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    Kittel Chap4 Revised 10-25-2013new

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    Intan Karisma Smashblast Bismaniac
    This document discusses phonons in crystals. It defines phonons as quanta of lattice vibrations and examines phonon dispersion relations. Key points include: - Phonons can be longitudinal or transverse waves from displacements of planes of atoms. Hooke's law describes the proportional relationship between force and displacement. - Dispersion relations show frequency ω as a function of wave vector k. They have different shapes for monoatomic and diatomic lattices, including optical and acoustic branches. - Group velocity describes how phonon wave packets propagate. It depends on the crystal structure and approaches a constant at low k. - Phonons carry quantized momentum ħk and can be measured using techniques like

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    Kittel Chap4 Revised 10-25-2013new

    Uploaded by

    Intan Karisma Smashblast Bismaniac
    41 views24 pages
    This document discusses phonons in crystals. It defines phonons as quanta of lattice vibrations and examines phonon dispersion relations. Key points include: - Phonons can be longitudinal or transverse waves from displacements of planes of atoms. Hooke's law describes the proportional relationship between force and displacement. - Dispersion relations show frequency ω as a function of wave vector k. They have different shapes for monoatomic and diatomic lattices, including optical and acoustic branches. - Group velocity describes how phonon wave packets propagate. It depends on the crystal structure and approaches a constant at low k. - Phonons carry quantized momentum ħk and can be measured using techniques like

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    This document discusses phonons in crystals. It defines phonons as quanta of lattice vibrations and examines phonon dispersion relations. Key points include: - Phonons can be longitudinal or transverse waves from displacements of planes of atoms. Hooke's law describes the proportional relationship between force and displacement. - Dispersion relations show frequency ω as a function of wave vector k. They have different shapes for monoatomic and diatomic lattices, including optical and acoustic branches. - Group velocity describes how phonon wave packets propagate. It depends on the crystal structure and approaches a constant at low k. - Phonons carry quantized momentum ħk and can be measured using techniques like

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views24 pages

    Kittel Chap4 Revised 10-25-2013new

    Uploaded by

    Intan Karisma Smashblast Bismaniac
    This document discusses phonons in crystals. It defines phonons as quanta of lattice vibrations and examines phonon dispersion relations. Key points include: - Phonons can be longitudinal or transverse waves from displacements of planes of atoms. Hooke's law describes the proportional relationship between force and displacement. - Dispersion relations show frequency ω as a function of wave vector k. They have different shapes for monoatomic and diatomic lattices, including optical and acoustic branches. - Group velocity describes how phonon wave packets propagate. It depends on the crystal structure and approaches a constant at low k. - Phonons carry quantized momentum ħk and can be measured using techniques like

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 24

    Chap 4: Phonons I

    Crystal Vibrations
    Major Elementary Excitation in Solids
    Displacement of Planes of Atoms
    in a Longitudinal Wave
    Us is defined as the displacement for the plane s from
    its equilibrium position

    Us // K
    Longitudinal wave
    Displacement of Planes of Atoms
    in a Transverse Wave

    Us K
    Transverse Wave
    Hooke’s Law
     We assume the elastic response of the crystal is a linear function of the forces.
     The elastic energy is a quadratic function of the relative displacement of any
    two points in the crystal.
     Hooke’s Law : The force exerted on the plane s as caused by the displacement
    of the plane s+p is directly proportional to the difference of the displacement
    us+p – us . For nearest neighbor interaction, p = ± 1
     The total force on plane s from planes s+1, and s-1 is

    The equation of motion of the plane s is

    With time dependence, u = u exp (-iwt)

    By traveling wave solution in the form of us= u exp (isKa)


    At the first Brillouin zone boundary, K = p/a, and -p/a ,
    w vs k Dispersion for Monoatomic Lattice

    Linear
    -p < K a < p

    -p/a < K < p/a

    The meaningful range of K is only inside the first Brillouin Zone


    of the linear lattice.

    K‘ = K – 2 n p/a = K – n G
    We can always subtract a reciprocal lattice vector G from K to become K’,
    to be inside the first Brillouin zone.
    At the zone boundary, K max = p/a, and -p/a

    This is a standing wave, Us = u or –u, depending on s is an even, or


    odd integer.
    Group Velocity
    The trasmission velocity of a wave packet is the group velocity

    From Eq. 9,

    At zone boundary, K = p/a, ug = 0 for standing wave


    At the zone center, Ka << 1, the continuum approximation

    vg = (C/M)1/2 a Vg ~ is nearly a constant


    The Traveling Wave Description of
    the Atomic Displacement

     > 2a
    K < p/a
    Group Velocity Vg vs k of Mono Atomic Lattice
    Derivation of Force Constant from Experiment

    For longer range force, we include p nearest planes of contributions


    to w

    We times M cos rKa term on both sides,


    and integrate over K

    Note the integral vanishes, except for p = r

    From experimentally measured wK, we will derive Cp


    Displacement of a Diatomic Linear
    Crystal Structure

    M1 M2

    Here M1 > M2

    Considering only nearest neighbor interaction, force constants


    are identical between all pairs of near-neighbor planes
    Equation of Motion for a Diatomic Linear Crystal

    Traveling wave solution

    a as the distance between nearest identical planes,


    not nearest neighbor planes.
    w vs K for a Diatomic Linear Crystal
    Solution exists only if the determinant of the coefficients vanishes

    At Ka << 1, the zone center

    Nearly a constant with K

    Nearly linear with K


    At Ka = p, -p, the zone boundary
    Optical and Acoustic Branches of the
    Dispersion for a Diatomic Linear Lattice
    [111] Phonon
    Dispersion in Ge
    [111] Phonon
    Dispersion in KBr
    Transverse Optical and Transverse Acoustic
    Waves of a Diatomic Linear Lattice
    Substituting Eq. 23 to Eq. 20, we get

    For K = 0, optical branch


    M1 u + M2 v = 0

    Center of mass is fixed


    like a dipole as easily excited by
    E field in the optical wave.

    For K = 0, acoustic branch, u = v The atoms move in phase


    like acoustic wave in long
    Wavelength.
    Quantization of Elastic Waves
    The quantum of lattice vibration energy is called phonon, and
    the quantum number is denoted as n. The elastic waves in
    crystals are made of phonons.

    U = uo cos Kx cos wt for a standing wave

    The time average kinetic energy is

    The sign of w is usually positive, for imaginary w, the crystal is unstable.


    An optical mode with w close to zero is called a soft mode.
    Phonon Momentum

    Physical momentum of a crystal is

    The physical momentum of a crystal is zero.


    Phonon Momentum

    Elastic scattering of photons by a crystal

    For inelastic photon scattering,


    it creates a phonon momentum K

    For absorption of a phonon

    Inelastic neutron scattering by phonons to obtain w(K)


    Phonon Dispersions of Na in 3-D

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