Scribd
Upload
41 views6 pages

9 Matrix Algebra

The document discusses different methods for solving systems of linear equations using matrix algebra operations like Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition, and forward/backward substitution. It provides code examples in NumPy to convert matrices to upper and lower triangular form, perform back and forward substitution, and calculate solutions for sample matrices using LU decomposition, backward substitution, and forward substitution methods.

Uploaded by

Sharada Prasad Sahoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views6 pages

9 Matrix Algebra

The document discusses different methods for solving systems of linear equations using matrix algebra operations like Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition, and forward/backward substitution. It provides code examples in NumPy to convert matrices to upper and lower triangular form, perform back and forward substitution, and calculate solutions for sample matrices using LU decomposition, backward substitution, and forward substitution methods.

Uploaded by

Sharada Prasad Sahoo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

9_matrix_algebra_sharada_prasad

October 22, 2018

In [73]: import numpy as np


A=np.array([4,8,4,0,1,5,4,-3,1,4,7,2,1,3,0,-2],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
B=np.array([8,-4,10,-4],dtype=float).reshape(4,1)
#gaussian elimination
#converting a matrix into upper triangular one for back substitution
print(A)
def upper_matrix1D(A,B):
for j in range (0,4):
for i in range(j+1,4):
B[i]=B[i]-B[j]*(A[i,j]/A[j,j])
A[i,:]=A[i,:]-A[j,:]*(A[i,j]/A[j,j])
return B
def upper_matrix2D(A):
for j in range (0,4):
for i in range(j+1,4):
A[i,:]=A[i,:]-A[j,:]*(A[i,j]/A[j,j])
return A
B=upper_matrix1D(A,B)
A=upper_matrix2D(A)
def back_sub(A,B):
x = np.zeros(4)
for i in range(3,-1,-1): #this refers to the rows; i goes 2,1,0
for j in range(i+1,4): #j goes 1,2 @ i = 0
#j goes 2 @ i = 1
B[i] = B[i] - A[i,j]*x[j]

x[i] = B[i]/A[i,i]
return x

x=back_sub(A,B)
print(A)
print(B)
print(x)
#converting a matrix into lower triangular one for forward substitution
A=np.array([4,8,4,0,1,5,4,-3,1,4,7,2,1,3,0,-2],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
B=np.array([8,-4,10,-4],dtype=float).reshape(4,1)
#finding lower triangular matrix for forward substitution

1
def lower_matrix1D(A,B):
for j in range(3,0,-1):
for i in range(0,j):
B[i]=B[i]-B[j]*(A[i,j]/(A[j,j]))
A[i,:]=A[i,:]-A[j,:]*(A[i,j]/(A[j,j]))
return B
def lower_matrix2D(A):
for j in range(3,0,-1):
for i in range(0,j):
A[i,:]=A[i,:]-A[j,:]*(A[i,j]/(A[j,j]))
return A
def for_sub(A,B):
x = np.zeros(4)
for i in range(0,4): #this refers to the rows; i goes 2,1,0
for j in range(0,i): #j goes 1,2 @ i = 0
#j goes 2 @ i = 1
B[i] = B[i] - A[i,j]*x[j]

x[i] = B[i]/A[i,i]
return x
B=lower_matrix1D(A,B)
A=lower_matrix2D(A)
x=for_sub(A,B)
print(A)
print(B)
print(x)

[[ 4. 8. 4. 0.]
[ 1. 5. 4. -3.]
[ 1. 4. 7. 2.]
[ 1. 3. 0. -2.]]
[[ 4. 8. 4. 0.]
[ 0. 3. 3. -3.]
[ 0. 0. 4. 4.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 1.]]
[[12.]
[-3.]
[ 4.]
[ 2.]]
[ 3. -1. 1. 2.]
[[ 0.97959184 0. 0. 0. ]
[-1.64285714 -3.5 0. 0. ]
[ 2. 7. 7. 0. ]
[ 1. 3. 0. -2. ]]
[[ 2.93877551]
[ 3.5 ]
[ 7. ]
[-4. ]]

2
[ 3. -1. 1. 2.]

Out[73]: array([[1., 0., 0., 0.],


[0., 1., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1.]])

In [140]: #finding values in LU method


A=np.array([4,8,4,0,1,5,4,-3,1,4,7,2,1,3,0,-2],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
B=np.array([8,-4,10,-4],dtype=float).reshape(4,1)
I=np.array([1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
L=np.array([1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
for j in range (0,4):
for i in range(j+1,4):
L[i,:]=L[i,:]+I[j,:]*(A[i,j]/A[j,j])
A[i,:]=A[i,:]-A[j,:]*(A[i,j]/A[j,j])
y=for_sub(L,B)
A=np.array([4,8,4,0,1,5,4,-3,1,4,7,2,1,3,0,-2],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
U=upper_matrix2D(A)
x=back_sub(U,y)
print(L)
print(U)
print(x)

[[ 1. 0. 0. 0. ]
[ 0.25 1. 0. 0. ]
[ 0.25 0.66666667 1. 0. ]
[ 0.25 0.33333333 -0.5 1. ]]
[[ 4. 8. 4. 0.]
[ 0. 3. 3. -3.]
[ 0. 0. 4. 4.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 1.]]
[ 3. -1. 1. 2.]

In [156]: #calculation for general matrix


A=np.zeros(16)
for i in range(0,16):
A[i]=int(input("enter %ith element:"%(i+1)))
A1=A.reshape(4,4)
B=np.zeros(4)
for i in range(0,4):
B[i]=int(input("enter %ith element:"%(i+1)))
B1=B.reshape(4,1)
print(A1)
print(B1)
#LU
A3=A.reshape(4,4)

3
B3=B.reshape(4,1)
print(A3)
print(B3)
I=np.array([1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
L=np.array([1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
def lu(A):
for j in range (0,4):
for i in range(j+1,4):
L[i,:]=L[i,:]+I[j,:]*(A[i,j]/A[j,j])
A[i,:]=A[i,:]-A[j,:]*(A[i,j]/A[j,j])
return L
def LU(A3,B3):
y=for_sub(lu(A3),B3)
U=upper_matrix2D(A3)
return back_sub(U,y)
print(LU(A3,B3))
#1st method
def backward(A,B):

B11=upper_matrix1D(A,B)
A11=upper_matrix2D(A)
return back_sub(A11,B11)
print(backward(A1,B1))

enter 1th element:4


enter 2th element:8
enter 3th element:4
enter 4th element:0
enter 5th element:1
enter 6th element:5
enter 7th element:4
enter 8th element:-3
enter 9th element:1
enter 10th element:4
enter 11th element:7
enter 12th element:2
enter 13th element:1
enter 14th element:3
enter 15th element:0
enter 16th element:-2
enter 1th element:8
enter 2th element:-4
enter 3th element:10
enter 4th element:-4
[[ 4. 8. 4. 0.]
[ 1. 5. 4. -3.]
[ 1. 4. 7. 2.]
[ 1. 3. 0. -2.]]

4
[[ 8.]
[-4.]
[10.]
[-4.]]
[[ 4. 8. 4. 0.]
[ 1. 5. 4. -3.]
[ 1. 4. 7. 2.]
[ 1. 3. 0. -2.]]
[[ 8.]
[-4.]
[10.]
[-4.]]
[ 3. -1. 1. 2.]
[ 3. -1. 1. 2.]

In [143]: A=np.zeros(16)
for i in range(0,16):
A[i]=int(input("enter %ith element:"%(i+1)))
A1=A.reshape(4,4)
B=np.zeros(4)
for i in range(0,4):
B[i]=int(input("enter %ith element:"%(i+1)))
B1=B.reshape(4,1)
print(A1)
print(B1)
#2nd method
A2=A.reshape(4,4)
B2=B.reshape(4,1)
print(A2)
print(B2)
def forward(A2,B2):
B22=lower_matrix1D(A2,B2)
A22=lower_matrix2D(A2)
return for_sub(A22,B22)
print(forward(A2,B2))

[ 3. -1. 1. 2.]

In [152]: A=np.array([4,8,4,0,1,5,4,-3,1,4,7,2,1,3,0,-2],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
B=np.array([8,-4,10,-4],dtype=float).reshape(4,1)
LU(A,B)

Out[152]: array([ 3., -1., 1., 2.])

In [153]: backward(A,B)

Out[153]: array([ 3., -1., 1., 2.])

5
In [155]: A=np.array([4,8,4,0,1,5,4,-3,1,4,7,2,1,3,0,-2],dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
B=np.array([8,-4,10,-4],dtype=float).reshape(4,1)
forward(A,B)

Out[155]: array([ 3., -1., 1., 2.])

You might also like