STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

Felix V. Garde, Jr.

March 20, 2019

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Introduction
Columns are members used primarily to support axial compressive loads and have
a ration of height to the least lateral dimension of 3 or greater.
Axially loaded columns are those with relatively smally eccentricjty, e, of about
0.1h or less, where h is the total depth of the column and e is the eccentric distance
from the plastic centroid.
The plastic centroid is defined as the point of application of the resultant force
for the column cross section (including concrete and steel forces) if the column is
compressed uniformly to the failure strain εu = 0.003 over its entire cross section.

Types of Columns

1. Based on loading, columns may be classified as:

a. Concentrically loaded columns,
b. Eccentrically loaded columns,
c. Biaxially loaded columns

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Introduction

Types of Columns

1. Based on loading, columns may be classified as:

a. Concentrically loaded columns,
b. Eccentrically loaded columns,
c. Biaxially loaded columns

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 Types of Columns

2. Based on length, columns may be classified as:

a. Short columns, where the column’s failure is due to the crushing of
concrete or the yielding of steel bars under the full capacity of the column.
b. Long columns, were buckling effect and slenderness ratio must be taken
into consideration in the design, thus reducing the load capacity of the
column relative to that of a short column.
3. Based on the shape of the cross-section.
4. Based on column ties, column may be classified as follows:
a. Tied column
b. Spiral column
5. Based on frame bracing, columns may be part of a frame that is braced
against sidesway or unbraced against sidesway.
6. Based on materials, columns may be classified as
a. reinforced
b. prestressed
c. composite
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Introduction

Types of Columns

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Introduction

Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns

When an axial load is loaded to a reinforced concrete short column, the concrete
can be considered to behave elastically up to a low stress of about 13 fc0 . If the load
on the column is increased to reach its ultimate strength, the concrete will reach
the maximum strength, (where maximum strain is εcu = 0.003) and the steel will
reach its yield strength, fy . The nominal capacity of the column can be written as

Po = 0.85fc0 (Ag − Ast ) + Ast fy

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Introduction
Two different types of failure in columns

1. Tied Column: The concrete fails by crushing and shearing outward, the
longitudinal steel bars fail by buckling outward between ties, and the column
failure occurs suddenly, much like the failure of a concrete cylinder.

Behavior of tied and spiral columns. Failure of a tied column.

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Introduction

Two different types of failure in columns

2. Spiral Column: undergoes a marked yielding, followed by considerable de-

formation before complete failure. The concrete in the outer shell fails and
spalls off. The concrete inside the spiral in confined and provides little strength
before the initiation of column failure.

Behavior of tied and spiral columns. Failure of a spiral column.

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Axially Loaded Column

Strength of Axially Loaded Columns

1 When a symmetrical column is sub-
jected to a concentric axial load, P ,
longitudinal strains ε develop uni-
formly across the section
2 The forces Pc and Ps in the concrete
and steel are equal to the stress mul-
tiplied by the corresponding areas.
3 The total load on the column, P is
the sum of Pc and Ps .
4 The axial load capacity is

Po = 0.85fc0 (Ag − Ast ) + Ast fy

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

For idealized homogeneous and elastic

column,
P My
+ = fcu
A I
For
• M = 0, maximum axial load is
Pmax = fcu A
• P = 0, maximum moment is
Mmax = fcu I/y
The interaction equation is

Load and moment on column. P M

+ =1
Pmax Mmax

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Interaction diagram for an elastic

column.
Interaction diagram for an elastic
column.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns:

Strain-Compatibility Solution

Calculation of Pn and Mn for a given strain distribution.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending
Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns: defining the failure
load and failure moment for a given column for the full range of eccentricities from
zero to infinity.
Strain-Compatibility Solution

Strain distributions corresponding to points on the interaction diagram.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending
Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns:

Typical strength interaction diagram for reinforced concrete column.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending
Significant Points on the Column Interac-
tion Diagram
• Point A: Pure Axial Load (Mn = 0)
• Point B: Zero Tension, Onset of
Cracking (s = 0)
• Region A–C:
Compression-Controlled Failures
• Point Point C: Balanced Failure,
Compression-Controlled Limit
Strain (s = y )
• Point D: Tensile-Controlled Limit
(t = 0.005)
Typical interaction diagram of reinforced • Region C–D: Transition Region.
concrete column.
• Point E: Strain Limit for Beams
(t ≥ 0.004, Pn = 0)
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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending
Strength-Reduction Factor for Columns:

φPn ≥ Pu φMn ≥ Mu

Variation of φ with tensile strain in extreme tension steel, εt and c/dt for Grade 420 reinforcement and for prestressing steel.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

General requirement for strength design method:

φPn ≥ Pu φMn ≥ Mu

ACI 10.3.6 Design axial strength φPn of compression members shall not be taken
greater than φPn,max

φPn,max = 0.80φ [0.85fc0 (Ag − Ast ) + fy Ast ]

ACI 10.3.6.3 For prestressed members, design axial strength, φPn , shall not be
taken greater than 0.85 (for members with spiral reinforcement) or 0.80 (for
members with tie reinforcement) of the design axial strength at zero eccentricity,
φPo .

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Compression Plus Bending of Rectangular Columns

Column subject to eccentric load: (a) loaded column; (b) strain distribution; (c) stresses and forces at nominal strength.

Pn = 0.85fc0 ab + A0s fs0 − As fs

     
0 h a 0 0 h 0 h
Mn = Pn e = 0.85fc ab − + As f s = d + As fs d −
2 2 2 2
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Balanced Strain Condition (Balanced Failure)

Balanced strain condition, cb is

600d
cb =
fy + 600

Applying equilibrium conditions:

P
Fv = 0

Pb = Cc + Cs − T
P
MP C = 0

M b = Pb e b
 a 
Pb eb = Cc d − − d00 + Cs (d − d0 − d00 ) + T d00
2

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Compression-Controlled Rectangular Section

The section is compression-controlled

when:
1 nominal compression strength Pn
exceeds the balanced nominal strength
Pb
2 eccentricity e is less than the balanced
value eb
3 net tensile strain εt is less than εy

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Tension-Controlled Rectangular Section

The section is tension-controlled when:

1 nominal compression strength Pn is less
than the balanced nominal strength Pb
2 eccentricity e is greater than the
balanced value eb
3 net tensile strain εt is greater than εy

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Whitney Formula - Compression-Controlled Section

P
MT = 0

d − d0
   a
Pn e + = Cc d − + Cs (d − d0 )
2 2

taking a = 0.54d, then

Cc = 0.85fc0 ab = 0.459fc0 bd
 a 1 0 2
Cc d− = fc bd
2 3
For compression-controlled section,
ε0s ≥ εy , then

Cs = A0s fy

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Whitney Formula - Compression-Controlled Section

Substituting values and simplify

fc0 bh A0s fy
Pn = 0 +
3he 3(d − d )h e 1
+ 0
+
d2 2d 2 d − d 2
Applying boundary condition,

Pn = Po at e = 0

where,

Po = 0.85fc0 bh + 2A0s fy

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Whitney Formula - Compression-Controlled Section

Substituting values and simplify,

becomes
fc0 bh A0s fy
Pn = +
3he e 1
+ 1.18 0
+
d2 d − d 2
This equation is known as Whitney
formula for symmetrical steel with no
correction for concrete displaced by
compression steel.

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Approximate Formula - Rectangular Section having e > eb
Assuming that ε0s ≥ εy , and applying equation of equilibrium
P
F = 0,

Pn = 0.85fc0 ab + A0s (fy − 0.85fc0 ) − As fy

fy As A0
Let; m = 0
,ρ= and ρ0 = s
0.85fc bd bd
P
MT = 0,
 a
Pn e0 = 0.85fc0 ab d − + A0s (fy − 0.85fc0 )(d − d0 )
2
Making substitution and simplify
 s 
0 0 2 0 0 
    
 e e d e
Pn = 0.85fc0 bd −ρ + 1 − + 1− + 2ρ (m − 1) 1 − +
 d d d d 

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Example

1. Calculate the nominal axial capacity Pn and the design capacity φPn for
the section shown for an eccentricity ey = 250 mm. Use fc0 = 28 MPa and
fy = 420 MPa.

Note: Bar diameter #32, db = 32.3 mm, Ab = 819 mm2

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 Interaction Diagram.

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 Interaction Diagram.

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 Interaction Diagram.

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 Interaction Diagram.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Design categories for strength of section under combined axial compression and moment.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Lateral reinforcement for compression

members

ACI 10.9.1 Area of longitudinal rein- ACI 7.10.5.1 All nonprestressed bars
forcement, Ast , for noncomposite com- shall be enclosed by lateral ties, at least
pression members shall be not less than No. 10 in size for longitudinal bars No.
0.01Ag or more than 0.08Ag . 32 or smaller, and at least No. 13 in size
for No. 36, No. 43, No. 57, and bun-
ACI 10.9.2 Minimum number of longi- dled longitudinal bars. Deformed wire or
tudinal bars in compression members shall welded wire reinforcement of equivalent
be 4 for bars within rectangular or circular area shall be permitted.
ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties, and
6 for bars enclosed by spirals conforming ACI 7.10.5.2 Vertical spacing of ties
to 10.9.3. shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar di-
ameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or
least dimension of the compression mem-
ber.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending
ACI 7.10.5.3 Ties shall be arranged such
that every corner and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the
corner of a tie with an included angle of not
more than 135 degrees and no bar shall be
farther than 150 mm clear on each side along
the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
Where longitudinal bars are located around
the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular
tie shall be permitted.
ACI 7.10.5.4 Ties shall be located vertically
not more than one-half a tie spacing above
the top of footing or slab in any story, and
shall be spaced as provided herein to not more
than one-half a tie spacing below the lowest
horizontal reinforcement in slab, drop panel,
or shear cap above.
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Arrangement of Bars and Ties in Columns

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Arrangement of Bars and Ties in Columns

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Arrangement of Bars and Ties in Columns

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Arrangement of Bars and Ties in Columns

Lap details and beam-column joint.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Design procedure for short column subjected to uniaxial bending using interaction
diagrams. For a given factored load Pu and equivalent eccentricity e = Mu /Pu :
1. Select trial cross-sectional dimensions b and h.
2. Calculate the ratio γ and select the corresponding column design chart.
3. Calculate Kn = Pu /(φfc0 Ag ) and Rn = Pu e/(φfc0 Ag h).
4. From the graph, for the values found in (3), read the requirement ratio ρg
5. Calculate the total steel area Ast = ρg bh.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Design procedure for short column subjected to uniaxial bending using interaction
diagrams. For a given factored load Pu and equivalent eccentricity e = Mu /Pu :
1. Select the reinforcement ratio ρg .
2. Choose the trial value of h and calculate e/h and γ.
3. From the corresponding graph, read Kn = Pu /(φfc0 Ag ) and calculate the
required Ag .
4. Calculate b = Ag /h
5. Revise the trial value of h if necessary
6. Calculate the total steel area Ast = ρg bh.

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Example

1. In a three-storey structure, an exterior column is to be designed for a service

dead load of 222 kips, maximum live load of 297 kips, dead load moment of
136 ft-kips, and live load of 194 ft-kips. The minimum live load compatible
with the full live load moment is 166 kips, obtained when no live load is placed
on the roof but a full live load is placed on the second floor. Architectural
considerations require that a rectangular column be used, with dimensions
b = 20 in. and h = 25 in.
a) Find the required column reinforcement for the condition that full live
load acts.
b) Check to ensure that the column is adequate for the condition of no
live load on the roof. Use fc0 = 4000 psi and fy = 60, 000 psi.

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Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

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 END OF PRESENTATION

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