CHAPTER ONE

BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

1.INTRODUCTION
SIWES was established by ITF in the year 1973 to serve the problem of lack of
adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigeria
tertiary institutions graduate. The scheme educates students on industrial based
skills essentials for a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work.
Students of tertiary institutions is given the opportunity of being familiarized and
exposed to the needed experience in handdling machineery and equipment
which are usually not available in the educational institutions. Partaking in SIWES
industrial training has become a crucial pre-condition for the award of degree and
diploma certificates in specific discipline in most institution of higher learning in
Nigeria in line with the government education policies. The scheme educates
students on industrial based skills essential for a smooth transition from the
classroom to the world of work. The operators are; the ITF, the coordinating
agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers of labour and various institutions.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE SCHEME

1. Provides avenues for students to acquire industrial skills for experience
during their course of study.
2. Expose student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machineries that may not be available in the university.
3. Prepare students for industrial work station they are likely to meet after
graduation.
4. Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational
knowledge in real work situation, thereby bridging the gaps between theories for
practice.
5. To make transmission from the schooling to world of work easier through
enhancing student contact for later job placement.

CHAPTER TWO : THE FIELD TRIP

INTRODUCTION
The aim of this report is to determine the air quality in FUTO. Before you
determine the air quality of a particular environment, you'll need to know some
basic informations which are;

(i)The components of the air we're sampling for, (ii) the equipments to use for
sampling and (iii) the standard value for FEPA, WHO,etc.

i) We will sample for

A) CARBON MONOXIDE (CO):

THE UNIT FOR CO IS PARTS PER MILLION (PPM)

Carbon monoxide (CO)—a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and toxic air
pollutant—is produced in the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels,
such as gasoline, natural gas, oil, coal, and wood. Breathing the high
concentrations of CO typical of a polluted environment leads to reduced oxygen
(O2) transport by hemoglobin and has health effects that include headaches,
increased risk of chest pain for persons with heart disease, and impaired reaction
timing.

Most people will not experience any symptoms from prolonged exposure to CO
levels of approximately 1 to 70 ppm but some heart patients might experience an
increase in chest pain. As CO levels increase and remain above 70 ppm, symptoms
become more noticeable and can include headache, fatigue and nausea.

B) Noise level:

THE UNIT FOR NOISE IS DECIBEL

In atmospheric sounding and noise pollution, ambient noise
level (sometimes called background noise level, reference sound level, or room
noise level) is the background sound pressure level at a given location, normally
specified as a reference level to study a new intrusive sound source.

Ambient noise level is measured with a sound level meter. It is usually measured
in dB relative to a reference pressure of 0.00002 Pa, i.e., 20 μPa (micropascals)
in SI units. A pascal is a newton per square meter.
C) Air temperature:

THE SI UNIT FOR TEMPERATURE IS CELCIUS, C OR KELVIN, K.

Air temperature is a measure of how hot or cold the air is. It is the most
commonly measured weather parameter. More
specifically, temperature describes the kinetic energy, or energy of motion, of the
gases that make up air.

The optimum room temperature is between 18°C and 21°C. Minimum

temperatures of 20°C or 21°C may be required for infants, the elderly and the sick.
Temperatures lower than 18°C or higher than 24°C can be a health risk.

And

D) Relative humidity:

THE UNIT FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS THE PERCENTAGE %

Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to
the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature. Relative
humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. The
same amount of water vapor results in higher relative humidity in cool air than
warm air.

ii) Equipments used for sampling

(a) CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS :

A carbon monoxide detector or CO detector is a device that detects the

presence of the carbon monoxide (CO) gas in order to prevent carbon
monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide detectors sound an alarm when they sense a certain amount of
carbon monoxide in the air over time. Different types of alarms are triggered by
different types of sensors. Biomimetic sensor: A gel changes color when it absorbs
carbon monoxide, and this color change triggers the alarm.
Method of use: go to the sampling point, on the equipment, after 10 seconds, the
value you get is your value

(B) NOISE DETECTOR :

It is used to measure if the noise has exceeded 90 decigram

At every sampling point, we move it to maxhold

Can measure noise relating to human hearing

It can also be used for QC(quality control) for servicing purposes

(C) MULTITASKING MACHINE :

The multitasking machine is used to measure Air temperature and Relative

humidity.

The reason it is called a multitasking machine is because, from it's name; it can be
used to measure more than one component of air.

(D) MICRO PROCESSOR TURBIDITY METER:

The

The measurements were taken from one point to another in the school, making a
total of FOUR (4) points; arranged in the following order:

Point One (1): SEET roundabout.

Point Two (2): Old Registrar.

Point Three (3): Hostel.

Point Four (4): Hall of Excellence.

After which the average value for the different components were taken, and
compared to the standard value, given by EPA.
 CHAPTER THREE
POINTS AND READINGS
3.0 INTRODUCTION
The students and the IT coordinators all gathered together at the department. It
was at this stage that all the terms were explained.

3.1 SAMPLE POINT 1 EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS

(SEET ROUNDABOUT)

NOISE (DECIBEL) - 89.20, 67.10, 57.70.

CARBONMONOXIDE, CO (PPM) - 0.00, 0.01, 0.01.

TEMPERATURE - 34.60, 33.90, 34.30.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) - 59.80 , 57.30, 59.10.

3.2 SAMPLE POINT 2 EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS

(OLD REGISTRAR)

NOISE (DECIBEL) – 75.60, 73.00, 75.10.

CARBONMONOXIDE, CO (PPM) - 0.01, 0.00, 0.01.

TEMPERATURE- 33.80, 33.60, 33.10.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) - 63.70 , 64.80, 64.90.

3.3 SAMPLE POINT 3 EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS

(HOSTEL B)

NOISE (DECIBEL) - 65.40, 56.00, 54.10.

CARBONMONOXIDE, CO (PPM) - 0.00, 0.01, 0.00.

TEMPERATURE- 32.10, 32.90, 32.00.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) - 64.50, 64.50, 64.10.

3.4 SAMPLE POINT 4 EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS

(HALL OF EXCELLENCE)
NOISE (DECIBEL) - 79.50, 60.50, 63.30
CARBONMONOXIDE, CO (PPM) – 0.01, 0.01, 0.01.
TEMPERATURE - 32.10, 32.90, 32.00
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) - 64.50, 64.50, 64.10

CHAPTER FOUR
WATER QUALITY
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Water quality describes the condition of the water, including chemical, physical,
and biological characteristics, usually with respect to its suitability for a particular
purpose such as drinking or swimming.
Water quality is measured by several factors, such as the concentration of
dissolved oxygen, bacteria levels, the amount of salt (or salinity), or the amount of
material suspended in the water(turbidity). In some bodies of water, the
concentration of microscopic algae and quantities of pesticides, herbicides, heavy
metals, and other contaminants may also be measured to determine water
quality.

4.1 TURBIDTY
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of
individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke
in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality – Wikipedia.
Turbidity is measured in NTU; Nephelometric Turbidity Units. The instrument
used for measuring it is called nephelometer or turbidimeter, which measures the
intensity of light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of light passes through a
water sample.
Turbidity levels can range from less than 1 NTU to more than 1,000 NTU. At 5 NTU
water is visibly cloudy; at 25 NTU it is murky.
The World Health Organization, establishes that the turbidity of drinking water
should not be more than 5 NTU, and should ideally be below 1 NTU.
4.2 EQUIPMENTS AND APPARATUS
I) SAMPLE BOTTLE
II) MICROPROCESSOR TURBIDITY METER
Used to analyse turbidity of water
Sample compartment in the equipment Display Unit, (to get data)
Wipe the sample bottle clean before inserting it.

PROCEDURES
Turn it on.
Youll see SIP ( Sampling In Progress).
SAMPLE 1. 44.44 NTU
SAMPLE 2 44.58 NTU