Power Electronics Project Report

Design a DC to DC Buck
converter
Group Members
AQIB ALI KHAN 14-EE(P)-093
ZULQARNAIN HAIDER 14-EE(P)-100
SHEHRYAR KHAN 14-EE(P)-068
Submitted To: Sir Kamran Mehmood
Date: 19 Jan 2018
Contents
Abstract: ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Theory of Operation: .................................................................................................................................... 3
Block Diagram: .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Schematic Diagram: ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Proteus Design: ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Specifications: ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Code: ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Results: .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion: .................................................................................................................................................... 6

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Table Of Figures:
Figure 1: Block Diagram ................................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 2: Schematic Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 3: Proteus Design ............................................................................................................................... 5

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 Buck converter
Abstract:
In this project we are going to step down 12v D.C to any D.C value between 0 and
12volts. The circuit which steps down the D.C voltage is known as buck converter. The
output voltage or step down voltage needed is controlled using a potentiometer
connected to Arduino .The analog channel of Arduino is used to change the pulse width
so consequently the duty cycle of the switching signal changes. As the duty cycle of the
switching signal changes the DC output at load varies.

Introduction:
A buck converter (step-down converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter which steps
down voltage (while stepping up current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is
a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) typically containing at least two
semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently
replace the diode with a second transistor used for synchronous rectification) and at
least one energy storage element, a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To
reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with
inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input
(supply-side filter).
Switching converters (such as buck converters) provide much greater power efficiency
as DC-to-DC converters than linear regulators, which are simpler circuits that lower
voltages by dissipating power as heat, but do not step up output current.
Buck converters can be remarkably efficient (often higher than 90%), making them
useful for tasks such as converting a computer's main (bulk) supply voltage (often 12V)
down to lower voltages needed by USB, DRAM and the CPU (1.8V or less).

Theory of Operation:
The basic operation of the buck converter has the current in an inductor controlled by
two switches (usually a transistor and a diode). In the idealized converter, all the
components are considered to be perfect. Specifically, the switch and the diode have
zero voltage drop when on and zero current flow when off, and the inductor has zero
series resistance. Further, it is assumed that the input and output voltages do not

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change over the course of a cycle (this would imply the output capacitance as
being infinite).

Block Diagram:

Figure 1: Block Diagram

Schematic Diagram:

Figure 2: Schematic Diagram

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Proteus Design:

Figure 3: Proteus Design

Specifications:
 Input Voltage = 12V
 Output Voltage = 0V to 12V (Linear)
 Maximum Current = 5A
 Switching Frequency = Optimum, considering filter design

Code:
int x; // initialize variables
int w;
int v;
int voltage;
int duty;
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> //Load Liquid Crystal Library
LiquidCrystal LCD(10, 9, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void setup() {
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);// pwm pin 6 as output pin
pinMode(A1,INPUT);// analog pin as input
pinMode(A0,INPUT);
TCCR0B = TCCR0B & B11111000 | B00000001;// change frequency of pwm to
65 KHZ approx( explained under code section)
Serial.begin(9600);// begin serial communication
LCD.begin(16,2); //Tell Arduino to start your 16 column 2 row LCD

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 }

void loop() {
LCD.setCursor(0,0);
LCD.print("Duty cycle=");
LCD.setCursor(11,0);
LCD.print(duty);
LCD.setCursor(0,1); //
LCD.print("Voltage=");
LCD.setCursor(8,1);
LCD.print(voltage);
x= analogRead(A1);
w= map(x,0,1023,0,255);
analogWrite(6,w); // write mapped value on pin 6
duty=map(w,0,255,0,100);
v= analogRead(A0);
voltage= map(v,0,1023,0,12);
Serial.print("w"); //print mapped value on screen
Serial.println(w);
Serial.print("voltage"); //print mapped value on screen
Serial.println(voltage);

Results:
Vin 0-12 v
Vout 0-9 v
Duty cycle 0-100

Conclusion:
The buck converter is a ubiquitous DC-DC converter that efficiently converts a high voltage to a
low voltage efficiently. Efficient power conversion extends battery life, reduces heat, and allows
for smaller gadgets to be built. The buck converter can be used in lots of cool applications such
as USB On-The-Go, POL Converter for PCs and Laptops, Battery Chargers, Solar Chargers, Power
Audio Amplifiers, Brushless Motor Controllers

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