Name:

Section:

Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE­TIME SYSTEMS: TIME­DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

2.1 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.1 The Moving Average System

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:
% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

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Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with
x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] as the input is shown below .  

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The component of the input x[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

2
 Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1

Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is  – bộ lọc thượng thông

Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values
of the frequencies of the sinusoidal signals s1[n]  and s2[n]. The output
generated for these different values of M and the frequencies are shown below.
From these plots we make the following observations  ­ 

< Insert MATLAB figure(s)s here. Copy from figure window(s)s and
paste. >

M=5

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 Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

Amplitude 1 1

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a
swept-frequency sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a
maximum frequency 0.5) as the input signal (see Program P1_7) are listed below :
n=0­100

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >
% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
a=pi/200;
b=0;
arg=a*n.*n+b*n;
x = cos(arg);
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = 2; %the m=2 luon
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M ;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,1,2);

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plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
axis;

The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below .

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Signal #1
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n
Signal #2
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n

The results of Questions Q2.1 and Q2.2 from the response of this system to the
swept-frequency signal can be explained as follows : do là bộ lọc hạ thông nên cho
tín hiệu tần số thấp đi qua, làm cho tín hiệu tần số cao suy giảm

Project 2.2 (Optional) A Simple Nonlinear Discrete-Time System

A copy of Program P2_2 is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

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Q2.5 The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were
used to generate the output signals :

The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the
following rules:

This observation can be explained mathematically as follows :

Q2.6 The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form   x[n]   =
sin(on) + K  as the input signal is shown below for the following values of o
and K ­  

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The dependence of the output signal yt[n] on the DC value K can be explained
as ­

Project 2.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A copy of Program P2_3 is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.7 The outputs y[n], obtained with weighted input, and yt[n], obtained by
combining the two outputs y1[n] and y2[n] with the same weights, are shown
below along with the difference between the two signals :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The two sequences are ­

The system is ­

Q2.8 Program P2_3 was run for the following three different sets of values of the
weighting constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input
frequencies :

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

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 < Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with different weights is ­

Q2.9 Program 2_3 was run with the following non-zero initial conditions ­

The plots generated are shown below ­

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions is ­

Q2.10 Program P2_3 was run with nonzero initial conditions and for the following three
different sets of values of the weighting constants, a and b, and the following
three different sets of input frequencies :

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions and different weights is ­

Q2.11 Program P2_3 was modified to simulate the system :

y[n] = x[n]x[n–1]

The output sequences   y1[n],  y2[n],and  y[n]of the above system generated
by running the modified program are shown below :  

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Comparing  y[n] with yt[n] we conclude that the two sequences are  ­

   This system is ­ 

Project 2.4 Time-invariant and Time-varying Systems

A copy of Program P2_4 is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

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Answers:

Q2.12 The output sequences y[n]  and  yd[n­10] generated by running Program P2_4
are shown below  ­ 

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

These two sequences are related as follows  ­ 

The system is ­

Q2.13 The output sequences y[n] and  yd[n­D] generated by running Program P2_4

are shown below  ­ 

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows  ­ 

The system is ­

Q2.14 The output sequences y[n]  and  yd[n­10] generated by running Program P2_4
for the following values of the input frequencies  ­ 

are shown below  ­ 

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows  ­ 

The system is ­

Q2.15 The output sequences y[n]  and  yd[n­10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions are shown below  ­ 

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

These two sequences are related as follows ­ 

The system is ­

Q2.16 The output sequences  y[n]  and  yd[n­10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions and following values of the input frequencies  ­ 

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 are shown below ­ 

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows  ­ 

The system is ­

Q2.17 The modified Program 2_4 simulating the system

y[n] = n x[n] + x[n­1]        

is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The output sequences y[n]  and  yd[n­10]  generated by running modified

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

These two sequences are related as follows ­ 

The system is ­

Q2.18 (optional) The modified Program P2_3 to test the linearity of the system of Q2.18 is
shown below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The outputsy[n]and yt[n] obtained by running the modified program P2_3 are
shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The two sequences are ­

   The system is ­ 

2.2 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.5 Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems

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 A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

Q2.19 The first 41 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of Project
2.3 generated by running Program P2_5 is given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Impulse Response
4

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of
the following causal LTI system :

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 y[n] + 0.71y[n­1] – 0.46y[n­2] – 0.62y[n­3]

= 0.9x[n] – 0.45x[n­1] + 0.35x[n­2] + 0.002x[n­3]
are given below :
< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 45;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >
Impulse Response
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time index n

Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of
Q2.20 using the filter command is indicated below :

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 < Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
x = [1 zeros(1, N-1)];
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >
Impulse Response
2

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude  ­

Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI
system is indicated below :

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 < Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
x = [1 ones(1, N-1)];
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

  The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are
shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >
Impulse Response
1.4

1.2

0.8
Amplitude

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Project 2.6 Cascade of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_6 is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

13
Answers:
% Program P2_6
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num1,den1,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num2,den2,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

Q2.23 The output sequences  y[n],  y2[n], and the difference signal   d[n]  generated
by running Program P2_6 are indicated below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

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 Output of 4th order Realization
1
Amplitude
0

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-14
x 10 Difference Signal
Amplitude

0.5
0
-0.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

   The relation between y[n] and  y2[n] is – hai đồ thị giống nhau với sai số rất nhỏ.

Q2.24 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with the input changed to a
sinusoidal sequence are as follows :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

   The relation between y[n] and  y2[n] in this case is ­ 

Q2.25 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with non-zero initial condition
vectors are now as given below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

  The relation between y[n] and  y2[n] in this case is ­ 

Q2.26 The modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in reverse order and
with zero initial conditions is displayed below : 

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

% Program P2_6

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% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num2,den2,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num1,den1,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

The sequences generated by running the modified program are sketched below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

16
 Output of 4th order Realization
1

Amplitude
0

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15
x 10 Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n]  and   y2[n] in this case is  – 2 đồ thị giống nhau, tín
hiệu không đổi khi đổi vị trí.

Q2.27 The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-
order systems in reverse order and with non-zero initial conditions are displayed
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

  The relation between y[n] and  y2[n] in this case is ­ 

Project 2.7 Convolution

A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:
% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3]; % impulse response, length=9
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1]; % input sequence, length=7

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y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:14; %s? 14 ???c nh?p t? length c?a h+x-1=15 nên ch?y t? 0-14
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,8)]; %?êm thêm 8 con s? 0 là do ?? b?ng v?i chi?u dài
c?a y1
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program P2_7 are shown

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Output Obtained by Convolution

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is ­ giống nhau.

The reason for using x1[n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding   x[n], for
generating y1[n] is – để hàm conv và hàm filtter trả về tín hiệu có cùng chiều dài.

18
Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15 sequence
h[n] with a length-10 sequence  x[n]is indicated below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >
% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3 3 2 5 7 8 -1]; % impulse response, length=15
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1 3 5 -1]; % input sequence, length=10
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:23; %s? 14 ???c nh?p t? length c?a h+x-1=15 nên ch?y t? 0-14
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,14)]; %?êm thêm 8 con s? 0 là do ?? b?ng v?i chi?u dài
c?a y1
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

The sequences y[n]  and  y1[n] generated by running modified Program P2_7
are shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

19
 Output Obtained by Convolution
100

Amplitude 50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
100
Amplitude

50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is ­   giống nhau

Project 2.8 Stability of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_8 is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.30 The purpose of the for command is ­ 

The purpose of the end command is ­

Q2.31 The purpose of the break command is ­

Q2.32 The discrete-time system of Program P2_8 is  ­  

The impulse response generated by running Program P2_8 is shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

20
 The value of |h(K)| here is ­  

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is ­ 

By running Program P2_8 with a larger value of N the new value of | h(K)| is ­  

From this value we can conclude that the system is ­  

Q2.33 The modified Program P2_8 to simulate the discrete-time system of Q2.33 is given
below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_8 is shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The values of |h(K)| here are ­  

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is ­ 

Project 2.9 Illustration of the Filtering Concept

A copy of Program P2_9 is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Answers:

Q2.34 The output sequences generated by this program are shown below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x[n] is ­ 

Q2.35 The required modifications to Program P2_9 by changing the input sequence to a
swept sinusoidal sequence (length 301, minimum frequency 0, and maximum
frequency 0.5) are listed below along with the output sequences generated by the
modified program :

21
 < Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x [n] is ­ 

Date: Signature:

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