The document defines and provides examples of vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, basis and dimension. It also discusses row space, column space and null space of matrices.
The document defines and provides examples of vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, basis and dimension. It also discusses row space, column space and null space of matrices.
The document defines and provides examples of vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, basis and dimension. It also discusses row space, column space and null space of matrices.
The document defines and provides examples of vector spaces and related concepts such as subspaces, linear combinations, linear independence, basis and dimension. It also discusses row space, column space and null space of matrices.
Let V be a non-empty set of certain objects, which may be Vectors,
Matrices, Functions or some other objects. The elements of V are denoted by a,b,c,u,v etc. Assume that the two algebraic oper- ations (1) Vector addition and (2) Scalar multiplication are defined on elements of V . If the vector addition is defined as the usual addition of vectors, then
a+b = (a1 , a2 , ..., an )+(b1 , b2 , ..., bn ) = (a1 +b1 , a2 +b2 , ..., an +bn ) (1) If the scalar multiplication is defined as the usual scalar multiplica- tion of a vector by the scalar α, then
Vector Space 2 / 40 Vector Space The set V is defined a vector space if for any elements a, b, c in V and any scalars α,the following properties are satisfied. Properties with respect to vector addition: 1 a + b is in V.
(Closure Property) 2 a + b = b + a
(Commutative law) 3 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
(Associative law) 4 a + 0 = 0 + a = a
(Existence of unique zero element in V )
(Here 0 is not actual zero but additive identity which satisfies above condition for all element of set) 5 a + (−a) = 0
(Existence of inverse or negative element in V )
Vector Space 3 / 40 Vector Space
Properties with respect to scalar multiplication:
1 αa is in V . (Closure property) 2 (α+β)a=αa+βa (Left distributive law) 3 (α β)a=α(βa) 4 α(a+b)=αa + αb (Right distributive law) 5 1a = a
Vector Space 4 / 40 Note: When 1st property is satisfied w.r.t. vector addition (scalar multiplication) then the vector space is said to be closed under the vector addition (scalar multiplication). If the elements of V are real, its is called real vector space, whereas V is called complex vector space, if the elements V are complex numbers. If one of the properties is not satisfied, then V is not a vector space. We usually check the closure properties first before checking the other properties. The vector space V = 0 is called a trivial vector space. If V is a vector space then elements of V is known as vector
Vector Space 5 / 40 The following are some examples of vector space under the usual operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication. The set V of real or complex numbers. The set of polynomials Pn of degree less than or equal to n. The set of n-tuples in Rn or Cn The set of all m × n matrices.
Vector Space 6 / 40 Vector Space 7 / 40 Theorem: Let V be a vector space over R. Then 0u = 0 for all u ∈ V there is a unique additive identity 0. the additive inverse is unique;that is ,if for a given u,there are v , v 0 ∈ V such that u + v = 0 and u + v 0 = 0 then v = v 0 (−1)u = −u,the negative element such that u + (−u) = 0 for u∈V c0 = 0 for all c ∈ R and 0 ∈ V If cu = 0 for c ∈ R and 0 ∈ V ,then either c = 0 or u(vector ) = 0(vector ).
Vector Space 8 / 40 Subspace
Definition: A subset W of a vector space V is called a subspace
of V if W is itself a vector space under the addition and scalar multiplication denoted on V . Theorem: If W is a set of one or more vectors in a vector space V, then W is a subspace of V if and only if the following conditions are satisfied: If a and b are vectors in W, then a + b is in W. If α is a scalar and a is a vector in W, then αa is in W.
Vector Space 9 / 40 Example
Let F and G be subspaces of a vector space V such that F ∩ G =
{0}.The sum of F and G is written as F + G and is defined by F + G = {f + g : f ∈ F , g ∈ G }.Show that F + G is a subspace of V assuming the usual definition of vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Vector Space 10 / 40 Linear Combination
Definition: If w is a vector in a vector space V , then w is said to
be linear combination of the vectors v1 , v2 , v3 , ...vr in V if w can be expressed in the form
w = k1 v1 + k2 v2 + ... + kr vr
where k1 , k2 , k3 ..., kr are scalars. These scalars are called the coef- ficients of the linear combination.
Vector Space 11 / 40 Vector Space 12 / 40 Vector Space 13 / 40 Vector Space 14 / 40 Linear Independence and Dependence
Definition: If S = {v1 , v2 , ..., vr } is a set of two or more vectors in
a vector space V ,then S is said to be a Linearly Independent set if no vector in S can be expressed as a linear combination of the others. A set that is not linearly independent is said to be Linearly Dependent. Theorem: A non-empty set S = v1 , v2 , v3 , ..., vr in a vector space V is linearly independent if and only if the only coefficient satisfying the vector equation
k1 v1 + k2 v2 + ... + kr vr = 0
are k1 = 0, k2 = 0, ...,kr = 0
Vector Space 15 / 40 observations
Vector Space 16 / 40 Example
Vector Space 17 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 18 / 40 Span of vectors
Vector Space 19 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 20 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 21 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 22 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 23 / 40 Basis of a Vector space
Example 1 Show that vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (2, 9, 0), v3 = (3, 3, 4) form a basis for R3 2 Consider vectors v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (−1, 2, −3), v3 = (3, 3, 4). Is this collection of vectors is basis for R3 ?
Vector Space 24 / 40 Dimension of a vector space
Vector Space 25 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 26 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 27 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 28 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 29 / 40 Examples
Vector Space 30 / 40 Row and Column Vectors
in Rn that formed from the rows of A are called the row vectors of A.and the
Vector Space 31 / 40 Row and Column Vector
in Rn that formed from the rows of A are called the column
vectors of A
Vector Space 32 / 40 Row Space, Column Space and Null Space
