IGCSE Revision guide: Chemistry Answers

outer shell of 8 electrons, which is a stable arrangement Section 6

Answers to questions 2 as for sodium and chlorine on page 25, but with one middle shell
less for each atom 3 regular arrangement of alternating positive and
Quick checks
for 6.1 1 6.02 × 1023 2 a 71 g b 35.1 g 3 a 4 b 0.075 c 0.04
negative ions held in a lattice 4 a and b: as for magnesium oxide for 6.2 1 a CH b C6H6 2 both NO2
The example answers, marks awarded, and comments Questions on Section 2 and magnesium chloride on pages 25 and 26, but calcium has an for 6.3 1 512 g 2 12 g 3 68 g 4 4.76 g of MgO, 5.24 g of CO2
that appear in this book were written by the authors. In Core curriculum 1 a simple distillation b fractional distillation extra inner shell of 8 electrons 5 a NaOH b AlCl3 c Mg(OH)2 for 6.4 1 a 0.125 mol/dm3 b 6 mol/dm3 2 a 4 dm3 b 0.02
examination, the way marks would be awarded to answers c crystallization d fractional distillation e ltration 2 a Bacteria for 4.4 1 Each shares its one electron. 2 Each atom has gained dm3 or 20 cm3 3 a 0.15 b 0.1 4 a 112g b 0.56g 5 0.1 dm3 or
like these may be different. and soil particles are larger than the gaps in the limestone, but an outer shell of 8 electrons (or 2 in H2). 3 Your diagram should 100 cm3 6 0.015 dm3 or 15 cm3
water particles are smaller. b i condenser ii in the beaker be like the diagram for methane on page 28, but with chlorine for 6.5 1 a 4.5 dm3 or 4500 cm3 b 2.4 dm3 or 2400 cm3
Section 1 iii It is higher. 3 a See table on page 22. b i insoluble ii Add water atoms (7 outer-shell electrons) in place of hydrogen atoms. 2 1.2 dm3 or 1200 cm3 3 125 dm3 of both
Quick checks (and heat) to dissolve the soluble compound; pass the mixture 4 lattice with regular arrangement of hydrogen molecules for 6.6 1 100% 2 75% 3 80% 4 18.2 tonnes 5 83.3%
for 1.1 1 a because the water particles can slide past each 5 The forces between molecules are weak. 6 a and b: see page 28.
through lter paper in a lter funnel, and collect the ltrate (the
other b because the water particles can’t move any closer 7
solution of the compound) in a suitable container. iii See page 9. Questions on Section 6
2 because the gas particles in the air can be squeezed a lot
4 a See example 1 on page 11. b i F ii G iii G H Extended curriculum 1 a 0.3g of CaCO3 = 0.003 moles. That
closer 3 Diffusion: sugar particles collide with water particles,
Extended curriculum 1 a (ii) b B c Use a locating agent. needs 0.006 moles of HCl for complete reaction. But
bounce away, and in this way spread through the water.
d A, 0.65; B, 0.4 e Look up the Rf values of amino acids in the H 0.005 moles of HCl are used. So CaCO3 is in excess. b volume
for 1.2 1 a because the vibrations of the particles get larger
solvent f Solubility is different in different solvents. for 4.5 1 covalent bonds 2 a Both have covalent bonding. of CO2 = 0.06 dm3 or 60 cm3 2 a Repeat titration without the
b The particles will vibrate so much that the structure breaks
Alternative to practical 1 a A, thermometer B, beaker C, b Molecules contain small numbers of atoms, macromolecules indicator, evaporate to remove some water, allow to cool to
down. 2 a gas b 130 °C 3 The heating curve will be like
tripod D, condenser b to cool and condense the vapour contain millions. 3 The weak forces between layers allow them obtain crystals, dry the crystals. b i 0.056 ii 0.028 iii 9.016 g
the one on page 3, but with the horizontal sections at 130 °C
c Measure its boiling point. 2 a to prevent ink spreading up the to slide over each other, so graphite is soft and slippery; the free iv 42.8% 3 a 0.048 moles b 0.024 moles c 2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2
(melting point) and 240 °C (boiling point). 4 sublimation
paper b 1 and 3 c 4; two spots electrons allow it to conduct. 4 Similar bonding and structure to 4 a i See denition on page 39. ii the number of particles in
for 1.3 1 They follow a zig-zag random path, changing
diamond, but different from that in graphite. 1 mole of a substance b CH4 and SO2; there are 0.125 moles of
direction in response to bombardment by water particles.
for 4.6 1 It is the attraction between metal ions and the sea of each c i Ca, 0.12 moles; H2O, 0.2 moles ii calcium, because 0.2
2 because they are continually bombarded by air particles Section 3 free electrons. 2 It forms a giant regular lattice. 3 They contain moles of water reacts with 0.1 moles of calcium iii 0.8 g
for 1.4 1 When they meet, they combine to form a white Quick checks
free electrons that can move, carrying current. 5 a 0.926 moles b 1.389 moles c 0.926 moles
cloud of ammonium chloride, which is easy to see. for 3.1 1 a neutron b electron c proton d electron 2 a 3 d Ratio Fe : O : H2O is 2 : 3 : 2 e Fe2O3.2H2O 6 a 0.04 moles
2 a chlorine, since it has the larger relative molecular mass b 4 c 7 d 73Li 3 The atoms are: a sodium, with 11p 11e 12n
Questions on Section 4 b i 0.03 moles ii 0.05 moles iii 0.02 moles c equation 3
b raise the temperature b calcium, with 20p 20e 20n c iron, with 26p 26e 30n
Core curriculum 1 a Check your drawing against the diagram (mole ratio 2:1) 7 1 (one)
for 3.2 1 atoms of the same element, that have the same
Questions on Section 1 for H2O on page 28. b P2O3 2 i C ii E iii F iv E v D vi B
proton number but a different nucleon number
Core curriculum 1 a See the diagrams on page 1. b i They vii A, D and F 3 a The layers of atoms can slide over each other,
only vibrate. ii They move around, and slide past each other.
2 a 6, 7, and 8 b 126C (called C-12) c 146 C 3 It is unstable and
making it slippery. b Each atom is bonded to four others, with Section 7
decays, giving out radiation. Quick checks
c They come close together, with forces of attraction between the strong covalent bonds.
for 3. 3 1 b (2 + 8 +1) 2 Show three shells, with 2 electrons in for 7.1 1 a and e Yes, metals contain electrons free to move.
particles d the gas state e The particles move around faster, with Extended curriculum 1
the inner shell, 8 in the second, and 6 in the outer shell. Cl b Yes, ions in solution are free to move. c and d No, there are
more energy. They collide more often and bounce further away.
3 Note: for the drawings in this question you can show electrons no ions in sugar. 2 a ions not free to move b Melt it, or dissolve
f There is plenty of space between the particles, so they can be
in (pairs as on page 19.) a Show one shell with 1 electron in it. O C it in water.
pushed into a smaller volume by applying pressure. g The particles
b Show two shells: 2 electrons in the inner shell, 1 in the for 7.2 1 a It carries current into and out of the liquid, during
are close together but can slide over each other, allowing the
second. c Show four shells: 2 electrons in the inner shell, 8 in Cl electrolysis. b the liquid which is electrolysed 2 a connected
liquid to take any shape. 2 a The crystal dissolves and the particles
the second and third shells, and 1 in the fourth shell. to the positive terminal of the battery b anode 3 metal at
spread by diffusion: they collide with water molecules and bounce
for 3.4 1 a i lithium ii uorine iii chlorine b uorine cathode, non-metal at anode 4 a potassium and chlorine
away. b i regular, with particles close together ii They only vibrate. 2 from left to right, top to bottom: good; sodium chloride
and chlorine: both have 7 electrons in their outer shells b hydrogen and chlorine
3 a ammonia, hydrogen chloride, and the gases in air (or similar); silicon dioxide; ions and electrons; good
2 phosphorus, 2 + 8 + 5 3 a helium b phosphorus 4 a helium for 7.3 1 Na+ (l) + e → Na (l); 2Cl– (l) → Cl2 (g) + 2e
b i ammonium chloride ii white c It shows that gas particles
b nitrogen c magnesium d chlorine e calcium 3 A tiny % of water molecules is ionised to H+ and OH ions.
(ammonia and hydrogen chloride) have spread from the ends of
5 a 1 b 2 + 8 + 2 c 2 + 8 + 18 + 8 + 1 for 7.4 1 Copper ions are removed when copper forms at the
the tube, and meet at X, where they react. d They collide with Section 5 cathode. 2 a As copper ions are removed, more form at the
gas particles in air and bounce away again. e Ammonia will Quick checks
Questions on Section 3 anode. b The anode loses copper. For each atom it loses, one is
diffuse all through the tube – but no white solid will form. 3 for 5.1 1 a carbon and hydrogen, ratio 1:4 b nitrogen and
Core curriculum 1 a i A and E ii C iii C iv B b He c Missing deposited on the cathode.
4 a i boiling ii the line would not be horizontal b i close 2 hydrogen, ratio 1:3 c iron and sulfur, ratio 1:1 d calcium,
words in order: protons, neutrons, radioactive, energy 2 a atoms for 7.5 1 Use a nickel anode, the spoon as cathode, and a
together ii far apart iii random and fast iv no v yes carbon and oxygen, ratio 1:1:3 2 methane + oxygen →
of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons b Br-79 solution of a soluble nickel compound as electrolyte. 2 In both,
Extended curriculum 1 a i See page 1. ii non-existent iii They carbon dioxide + water 3 1:2:1:2
has 35e, 44n, 35p; Br-81 has 35e, 46n, 35p 3 a the number of metal atoms are lost from the anode, and deposited on the
move freely and fast. b i hydrogen, helium, oxygen, chlorine for 5.2 1 H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)
protons in the nucleus of the atom b Your diagram should show cathode. 3 A dilute solution would give oxygen, not chlorine.
ii The lower its relative molecular mass, the faster a gas will diffuse. 2 a 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)
3 electrons in the outer shell, and 8 in the middle shell. c 15 4 by dissolving it in cryolite 5 Al3+ + 3e → Al; 2O2– → O2 + 4e
c It will diffuse twice as fast as oxygen. d It is between 32 and 71. b 4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2 Fe2O3 (s)
Extended curriculum 1 a 40Ar: 18p, 18e, 22n; 40Ca: 20p,
3 2H2O2 (l) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
20e, 20n; 44Ca: 20p, 20e, 24n b i They have the same number Questions on Section 7
for 5.3 1 the average mass of its naturally-occurring isotopes,
Section 2 of protons but different numbers of neutrons. ii They do not
relative to the mass of a carbon-12 atom 2 a 48 b titanium Core curriculum 1 a PbBr2 b giant, ionic c i B ii platinum
Quick checks have the same number of protons. c + 8 + 2 2 a 2 protons, iii to make the ions free to move iv bromine at anode; lead at
3 40 4 It is the average value for two isotopes. 5 a 17 b 32
for 2.1 1 weighing balance for the salt, measuring cylinder for 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons more b + 8 + 2 3 a B is 23 Na, cathode 2 a cathode b to be the electrolyte c chromium
11 c 106 6 It is an ionic compound.
water 2 pipette 3 a 2500 g b 500 g 4 a 500 cm3 b 2000 cm3 C is 40 Ar, D is 31 P 3–, E is 27 Al 3+ b B – the same number of protons 3 a cathode b i Copper is deposited on it. ii It dissolves.
18 11 13 for 5.4 1 100 g 2 a 160 g b 180 g c 400 g
5 a 2 dm3 b 0.5 dm3 c 1.5 dm3 d 0.5 dm3 Extended curriculum 1 a Melt the compound, or dissolve
3 a copper(II) carbonate → copper(II) oxide + carbon dioxide
for 2.2 1 a It is impure. b below –114.3 °C 2 food additives, it in water. b Positive ions move to the cathode, negative ions
Section 4 b copper(II) oxide 20 g, carbon dioxide 11 g
medical drugs, vaccines to the anode. c i 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e ii Cu2+ + 2e → Cu
for 2.3 1 a the substance you dissolve b the liquid you Quick checks d i Oxygen forms rather than chlorine. ii 4OH– → 2H2O + O2 + 4e
for 4.1 1 The iron and sulfur atoms in it are held together by Questions on Section 5
dissolve the substance in 2 fractionating column and e Lithium is more reactive than hydrogen, copper is less
chemical bonds. 2 looks different, the iron and sulfur atoms in Core curriculum 1 a 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
thermometer added for fractional distillation 3 a to separate reactive than hydrogen. f i It loses copper atoms as ions, so
it are chemically bonded, it cannot be separated into iron and b N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 c I2 + Cl2 →2ICl
the liquid from any solution of your choice b to separate any it dissolves. ii Cu→ Cu2+ + 2e iii oxidation 2 a splitting by
sulfur by physical means 3 See the table on page 23. 4 add d 2P + 3Cl2 → 2PCl3 2 a 6 g b 97.5%
mixture of two or more miscible liquids 4 As the crystals form, electricity b hydrogen ion H+, chloride ion Cl , hydroxide ion OH–
substances to turn into an alloy 3 a 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s) b 40 c i 4.0 g ii 1.6 g
any impurities are left behind in the liquid. c i hydrogen: 2H+ + 2e– → H2 ii reduction: gain of electrons
for 4.2 1 bonding: how atoms are joined; structure: how 4 a 217 b 20.1 g of mercury, 1.6 g of oxygen
for 2.4 1 Each dye has different solubility in the solvent and d i oxygen ii chlorine 3 a i 2H+ + 2e– → H2 ii 2Cl– → Cl2 + 2e–
attraction to the paper. So the dyes move at different speeds up the bonded atoms are arranged 2 ionic: electrons transferred; iii Na+ and OH ions are left in solution. b i It kills microbes / germs /
the paper. 2 the yellow dye 3 Each amino acid has a unique Rf covalent: electrons shared 3 a regular arrangement of particles bacteria. ii ammonia / hydrogen chloride / margarine
value in a given solvent. 4 as a single spot (showing up after a 4 molecule 5 a lattice of silver ions, Ag+, in a sea of electrons
locating agent is used) 5 0.5625 for 4.3 1 loses one electron, because that leaves it with a full

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