Unemployment

Definition:

Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is actively searching for
employment is unable to find work. Unemployment means lack of jobs even for those who are able and
willing to work at the prevailing wage.

Causes of unemployment

High Population growth.

Absence of employment opportunities.
Seasonal Employment.
Joint Family System.
Increasing turnout of students from Universities.
Insufficient Rate of Economic Progress.
Absence of good governance.
Corruption.
Lack of Industrialization.
Political instability.
Absence of technical education.
Deviation from meritocracy.
Absence of strict accountability.
Urbanization.
Gender biases and discrimination.
Brain drain.
Dignity of labor.
Less Foreign Direct Investment.

Consequences of Unemployment:

Social consequences:
Unemployment is a social evil. It has far reaching consequence. Unemployment produces angry,
frustrated, desperate and sorrowful generation everywhere.
Political unemployment:
When the large number of people is unemployed, no political government can be stable.

Remedies:

The concept of education should be changed.

Establishment of more factories and industries.
Birth control
Development of agricultural sector.
Self-employment planning and co-operation of the people.
 Culture
Definition:

Culture is a complex whole which includes beliefs, values, norms, attitudes, laws, ideas,
customs, language and habits acquired by man. Set of rules and procedures together with
supporting set of ideas and values is called culture.

Aspects of Culture:

Religion

Social pol
Structure philosophy

economic
Language
philosophy

Education

Types of Culture:

Ideal Culture
The culture which is presented as a pattern or precedent to the people is called ideal. The part of
ideal culture practiced in social life is called real culture.
Real Culture
Real culture can be observed in our social life. We act upon on culture in our social life is real; its
part which the people adopt in their social life is their real one.
Material Culture
Material culture consists of man-made objects such as furniture, automobiles, buildings, dams,
bridges, roads and in fact, the physical matter converted and used by man.
Non-material Culture
The term 'culture' when used in the ordinary sense, means non-material culture'. It is something
nonphysical ideas which include values, beliefs, symbols, organization and institutions etc.
Nonmaterial culture includes words we use, the language we speak, our belief held, values we
cherish and all the ceremonies observed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE:

• Culture is learned.

• Culture is shared.

• Culture is transmitted.

• Culture is changing.
Education in Pakistan

Major Areas Covered:

1. Importance
2. Educational Issues
3. Kinds of Education

1: Importance of Education:
Education is a key to development for individual, society and state. It shapes natural qualities and
talents of the individuals. It has positive relevance to family and society. It also confers citizens’
confidence to deal with environment, a sense of purpose. Education provides a goal orientation and is
helpful to others by educating them.
Education provides entitlement to job and professions.It plays a more constructive role in
character building of the person and in turn society as a whole.
Education should be integrated to nation building and should be able to transmit the primary
values. Education should be responsible for the formation of attitude.
It should transmit socialization among individuals.
Education system is designed according to the ideology of the state and its identity. Education is
the indicator of socio-economic development. For the real progress proper educational facilities should be
provided. Literacy rate should be enhanced. Trained and qualified human power can make a nation
success. Only such educated people can better be equipped to deal with changing situations and
challenges of the time. Education provides better understanding of international environment that affects
all of us. Islam asks Muslims to get education. Other religions also value education.

2: Educational Issues:
From historical perspective Pakistan has made commendable efforts for spreading education
since independence. Funding, facilities and free primary education was introduced to enhance student
enrolment. Following steps were taken for uplift of education:
• It made integral to development planning in all Five Year Plans and Yearly Plans.
• Education Commission was established and new Education policies were introduced.
• Critical evaluation points out serious issues requiring immediate attention for enabling education to
achieve its goals.

Problem of Resources:
Resource allocation for education is far from satisfactory. It is much less than what a large
number of countries spend on education, especially those having developed after World War II. Most of
these allocations go to salaries and administration.
Fewer amounts are given for infrastructure, facilities of research and development.

Low Literacy:
In Pakistan literacy rate is 46 per cent. While meaningful literacy is far less. Female literacy is
lower. In rural areas literacy is much low.

Enrolment and Retention:

All Children are not enrolled in schools. Drop out at the primary and high school level is very high.
The incentive to send children to the school is to retain them there. Poverty and lack of appreciation
cause drop out. Not enough schools with proper facilities. Number of schools exist on papers only i.e.,
Ghost schools.

Teachers related issues:

Shortage of qualified teachers at the lower levels is main cause of less interest of young students
towards education. Student-teacher ratio is very high in Pakistan. So the teacher cannot properly treat
students. Teachers are not given any incentives for devotion to the profession. Salary and other facilities
especially at the lower levels are very disappointing. Training and refresher courses are also inadequate.
New techniques of teaching and facilities needed for good teaching should be provided to the teachers.

Examination System:
Examination System remained a problematic issue in Pakistan. How to judge the performance of
students is a difficult question. Instead of comprehension and depth of knowledge emphasis is laid on test
of memory. Learning is geared to passing the examination. Some people work only at the end of the year
and get good marks due to flaw in the system. Some of they use unfair means. Students have were little
knowledge of how the papers are actually graded. This becomes a serious problem at the higher levels.
Still there is a debate that whether Annual system or Semester system should be adopted.

Politicization:
Student groups have political links with outside groups. Political parties have their sub units in
educational institutions, which result in use of violence and threats. This also damages the educational
environment.

Kinds of Education:
Primary:
From class 1 to 5 years is primary stage. Mosque schools are also working on this level. Efforts are being
made to make it universal.
Middle Level:
It is from class 6 to 8.
Secondary:
It is from class 9 to 10.
Higher Secondary:
It is from class 11 to 12.
Degree Level:
It is a university level education for 2 or 3 years for the award of bachelor degree of Science/ Arts.
University, Post Graduate Level:
M. A., M.Sc., M.Phil. and Ph.D. Specialized diplomas and programs are also offered at this level. Colleges are also
teaching at Postgraduate level. Now some Colleges are given university status.

Professional:
Professional educational fields are Medical, Dentistry, Engineering, Business and Commerce are
Technical and professional degrees.

Adult Education:
For adults who could not get education in their early years adult education is introduced for them.

Distance Education:
People do not go to an institution but stay home and get education. This method is useful for
people in service and for those living in remote areas. This is a method of Improvement of qualification
without actually going to an institution.
It is a Flexible system in which Lectures and tutorial system are used through media.
Examples are:
 Allama Iqbal Open University.
 Virtual University.

Privatization of Education:
Schools (English medium), Colleges and Universities are introduced in private sector. Some of
them are imparting some good quality education but very expensive.
Modern Technology and Education:

Technology education means education of IT, Computers- software and hardware. IT and regular
education, Access to knowledge and technical education.

Concluding Remarks:

Education in Pakistan could not play a proper role. That’s why Pakistan is much behind of some
of the developing countries. The only way to meet the challenges of the time is to provide technical
education at all levels. For that purpose spending on education should be raised. Primary education should
be universal and women education should be enhanced. Only meaningful education can fulfill the
demands of development.