) sin–1x (b) sec–1x (c) cos–1x (d) None of these

2 If [sin x] +[cos x] = 0, where x is a non negative real number and [.] denotes the greatest
–1 –1

integer function, then complete set of values of x is

(a) (cos1,1) (b) (–1,cos1) (c) (sin1,1) (d) (cos1,sin1)
3 –1 –1 –1 S
If cos x+cos y+cos z = 3 , then xy+yz+zx is
(a) –3 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) S
2S
4 If sin–1x+sin–1y = then cos–1x+cos–1y =
3
2S S S
(a) (b) (c) (d) S
3 3 6
5 The greatest of tan1, tan–11, sin–11, sin1, cos1 is
(a) sin1 (b) tan1 (c) tan–11 (d) None of these
6 The value of cos (cos12)–sin–1(sin12) is
–1

(a) 0 (b) S (c) 8 S –24 (d) None of these

7 cot–1  
cos D –tan–1  
cos D = x, then sin x =
D D D
(a) tan2 (b) cot2 (c) tan D (d) cot
2 2 2
8 If sin x = 2sin a has a solution for
–1 –1

1 1
(a) |a| t (b) |a| d
2 2
1
(c) all real values of a (d) |a|<
2

376
 y
9 If cos–1x–cos–1 = D , then 4x2–4xycos D +y2 is equal to
2
(a) 2sin2 D (b) 4 (c) 4sin2 D (d) –4sin2 D
§x· §5· §S·
10 If sin–1 ¨ ¸ +cosec–1 ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ , then the value of x is
©5¹ ©4¹ ©2¹
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 3
§ –1 5 2·
11 The value of cot ¨ cos ec  tan –1 ¸ is
© 3 3¹
6 3 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17
Assertion | Reasoning
§ 2x ·
12 Let f(x) = sin–1 ¨ 2 ¸
©1 x ¹
2
Statement-1 : f c (2) = – and
5
§ 2x ·
Statement-2 : sin–1 ¨ 2 ¸ = S – 2tan x,  x>1.
–1
©1 x ¹
(a) Statement-1 is True, statement-2 is True ;statement-2 is a correct explanation
for statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, statement -2 is True ; statement - 2 is NOT a correct explanation for
statement - 1
(c) Statement -1 is True, statement - 2 is False
(d) Statement -1 is False, statement - 2 is True.
Comprehension (Q.No. 13 to 15)

­2 tan –1 x ,| x |d 1
§ 2x · °
Given that tan–1 ¨ 2 ¸ = ® – S  2 tan
–1
x,x ! 1
© 1 – x ¹ °
¯S  2 tan x ,x  –1
–1

­2 tan –1 x ,| x |d 1
°
§ 2 x · ®S – 2 tan –1 x,x ! 1
–1 ¨
sin 2 ¸ =
© 1 – x ¹ ° – (S  2 tan –1 x ), x  –1
¯ 

S
and sin–1x+cos–1x = for –1 d x d 1.
2

377
 § 4x · § x·
13 sin–1 ¨ 2 ¸ +2tan–1 ¨ – ¸ is independent at x then :
©x 4¹ © 2¹
(a) x  [1, f ) (b) x [1,1] (c) [–2,2] (d) x  [–3,4]
§1 –1 2 x ·
14 If (x–1) (x2+1)>0, then sin ¨ tan 2
– tan –1 x ¸ =
©2 1– x ¹
1
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) (d) None of these
2
§ 6x · S
15 If cos–1 ¨ 2 ¸ =– + 2 tan–1 3x then x 
© 1  9x ¹ 2

§ 1 1· §1 ·
(a) (– f ,–1) (b) ¨– , ¸ (c) ¨ ,f¸ (d) None of these
© 3 3¹ ©3 ¹
16 Match the following
Column I Column II
(a) If cos–1a+cos–1b+cos–1c = 3 S then ab+bc+ca is (p) 2n
10 10
S
(b) ¦ cos –1 x i = 0, then
i 1
¦x
i 1
i (q) sin–1x –
6
2n 2n

(c) ¦ sin
i 1
–1
x i = n S , then ¦ x i is
i 1
(r) 3

­ 3 1 2
½ 1
(d) f(x) = sin ® –1x – 1 – x ¾ , – d x d 1 is (s) 10
¯ 2 2 ¿ 2

Answers
1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. b
9. c 10. d 11. a 12. a 13. c 14. a 15. c
16. a o r, b o s, c o p, d o q

378
 TRIGONOMETRY II
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic functions
(i) sinh(–x) = – sinhx odd function
cosh(–x) = coshx even function
tanh(–x) = –tanhx odd function
(ii) Function Domain Range
sinh–1x R R
cosh–1x (0,f) (1,f)
tanh x
–1
R (–1,1)
coth–1x R–{0} R–[–1,1]
sech x
–1
(0,f) (0,1)
cosech–1x R–{0} R–{0}
(iii) sinh (sinh x) = x
–1
sinh–1(sinhx) = x
cosh (cosh–1x) = x cosh–1(coshx) = x
tanh (tanh x) = x
–1
tanh–1(tanhx) = x
sinh (sin –1 x)=xn sinh (sinh–1xn) = xn
(iv) 
sinh–1x = loge x  x2 1 

cosh–1x = loge x  x 2 – 1
1 § x 1·
tanh–1x = loge ¨ ¸ x > 1, x< –1
2 © x –1¹
1 § x –1·
coth–1x = loge ¨ ¸ x > 1, x< –1
2 © x 1 ¹

§1 1 – x2 ·
¨ ¸
sech x = loge ¨
–1
x ¸ 0 < x d1
© ¹

­ §1 1 x2 ·
°log e ¨ ¸if x ! 0
°° ¨ x ¸
© ¹
®
cosech–1x = ° §1– 1 x2 ·
log ¨ ¸if x  0
° e¨ ¸
°¯ © x ¹

§1·
(v) sinh–1x = cosech–1 ¨ ¸
©x¹
sinh–1x = cosh–1 x 2  1
cosh–1x = sinh–1 x 2 – 1
sinh (cosh–1x) = x2 –1

379
 nS 2
1 Total number of positive integral values of n sothat the equation cos –1x+(sin–1y)2 = and
4
S2
(sin y) –cos x =
–1 2
are consistent, is equal to
–1
16
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
Solution
(4n  1)S 2 On adding the two given equations
we have 2(sin–1y)2 =
16
(4n  1)S 2 2S 2 1 7
0d d Ÿ – dnd
16 4 4 4
(4n – 1)S 2
Also 2cos–1x = On subtracting the two given equations
16
(4n – 1)S 2 1 8 1
0d d 2S Ÿ 4 d nd +
S 4
16
? n=1
Ans (a)
2 The minimum value of (sin–1x)3+(cos–1x)3 is equal to
S3 5S3 9S3 11S3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 32 32 32
Solution
Let y = (sin–1x)3+(cos–1x)3
= (sin–1x+cos–1x) {(sin–1x)2+(cos–1x)2–sin–1x.cos–1x}
S
= {(sin–1x+cos–1x)2–3sin–1x.cosx}
2

S ­ S – 3 sin –1 x§ S – sin –1 x ·½
2

= ® ¨ ¸¾
2¯4 ©2 ¹¿

S ­ 3S –1 S2 ½
= ®3(sin –1
x ) 2
– sin x  ¾
2 ¯ 2 4¿

S ­ 3S –1 3.S 2 3S 2 S2 ½
= ®3(sin –1
x ) 2
– sin x  –  ¾
2 ¯ 2 16 16 4¿

S ­° § –1 S · S 2 ½°
2

= ®3¨ sin x – ¸  ¾
2 °̄ © 4 ¹ 16 °¿

380
 2
S S2 S3 § –1 S·
Minimum value of y = . = since ¨ sin x – ¸ t 0
2 16 32 © 4¹
Ans: (a)
§1· §3·
3  
If A = 2tan–1 2 2 – 1 and B = 3sin–1 ¨ ¸ +sin–1 ¨ ¸ . then
©3¹ ©5¹
(a) A = B (b) A<B (c) A>B (d) None of these
Solution
 
A = 2tan–1 2 2 – 1 = 2tan–1(1.828)>2tan–1 3
2S
A>
3

1 § 1 § 1 ·3 · § 4 · 23
¨ ¸
3sin–1 = sin–1 ¨ 3. 3 – 4¨ 3 ¸ ¸ = sin–1 ¨1 – ¸ = sin–1 = sin–1(0.852)
3 © © ¹ ¹ © 27 ¹ 27

1 § 3·
3sin–1 <sin–1 ¨¨ 2 ¸¸
3 © ¹

§3· § 3·
sin–1 ¨ ¸ = sin–1(0.6)< sin–1 ¨¨ 2 ¸¸
©5¹ © ¹
S S 2S
? B< + =
3 3 3
Hence A>B
Ans (c)
4 The complete solution set of sin–1(sin5)>x2–4x is
(a) |x–2| < 9 – 2S (b) |x–2| > 9 – 2S (c) |x| < 9 – 2S (d) |x| > 9 – 2S
Solution
sin–1sin5>x2–4x
sin–1sin(5–2 S )>x2–4x
ª S Sº
5–2 S >x2–4x (5–2 S )  « – , »
¬ 2 2¼
x2–4x+2 S –5<0
(x–2)2<9–2 S
|x–2|< 9 – 2S
Ans (a)
S
5 Let (x,y) be such that sin–1(ax)+cos–1y+cos–1bxy = .
2
Match the statements in column I with statements in column II
Column I Column II
(a) If a = 1 and b = 0, then (x,y) (p) Lies on the circle x2+y2 = 1
(b) If a = 1 and b = 1, then (x,y) (q) Lies on the (x2–1) (y2–1) = 0

381
 (c) If a = 1 and b = 2, then (x,y) (r) Lies on y = x
(d) If a = 2 and b = 2, then (x,y) (s) Lies on the (4x2–1) (y2–1) = 0
Solution
S
cos–1y+cos–1bxy = – sin–1 ax
2
cos–1y+cos–1bxy = cos–1ax
Let cos–1y = A, cos–1bxy = B and cos–1ax = C
A+B = C
B = A–C
cos(A–C) = cosB
cosAcosC+sinAsinC = cosB
y ax+sinA sinC = bxy
sin A sin C = bxy–axy
sin2A sin2C = (b–a)2x2y2
(1–a2x2)(1–y2) = x2y2(b–a)2
(a) Put a = 1 and b = 0
(1–x2)(1–y2) = x2y2
x2+y2 = 1
(b) Put a = 1 and b = 1
(1–x2)(1–y2) = 0
(x2–1)(y2–1) = 0
(c) Put a = 1 and b = 2
(1–x2) (1–y2) = x2y2
x2+y2 = 1
(d) Put a = 2 and b = 2
(1–4x2)(1–y2) = 0
(4x2–1)(y2–1) = 0
(a) o (p), (b) o (q), (c) o (p), (d) o (s)
§ x2 x3 · § 2 x4 x6 ·
6 ¨
If sin ¨ x –  .......... ¸
¸ –1 ¨ x –
+ cos ¨  ..........¸¸ = S for 0<|x|<
2 , then x equals
–1
© 2 4 ¹ © 2 4 ¹ 2
1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) – (d) –1
2 2
Solution
§ x 2 x3 · S § 2 x 4 x6 ·
¨
sin ¨ x
–1–  .......... ¸
¸ –1 ¨ x –
= – cos ¨  ..........¸¸
© 2 4 ¹ 2 © 2 4 ¹
§ x2 x3 · § 2 x4 x6 ·
¨
sin ¨ x
–1–  .......... ¸
¸ = sin–1 ¨ x –
¨  ..........¸¸
© 2 4 ¹ © 2 4 ¹

or sin–1T+ cos –1T = 1/2

so,
x4 x6 x 2 x3
x2 –  .......... = x –  ..........
2 4 2 4
382
 x2 x
§ x ·
2
§ x· a
1 – ¨¨ – ¸¸ = 1 – ¨ – ¸ ' Sf  r  1
© 2¹ 1– r
© 2 ¹
2x 2 2x
2 =
2 x 2x
2x2+x3 = 2x+x3
2x(x–1) = 0
x = 0, 1
x=1 (0<|x|< 2 )
Ans (b)
7 Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Let
a ( a  b  c) b( a  b  c ) c( a  b  c)
T = tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 , then tan T =
bc ca ab
S S
(a) (b) (c) S (d) None of these
4 2
Solution
Let a+b+c = u
ªAlso you can use tan –1x  tan –1 y  tan –1z º
au bu cu « »
T = tan–1 +tan–1 +tan–1 « tan –1 ª x  y  z – xyz º »
bc ca ab « «1 – xy – yz – zx » »
¬ ¬ ¼ ¼

§ au bu ·
¨  ¸
–1 ¨ bc ca ¸ cu au bu u abc ab
T = S + tan ¨ ¸ + tan ab ,
–1
= =
c c
=
c
+1>1
au bc bc ca
¨1– ¸
© bc ac ¹

§ (a  b ) u ·
¨ ¸
¨ abc ¸ cu
T = S + tan–1 ¨ u ¸ + tan –1
ab
¨ 1– ¸
© c ¹

§ ( u – c) u c · cu
= S + tan–1 ¨¨ . ¸ + tan–1
¸
© abc (c – u ) ¹ ab

cu
= S – tan–1 uc + tan–1
ab ab
= S
Ans (c)

383
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
S
1 If tan–1x+tan–1y+tan–1z = S or then
2
(a) x+y+z = 3xyz (b) x+y+z = 2xyz (c) xy+yz+zx = 1 (d) None of these
2 If [cos–1x] + [cot–1x] = 0 , where x is a nonnegative real number and [.] denotes the greatest integer
function then complete set of values of x is
(a) (cos1,1) (b) (cot1,1) (c) (cos1,cot1) (d) None of there
3 Range of the function f(x) = cos–1(–{x}), where {.} is fractional part function is
§S · §S º ªS · § Sº
(a) ¨ , S¸ (b) ¨ , S» (c) «¬ 2 , S ¸¹ (d) ¨ 0, »
©2 ¹ ©2 ¼ © 2¼
3S
4 The sum of solutions of the equation 2sin–1 x2  x 1 +cos–1 x 2  x = is
2
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2
5* Which of the following is a rational number
§ –1 –1 1 · §S –1 3 ·
(a) sin ¨ tan 3  tan ¸ (b) cos ¨ – sin ¸
© 3¹ ©2 4¹

§ § 1 –1 63 · · §1 5·
¨ ¸¸
(c) log2 ¨ sin ¨¨ 4 sin 8 ¸¸ (d) tan¨¨ cos –1
2 3
¸
¸
© © ¹¹ © ¹
Assertion | Reasoning
§ 1 · § 1 ·
6 Statement 1 : sin–1 ¨ ¸ >tan–1 ¨ ¸
© e¹ © S¹
Statement 2 : sin–1x > tan–1y for x>y,  x,y (0,1)
(a) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True, Statement -2 is a correct explanation for
Statement- 1.
(b) Statement -1 is True, Statement-2 is True, statement-2 is NOT correct explanation for
Statement - 1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement -2 is False
(d) Statement 1 is False, Statement -2 is True.
Comprehension (Q.No. 7 to 9)
ª 1 º
It is given that A = (tan–1x)3+(cot–1x)3 where x>0 and B = (cos–1t)2+(sin–1t)2 where t  «0,
¬ 2 »¼
S S
and sin–1x+cos–1x = for –1 d x d 1 and tan–1x+cot–1x = for all x  R.
2 2
7 The interval in which A lies is
ª S3 S3 · § S3 S3 · ª S3 S3 ·
(a) « , ¸¸ (b) ¨¨ , ¸¸ (c) « 32 , 8 ¸¸ (d) None of these
¬7 2¹ © 40 10 ¹ ¬ ¹
8 The maximum value of B is

384
 S2 S2 S2
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
8 16 4 § m – SM ·
9 If least value of A is m and maximum value of B is M then cot–1cot ¨ ¸=
© M ¹
7S 7S S S
(a) – (b) (c) – (d)
8 8 8 8
Single Integer Answer type Question
y § 3 ·
10 The number of all positive integral solutions of the equation tan–1x+cos–1 1  y 2 = sin–1 ¨ ¸,
© 10 ¹
are .....................
11 If cos–1(4x3–3x) = a+b
1
cos–1x, for –1<x<– then [a+b+2] is .............
2
12 Match the statement of column I with values of column II
Column I Column II
(a) Absolute difference of greatest and least value
S
of 2 (sin2x–cos2x) (p)
4
(b) Absolute difference of greatest and least value
S
of x2–4x+3, x  [1,3] is (q)
6
1 – x
(c) Greatest value of tan–1 , x  [0,1], is (r) 4
1 x
(d) Absolute difference of greatest and least
ª 1 1 º
value of cos–1x2, x  « – , , is (s) 1
¬ 2 2 »¼
13* If a d tan–1x+cot–1x+sin–1x d b, then
S S
(a) a = (b) a = 0 (c) b = (d) b= S
4 2
14 cot–1(2.12)+cot–1(2.22)+cot–1(2.32)+..............upto f is equal to
S S S
(a) (b) (c) (d) S
4 3 2 1
§ 1 · § · § 2 ·
15 Number of solutions of the equation tan–1 ¨ ¸ +tan–1 ¨ ¸ = tan–1 ¨ 2 ¸ is
© 2 x 1 ¹ © 4 x 1 ¹ ©x ¹
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

'Note : Questions with * have more than one correct option'

Answers
1. c 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. a, b, c 6. a 7. c 8. c 9.d
10. 2 11. –2 12. a o r, b o s, c o 0, d o q 13. b,d 14. a 15. a

385
 TRIGONOMETRY - III
Inverse Trigonometric Functions - Problem Solving
A ƒunction ƒ: A o B is invertible iff it is a bijection. The inverse of ƒ is denoted by ƒ–1 and is
defined as ƒ–1(y) = x œ ƒ(x)=y. Trigonometric functions are periodic and hence they are not
bijective. But if we restrict their domains and codomains they can be made bijective and we
can obtain their inverses.
Domain & range of inverse trigonometric Functions
Function Domain Range (Principal value branch)
sin–1x [–1,1] >– S /2 ,– S / 2 @
cos–1x [–1,1] [0, S ]
tan x–1
(– ff (– S /2, S /2)
cot–1x (– ff (0, S )
cosec x –1
( –f–1] ‰ [1,f) [– S /2,0) ‰ (0, S /2]
sec x–1
( –f–1] ‰ [1,f) [0, S /2) ‰ ( S /2, S ]
Note : If no branch of an inverse trigonometric function is mentioned, then it means the principal
value branch of the function.
Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1
­ ʌ ʌ
°° – 2nʌ  x,2nʌ – 2 d x d 2nʌ  2 ,n  Z
(i) sin–1(sinx) = ®
°2n  1ʌ – x, 2n  1ʌ – ʌ d x d 2n  1ʌ  ʌ , n  Z
°¯ 
2 2

Y

y=
–2
S

x –x x
y= y= X
S

0 S 2S

Period = 2 S & it is an odd function.

­ – 2nS  x ,2nS d x d 2n  1S,n  Z
(ii) cos–1(cosx) = ®
¯2nS – x ,(2n – 1)S d x d 2nS,n  Z
Y
y=

y=
+x

x
–x

y=

2S
2S
y=

–x

X
–2S –S 0 S 2S

Period=2 S and it is an even function

386
 ʌ ʌ
(iii) tan–1(tanx) = – nʌ  x , nʌ –  x  nʌ  , n  Z
2 2
Y

x –x
y= S y=
 S  S/2 0 S /2 S
+x
y=
S

Period = S
(iv) cot–1(cotx) = – nʌ  x ,nʌ  x  ( n  1) ʌ,n  Z
Y

+x x
y= x–
S

y=
S

y=
X
S 0 S

Period = S
­ S
°°x – 2nS,2nS d x d (2n  1)S,x z 2S  2
(v) sec–1(secx) = ®° S
°¯ – x  2nS,(2n  1)S d x d 2nS,x z (2nS – 2 n  Z


Y
y=
+x

y=

2S
y=
2S

–x
y=

–x

X
  S   S  S  0 S  S  S 

Period = 2 S

387
 ­ S S
°° – 2nS  [2nS – 2 d x d 2nS  2
(vi) cosec–1(cosecx) = ®° S S
°¯(2n  1)S – x ,(2n  1)S – 2 d x d (2n  1)S  2  [ z nS,n  Z

y= 2

S
x–

y=
–x =
S

–x
y
X
S 0 S S
x
y=

Period = 2 S
2. (i) sin(sin–1x) = x, –1 d x d 1 (ii) cos(cos–1x) = x, –1 d x d 1

Y Y

1 1

X X
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
–1 –1

(iii) tan(tan–1x) = x, x  R (iv) cot(cot–1x) = x, x  R

Y Y

1 1

X X
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
–1 –1

388
 (v) sec(sec–1x) = x, x  R (–f–1] ‰ [1,f

X
–1 0 1
–1

(vi) cosce(cosce–1x)= x, x  R (–f–1] ‰ [1,f

X
–1 0 1
–1

3. (i) sin–1x+cos–1x= S 2 , –1 d x d 1

(ii) tan–1x+cot–1x = S 2 , x  R

(iii) sec–1x+cosce–1x = S 2 , x  R (–f–1] ‰ [1,f

1
4. (i) sin–1x=cosec–1 , –1 d x d 1
x
§1·
(ii) cos–1x=sec–1 ¨ ¸ , –1 d x d 1
©x¹

°  
­cot –1 1 ,x ! 0
x
(iii) tan–1x= ®
 
°̄ – S  cot 1 x ,x  0
–1

5 (i) sin– 1(–x) = –sin–1x, –1 d x d 1

(ii) cos–1(–x) = S –cos–1x, –1 d x d 1
(iii) tan–1(–x) = –tan–1 x, –fx<f
(iv) cot–1(–x) = S –cot–1x, –fx<f

389
 (v) cosec–1(–x) = –cosec–1x, x d –1or x t 1
(vi) sec–1(–x ) = S –sec–1x, x d –1or x t 1
6. Conversions of inverse trigonometric functions

1
x
(i)
1 – x2

x
sin–1x = cos –1 1 – x 2  tan –1
1 – x2

1 – x2 –1 1 1
= cot –1   cosec  sec
–1

x x 1– x2

1– x2 1
(ii)
x

1 – x2
cos x
–1
= sin –1 1 – x 2  tan –1
x
x 1 1
cot –1   cosec
–1
 sec
–1

= 1– x 2
1– x 2 x

1+ x2
x
(iii)
1

tan–1x = [ 1 1
sin –1 –1
cot –1
2   cos 2   x
1 x 1 x
1 x2
cos ec –1   sec 1  x
–1 2

°
 
­sin –1 x 1 – y 2  y 1 – x 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1 & x 2  y 2 d 1
 
°°   orif xy  0&x 2  y 2 ! 1
7. (i) sin –1 x  sin –1 y ®

–1 2

°S – sin x 1 – y  y 1 – x if 0  x , y d 1 & x  y ! 1
2 2 2

°

–1 2

¯° – S – sin x 1 – y  y 1 – x if – 1 d x , y  0 & x  y ! 1
2 2 2

390
 °
 
­sin –1 x 1 – y 2 – y 1 – x 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1 & x 2  y 2 d 1
 
°°   orif xy ! 0&x 2  y 2 ! 1
(ii) sin –1 x – sin –1 y ®
–1 2

°S – sin x 1 – y – y 1 – x if 0  x d 1,– 1  y d 0&x  y ! 1
2 2 2

°
 
°¯ – S – sin –1 x 1 – y 2 – y 1 – x 2 if – 1 d x  0,0  y d 1&x 2  y 2 ! 1

cos –1 x  cos –1 y
 
­°cos –1 xy – 1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d x, y d 1&x  y t 0
8. (i) ®
 
°̄2S – cos –1 xy – 1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1&x  y d 0

 
­°cos –1 xy  1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d x , y d 1&x d y

 
–1 –1
(ii) cos x – cos y ®
°̄ – cos –1 xy  1 – x 2 1 – y 2 if – 1 d y d 0,0  x d 1&x t y

­ –1 § x  y ·
°tan ¨¨ ¸¸if x\  
° © 1 – xy ¹
°° § xy ·
9. (i) tan –1 x  tan –1 y ®S  tan –1 ¨¨ ¸¸if [ !  \ !  [\ ! 
° © 1 – xy ¹
° § xy·
° – S  tan –1 ¨¨ ¸¸if [   \   [\ ! 
°¯ © 1 – xy ¹

­ –1 § x – y ·
°tan ¨¨ ¸¸if x\ ! –
° © 1  xy ¹
°° § x–y·
(ii) tan –1 x – tan –1 y ®S  tan –1 ¨¨ ¸¸if [ !  \   [\  –
° © 1  xy ¹
° § x–y ·
°– S  tan –1 ¨¨ ¸¸if [   \ !  [\  –
¯° © 1  xy ¹

Remark : If x 1 , x 2 ,..........x n  R, then tan –1 x 1 +tan –1 x 2+.........+tan –1 x n

§ s1 – s 3  s 5 – s 7 ........ ·
= tan–1 ¨¨ ¸¸
© 1 – s 2  s 4 – s 6  ...... ¹
Where sk is the sum of the product of x1,x2,............ xn taken k at a time.
ie. s1 = x1 + x2+..........+xn =¦xi
s2 = x1x2+x2x3+.......+xn–1xn=¦x1x2.
s3 = ¦x1x2x3.................etc.

391
 ­ –1
 –1

°sin 2x 1 – x , if 2 d x d 2
2 1
°
10. (i) 2 sin –1 x
° –1
 2
®ʌ – sin 2x 1 – x , if
1
2
d x d1 
°
°

°– ʌ – sin 2x 1 – x , if – 1 d x d
¯
–1 2 –1
2

­ –1
 –1

°sin 3x – 4x , if 2 d x d 2
3 1
°
(ii) 3 sin –1 x
° –1
 3 1
®ʌ – sin 3x – 4x , if  x d 1
2

°
° –1
 3
–1
° – ʌ – sin 3x – 4x , if – 1 d x  2
¯

–1
2 cos x
 
­°cos –1 2x 2 – 1 , if 0 d x d 1
®
11. (i)
 
°̄2ʌ – cos –1 2x 2 – 1 , if – 1 d x d 0

­ –1 3
 1

°cos 4x – 3x , if 2 d x d 1
°
(ii) 3 cos –1 x
° –1 3

®2ʌ – cos 4x – 3x , if
–1
2
dxd 
1
2
°
° –1 3
 
–1
°2ʌ  cos 4x – 3x , if – 1 d x d 2
¯

­ –1 § 2x ·
°tan ¨ 1 – x 2 ¸, if – 1  x  1
° © ¹
12. (i) ° –1 § 2x ·
2 tan –1 x ®ʌ  tan ¨ 2 ¸
, if x ! 1
° © 1 – x ¹
° –1 § 2x ·
° – ʌ  tan ¨ 2 ¸
, if x  –1
¯ ©1– x ¹

­ –1 § 3x – x 3 · –1 1
°tan ¨¨ ¸, if
2 ¸
x
° © 1 – 3x ¹ 3 3
°
–1 § 3x – x ·
3
° 1
(ii) 3 tan –1 x ® ʌ  tan ¨
¨ 1 – 3x 2 ¸¸, if x ! 3
° © ¹
° § 3
·
° – ʌ  tan –1 ¨ 3x – x2 ¸, if x  1
°¯ ¨ ¸
© 1 – 3x ¹ 3

392
 § 2x · §1 – x2 · § 2x ·
Note :
–1
If |x|d 1 then 2 tan x sin –1 ¨ 2 ¸
cos –1 ¨¨ ¸
2 ¸
tan –1 ¨ 2 ¸ .
©1 x ¹ © 1  x ¹ ©1– x ¹
1
If |x|>1, change x to in the above.
x
Note : In cases of identities in inverse trigonometric functions, principal values are to be taken. As
such signs of x,y etc., will determine the quadrant in which the angles will fall. In order to
bring the angles of both sides in the same quadrant, adjustment by S is to be made.
13. Hyperbolic functions
(i) sinh(–x) = – sinhx odd function
cosh(–x) = – coshx even function
tanh(–x) = tanhx odd function
(ii) Function Domain Range
sinh x
–1
R R
cosh x
–1
(0,f) (1,f)
tanh–1x R (–1,1)
coth–1x R–{0} R–[–1,1]
sech–1x (0,f) (0,1)
cosech x R–{0}
–1
R–{0}
(iii) sinh (sinh x) = x
–1
sinh–1(sinhx) = x
cosh (cosh x) = x
–1
cosh–1(coshx) = x
tanh (tanh–1x) = x tanh–1(tanhx) = x
sinhn (sinh x)=x
–1 n
sinh (sinh–1xn) = xn
(iv) 
sinh–1x = loge x  x 2  1 

cosh–1x = loge x  x 2 – 1
1 § x 1·
tanh–1x = loge ¨ ¸ x > 1, x< –1
2 © x –1¹
1 § x –1·
coth–1x = loge ¨ ¸ x > 1, x< –1
2 © x 1 ¹

§1 1 – x2 ·
¨ ¸
sech x = loge ¨
–1
x ¸ 0 < x d1
© ¹

­ §1 1 x2 ·
°log e ¨ ¸ if x ! 0
°° ¨ x ¸ 
© ¹
®
cosech x = °
–1 §1– 2 ·
1 x ¸
¨ if x  0
°log e ¨ ¸ 
°¯ © x ¹

393
 §1·
(v) sinh–1x = cosech–1 ¨ ¸
©x¹
sinh–1x = cosh–1 x 2  1
cosh–1x = sinh–1 x 2 – 1
sinh (cosh–1x) = x2 –1
Solved Examples
1. The sum to infinite terms of the series
1 1 1
tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 +............................ is
3 7 13
S S S
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
6 4 3
Solution : By method of difference
1
Tn = tan–1
1 n  n2
1 n 1 – n
Tn = tan–1 1  n (n  1) = tan–1 n (n  1) = tan–1 (n+1) – tan–1n

? Tn = tan–1 (n+1) – tan–1n

T1 = tan–1 2– tan–11
T2 = tan–13 – tan–12
T3 = tan–14 – tan–13
.
.
.
Tn = tan–1 (n+1) – tan–1n
Adding, Sn = T1 + T2 +............ + Tn
= tan –1 (n  1) – tan–11
S S S
? Sf = tan–1 f –tan–1 1= –
2 4 4
Ans : b
2 The sum to infinite terms of the series
1 1 1
tan–1 2 + tan
–1
2 + tan
–1
+.................. f is
2.1 2. 2 2. 3 2
S S S
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
4 3 2

394
Solution :
1 2 2n  1 – 2n – 1
Tn = tan –1
= tan –1
= tan 1  2n  12n – 1
–1
2n 2 4n 2
Ÿ Tn = tan–1 (2n+1) – tan–1 (2n–1)
? T1 = tan–1 3– tan–11
T2 = tan–1 5– tan–13
T3 = tan–1 7– tan–13
.
.
.
Tn tan –1 (2n  1) – tan –1 (2n – 1)
Adding, Sn = T1+T2+.......Tn = Tan–1(2n+1)–tan–11
S S S
? Sf = tan–1 f –tan–1 1 = –
2 4 4
Ans : a
3 The value of
c1x – y c 2 – c1 c3 – c 2 1
tan–1 c y  x +tan–1 1  c c + tan–1 1  c c +......................+ tan–1 c is
1 1 2 2 3 n

x y
(a) tan–1 (b) tan–1 (c) tan–1 x–tan–1y (d) None
y x
Solution Write the series as

x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
– – – –
y c1 c1 c 2 c c3 c n –1 c n 1
tan–1 + tan–1 + tan–1 2 + ........+ tan –1 1 1 + tan –1
x 1 1 1 1 1 cn
1 1 1 1
y c1 c1 c 2 c2 c3 c n –1 c n

§ –1 x 1· § 1 1· § 1 1·
Ÿ ¨¨ tan – tan–1 ¸¸ + ¨¨ tan–1 – tan–1 ¸¸ + ¨¨ tan–1 – tan–1 ¸¸ +
© y c1 ¹ © c1 c2 ¹ © c2 c3 ¹

§ –1 1 1· 1 x
.................. + ¨¨ tan – tan–1 ¸¸ + tan–1 = tan –1
y
© cn –1 cn ¹ cn
Ans : a
y
4. The number of positive integral solutions of the equation tan x + cos –1 –1
1  y2

3
= sin–1 is
10
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None

395
 1
Solution : tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan–1 3

1
tan–1 y = tan–1 3 – tan–1x

1 3– x
Ÿ =
y 1  3x
1 3x
y=
3– x
Put x = 1, then y = 2 Put x = 2, then y = 7
? (1,2) & (2,7) are two sets.
Ans : b
§n· S
5. If cot–1 ¨ ¸ ! ; n N, then the maximum value of n can be
©S¹ 6
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) None
n S
Solution : < cot ( ' cot–1x is a decreasing function)
S 6
Ÿ n< S 3
n < 5.43 Ÿ n = 5 (max)
Ans : b
6. The value of
­ § · ·½
° ¨ –1 §¨ 2 – 3 ¸ 12 ¸°
–1
sin ®cot ¨ sin ¸  cos –1
 sec –1
2 ¸¾
¨ 4 ¹ 4 ¸°
° ¨© © ¹¿
¯
S S
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) None
4 2

2– 3 4–2 3
Solution : ' sin –1 sin –1
4 8

–1 3 1 – 2 3
= sin
2 2 2

2
§ 3 –1·
= sin
–1
¨ ¸
¨ 2 2 ¸
© ¹

–1 3 –1
= sin
2 2

396
 –1 S S
= sin sin
12 12

–1 ­ § S S S ·½ S
? sin ®cot ¨ 12  6  4 ¸ ¾ = sin–1 cot
¯ © ¹¿ 2
= sin 0 = 0
–1

Ans : a
7. The greatest value of (tan–1x)2 + (cot–1x)2 is .......................
Solution :
(tan–1x)2 + (cot–1x)2 = (tan–1x+cot–1x)2 – 2tan–1xcot–1x
S2 §S –1 ·
= – 2 tan–1x ¨ – tan x ¸
4 ©2 ¹

S2 §S ·
Let tan x= y, then LHS=
–1
– 2y ¨ – y ¸
4 ©2 ¹

S2 § 2 Sy S2 · 2.S 2 S 2
– S y +2y = 2 ¨¨ y –  ¸– 
2 16 ¸¹ 16
= 2
4 © 4
2
§ –1 S · S2
= 2¨ tan x – ¸ 
© 4¹ 8

S2
? Minimum value is
8
S2
Ans :
8

397
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
* More than one options questions

5S 2
1. If (tan–1x)2 + (cot–1 x)2 = , then x equals
8
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
§ x2 x3 · § 2 x4 x6 ·
2. ¨
If sin ¨ x –  – ......... ¸
¸ –1 ¨ x –
+ cos ¨  – .........¸¸ = S for 0<|x|<
2 , then
–1
© 2 4 ¹ © 2 4 ¹ 2
x equals
1 –1
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) –1
2 2
3. Match the conditions / expressions in column I with statement in column II.
S
Let (x,y) be such that sin–1(ax)+cos–1y + cos–1(bxy)=
2
Column I Column II
(a) If a=1 & b = 0, then(x,y) (p) lies on the circle x2+y2=1
(b) If a=1 & b = 1, then(x,y) (q) lies on (x2–1) (y2–1) = 0
(c) If a=1 & b = 2, then(x,y) (r) lies on y = x
(b) If a=2 & b = 2, then(x,y) (s) lies on (4x2–1) (y2–1) = 0
4 Sum to n terms of the series
cosec–1 10 +cosec–1 50 + cosec–1 170 + ..........+cosec–1 n 1n
2 2

 2n  2 is
S S
(a) 0 (b) f (c) tan–1 n  1 – (d) cot–1 n  1 –
4 4
5 Match the following.
–1 –1 –1 –1
Let t1 = (sin–1x)Sin x ,t2=(sin–1x)Cos x ,t3 =(cos–1x)Sin x ,t4 = (cos–1 x)cos x
Column I Column II
(a) x  (0,cos1) (p) t1>t2>t4>t3
§ 1 ·
(b) x  ¨ cos1 , ¸ (q) t4>t3>t1>t2
© 2¹

§ 1 ·
(c) x  ¨ , sin1 ¸ (r) t1>t2>t4>t3
© 2 ¹

(c) x  sin1 ,1  (s) t3>t4>t1>t2
6. Read the passage & answer the following questions
S
If tan–1x : tan–1y = 1:4 (where |x|< tan ) then
6
(i) The value of y as an algebraic function of x will be

398
 4 x (1  x 2 ) 4 x (1 – x 2 )
(a) (b)
x 4 – 6x 2  1 x 4 – 6x 2  1
4 x (1  x 2 )
(c) (d) None of these.
x 4  6x 2  1
(ii) The root of the equation x4 – 6x2+1=0 is
S S
(a) tan (b) tan
12 4
S S
(c) tan (d) tan
8 16
7 If a sin x – b cos x=c, then a sin x + b cos x is
–1 –1 –1 –1

Sab  c( b – a )
(a) 0 (b)
ab
S Sab  c(b – a )
(c) (d)
2 ab
n § r – r –1 ·
8. ¦ Sin –1 ¨ ¸
¨ r ( r  1) ¸ is
r 1 © ¹
S S
(a) tan–1 n – (b) tan–1 n  1 –
4 4
(c) tan–1 n (d) tan–1 n  1
9 If [cot–1x] + [cos–1x] = 0, then complete set of values of x is
(a) (cos1, 1] (b) (cot1,cos1) (c) (cot1, 1)
(d) None of these
10*. If (sin–1x+sin–1w) (sin–1y+sin–1z) = S 2 , then

x N1 y N2
D wher N1,N2,N3,N4  W
z N3 w N4
(a) has a maximum value of 2 (b) has a minimum value of 0
(c) 16 different D are possible (d) has a minimum value of –2.
11. The value of k (k>0) such that the length of the longest interval in which the function
S
ƒ(x)=sin–1 |sinkx|+cos–1(coskx) is constant is is / are
4
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 16
12*. Match the following
Column I Column II
S2
(a) (sin x) + (sin y) =
–1 2 –1 2
(p) 1
2
Ÿ x +y =
3 3

399
(b) (cos–1x)2 + (cos–1y)2 = 2 S 2 (q) –2
Ÿ x5+y5=
S4
(c) (sin x) + (sin y) =
–1 2 –1 2
(r) 0
4
Ÿ |x–y| =
(d) |sin–1x–sin–1y| = S (s) 2
Ÿ xy =
Answers
1 a 2 b
3 a o p, b o q, c o p, d o s 4 c
5 a o q, b o s, c o r, d o s 6 (i) b (ii) a
7 d 8 c
9 c 10 a, c, d
11 b 12 a o q,r, s , b o q , c o r,s d o p

___________________
_______________
_________

400