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Nonlinear Systems and Control Lecture # 8 Lyapunov Stability

1) Lyapunov's theorem provides a method to prove stability of nonlinear systems using Lyapunov functions. 2) If there exists a positive definite Lyapunov function V(x) where the derivative V̇(x) is negative semidefinite, the origin is a stable equilibrium. 3) If V̇(x) is negative definite, the origin is asymptotically stable, and if V(x) is also radially unbounded, the origin is globally asymptotically stable.

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Sauranil Debarshi
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114 views10 pages

Nonlinear Systems and Control Lecture # 8 Lyapunov Stability

1) Lyapunov's theorem provides a method to prove stability of nonlinear systems using Lyapunov functions. 2) If there exists a positive definite Lyapunov function V(x) where the derivative V̇(x) is negative semidefinite, the origin is a stable equilibrium. 3) If V̇(x) is negative definite, the origin is asymptotically stable, and if V(x) is also radially unbounded, the origin is globally asymptotically stable.

Uploaded by

Sauranil Debarshi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nonlinear Systems and Control

Lecture # 8
Lyapunov Stability

– p. 1/1
Let V (x) be a continuously differentiable function defined in
a domain D ⊂ Rn ; 0 ∈ D . The derivative of V along the
trajectories of ẋ = f (x) is
n n
X ∂V X ∂V
V̇ (x) = ẋi = fi (x)
i=1
∂xi i=1
∂xi
 
f1 (x)
i f2 (x)
h 
∂V ∂V ∂V
 
= ∂x1
, ∂x2
, ... , ∂xn
 .. 
.
 
 
fn (x)
∂V
= f (x)
∂x

– p. 2/1
If φ(t; x) is the solution of ẋ = f (x) that starts at initial
state x at time t = 0, then
d


V̇ (x) = V (φ(t; x))
dt t=0

If V̇ (x) is negative, V will decrease along the solution of


ẋ = f (x)

If V̇ (x) is positive, V will increase along the solution of


ẋ = f (x)

– p. 3/1
Lyapunov’s Theorem:
If there is V (x) such that

V (0) = 0 and V (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ D/{0}

V̇ (x) ≤ 0, ∀x∈D
then the origin is a stable

Moreover, if

V̇ (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ D/{0}

then the origin is asymptotically stable

– p. 4/1
Furthermore, if V (x) > 0, ∀ x 6= 0,

kxk → ∞ ⇒ V (x) → ∞

and V̇ (x) < 0, ∀ x 6= 0, then the origin is globally


asymptotically stable

Proof: D 0 < r ≤ ε, Br = {kxk ≤ r}


Br
α = min V (x) > 0
kxk=r
Bδ
Ω 0<β<α
β
Ωβ = {x ∈ Br | V (x) ≤ β}
kxk ≤ δ ⇒ V (x) < β

– p. 5/1
Solutions starting in Ωβ stay in Ωβ because V̇ (x) ≤ 0 in Ωβ

x(0) ∈ Bδ ⇒ x(0) ∈ Ωβ ⇒ x(t) ∈ Ωβ ⇒ x(t) ∈ Br

kx(0)k < δ ⇒ kx(t)k < r ≤ ε, ∀ t ≥ 0


⇒ The origin is stable
Now suppose V̇ (x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ D/{0}. V (x(t) is
monotonically decreasing and V (x(t)) ≥ 0

lim V (x(t)) = c ≥ 0
t→∞

lim V (x(t)) = c ≥ 0 Show that c = 0


t→∞

Suppose c > 0. By continuity of V (x), there is d > 0 such


that Bd ⊂ Ωc . Then, x(t) lies outside Bd for all t ≥ 0
– p. 6/1
γ = − max V̇ (x)
d≤kxk≤r
Z t
V (x(t)) = V (x(0)) + V̇ (x(τ )) dτ ≤ V (x(0)) − γt
0
This inequality contradicts the assumption c > 0
⇒ The origin is asymptotically stable

The condition kxk → ∞ ⇒ V (x) → ∞ implies that the


set Ωc = {x ∈ Rn | V (x) ≤ c} is compact for every c > 0.
This is so because for any c > 0, there is r > 0 such that
V (x) > c whenever kxk > r . Thus, Ωc ⊂ Br . All solutions
starting Ωc will converge to the origin. For any point
p ∈ Rn , choosing c = V (p) ensures that p ∈ Ωc
⇒ The origin is globally asymptotically stable
– p. 7/1
Terminology
V (0) = 0, V (x) ≥ 0 for x 6= 0 Positive semidefinite
V (0) = 0, V (x) > 0 for x 6= 0 Positive definite
V (0) = 0, V (x) ≤ 0 for x 6= 0 Negative semidefinite
V (0) = 0, V (x) < 0 for x 6= 0 Negative definite
kxk → ∞ ⇒ V (x) → ∞ Radially unbounded

Lyapunov’ Theorem: The origin is stable if there is a


continuously differentiable positive definite function V (x) so
that V̇ (x) is negative semidefinite, and it is asymptotically
stable if V̇ (x) is negative definite. It is globally
asymptotically stable if the conditions for asymptotic
stability hold globally and V (x) is radially unbounded
– p. 8/1
A continuously differentiable function V (x) satisfying the
conditions for stability is called a Lyapunov function. The
surface V (x) = c, for some c > 0, is called a Lyapunov
surface or a level surface
c3
c2
V (x) = c 1

c 1 <c 2 <c 3

– p. 9/1
Why do we need the radial unboundedness condition to
show global asymptotic stability?
It ensures that Ωc = {x ∈ Rn | V (x) ≤ c} is bounded for
every c > 0
Without it Ωc might not bounded for large c
Example
x21 2
V (x) = + x 2
1 + x21
x2 c
c
c
c
c
c
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
c
c x1
c
c
c
c
c
– p. 10/1

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