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    Heatexchanger 2 Sthe 180124194846

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    alvaedison00
    This document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It covers basic heat transfer equations, dimensionless numbers, types of shell and tube heat exchangers, components, design considerations, and standards. Key points include that shell and tube heat exchangers are relatively inexpensive and available in many sizes/materials, and consist of a shell containing tubes to transfer heat between fluids inside and outside the tubes. Design is based on parameters like temperature, pressure, flow rates, and codes like TEMA.

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    Heatexchanger 2 Sthe 180124194846

    Uploaded by

    alvaedison00
    27 views36 pages
    This document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It covers basic heat transfer equations, dimensionless numbers, types of shell and tube heat exchangers, components, design considerations, and standards. Key points include that shell and tube heat exchangers are relatively inexpensive and available in many sizes/materials, and consist of a shell containing tubes to transfer heat between fluids inside and outside the tubes. Design is based on parameters like temperature, pressure, flow rates, and codes like TEMA.

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    heat exchanger intro 2

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    This document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It covers basic heat transfer equations, dimensionless numbers, types of shell and tube heat exchangers, components, design considerations, and standards. Key points include that shell and tube heat exchangers are relatively inexpensive and available in many sizes/materials, and consist of a shell containing tubes to transfer heat between fluids inside and outside the tubes. Design is based on parameters like temperature, pressure, flow rates, and codes like TEMA.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views36 pages

    Heatexchanger 2 Sthe 180124194846

    Uploaded by

    alvaedison00
    This document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It covers basic heat transfer equations, dimensionless numbers, types of shell and tube heat exchangers, components, design considerations, and standards. Key points include that shell and tube heat exchangers are relatively inexpensive and available in many sizes/materials, and consist of a shell containing tubes to transfer heat between fluids inside and outside the tubes. Design is based on parameters like temperature, pressure, flow rates, and codes like TEMA.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 36

    SHELL & TUBE

    HEAT EXCHANGER

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    Basic Heat Exchanger Equation
    The general relation reflects the heat transfer across a surface is:

    Q = U A (LMTD)
    Where,
    Q  M h ( H hi  H ho )  M c ( H co  H ci )

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    Dimensionless Number
    • Nusselt Number
    • Reynolds Number
    • Prandtl Number

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    Why Shell and Tube Heat
    Exchanger?
    • Relatively inexpensive
    • Available in many sizes
    • Compact design
    • Available in many different materials
    • Can be designed for high pressures without excessive cost
    • Design principles well known
    • Many different manufacturers
    • Well-developed fabrication facilities.

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    Types of STHE
    • Fixed tube-sheet
    • U-tube
    • Floating-head

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    Fixed Tube sheet heat exchangers

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    U-tube heat exchanger

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    Floating head heat exchanger

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    Components of STHE
    • Shell
    • Shell cover
    • Tubes
    • Channel
    • Channel cover
    • Tube sheet
    • Baffles
    • Support plates
    • Floating head cover
    • Nozzle
    • Tie-rods
    • Spacers
    • Impingement plate

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    Shell
    Dimensions

    • Line pipe dimensions shall be used for carbon steel shells up to a


    nominal shell diameter of 18-20 inches
    • For shells rolled from plate and with a shell diameter above 20 mm the
    nominal diameter is the shell inside diameter.
    • During the design stage one should follow standard HTRI shell
    dimensions unless detailed information is available with the designer.

    Orientation

    • Horizontal in General
    • Limited space or certain process requirements – Vertical Orientation
    • For thermo siphon re-boilers, vertical orientation is preferred to
    horizontal orientation, even if the heating medium is fouling.

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    Types of SHELL

    E-Type Shell F-Type Shell

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    G-Type Shell H-Type Shell

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    J-Type Shell K-Type Shell

    X-Type Shell

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    Pressure Drop of Different
    Shell Types
    F shell 8 x ΔPE shell

    G shell 1 x ΔPE shell

    H shell 1/8 x ΔPE shell

    J shell 1/8 x ΔPE shell

    X shell <1/100 x ΔPE shell

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    Tubes
    • The smallest tube diameter generally produces the most heat transfer
    area per unit volume in a given shell and most efficient heat transfer.
    • 19.15 mm tubes are commonly used for clean services.
    • For very clean services, 15.875 mm tubes are sometimes used.
    • For gases, boiling, condensing or two phase flow 19.05 mm to 31.75 mm
    tube ODs are required.
    • For vertical tube side vacuum falling film evaporators tubes with outside
    diameter upto 2 inches are used.

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    Selection of Tube

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    Tube sheets
    • Tubes are held on both the ends called tube sheets.
    • The tube sheet thickness varies from 1 inches (25 mm) for low pressure
    and low shell diameter applications up to over 12 in. (300 mm) in high
    pressure and large shell diameters.

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    Tube to tubesheet joint
    • Tubes are expanded into grooves in tube sheet or welded to them.
    • Welded joints are preferred in sever conditions like high pressures (80
    kg/cm2 g) or when handling toxic or inflammable fluids where leakage
    are not permitted.

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    Typical Tube sheet

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    Tube Layout Pattern
    Typical Tube pitch = 1.25 x tube dia.

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    Tube-side Passes
    Multiple passes are used to
    • Increase tube-side velocity and taking maximum advantage of
    available pressure drop
    • Reduce overall length
    • Allow U-tube/floating head designs

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    Pass partition arrangements

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    Baffles
    • Baffles provide the framework to support and secure the tubes and
    prevent vibration
    • Baffles redirect the shell side flow across the tube bundle

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    Types of Baffle

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    Shell Side Fluid Stream Analysis
    The construction of the bundle provides multiple fluid pathways

    C C

    B F B

    A -Tube-to-baffle hole leakage E - Baffle-to-shell leakage


    B - Main cross flow F - Pass-partition bypass
    C -Bundle-to-shell bypass

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    Impingement Plate
    Purpose:
    To protect the uppermost tubes located just below the shell-side inlet nozzle against
    direct impingement.

    Such impingement can cause erosion, cavitations and/or vibration.

    TEMA Standards specify an impingement protection is required for following cases:


    • Inlet nozzle ρV2 is greater than 2232 kg/m s2 for non-corrosisve, non abrasive
    single pass fluid.
    • Shell side condensation is specified
    • Shell side boiling is specified and the inlet nozzle ρV2 is greater than 744kg/m s2
    • for all saturated vapors and liquid-vapor mixtures (there are chances of carrying
    liquid droplets.)
    Types
    • Circular plate
    • Rectangular plate
    • Rods

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    Standard Dimensions for
    impingement plate
    •Minimum height under nozzle (Hmin) = D/4,
    •Minimum width of the impingement plate (Wmin) = D + 50 mm,
    •Length of the impingement plate L = D + (50 ~ 70 mm), where D is the nozzle
    inside diameter.

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    The figure below shows the height under nozzle measurement for different cases
    Nozzle
    • Inlet and outlet nozzles are sized for pressure drop and velocity
    considerations.
    • The total nozzle pressure drop for either shell side or tube side
    should not exceed about 25% of total.
    • Nozzle pressure drop is dominating in case of condensers (due to
    pressure recovery in condensers).
    • For liquid flow nozzle rhoV2 should be limited to 3000 kg/m s2.
    • For gas flow, nozzle velocity should be less than 20% of acoustic
    velocity.
    • Thermo wells, pressure indicator connections, safety and relief
    valves, product drains, vents, block valve are other miscellaneous
    nozzles.

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    Nozzle Locations
    • Nozzle orientation should be decided in consideration of process
    requirements, mechanical construction and requirements from plot plan.
    • Following samples can be used as a good reference.

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    Allocation of Fluids - Parameters
     Temperature
     Pressure
     Viscosity
     Fouling and cleaning
     Corrosion
     Flow rate
     Temperature range

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    Brushes and cages

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    Codes & Standards: TEMA R/C/B
    The mechanical design, fabrication, inspection and testing of shell and
    tube type heat exchangers shall be applied in accordance with the
    following sections of “TEMA” standard

    • TEMA Class R: Sever requirements for petroleum and related


    processing applications

    • TEMA Class C: Moderate requirements for commercial and general


    process applications

    • TEMA Class B: For chemical process service

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