PAPER PRESENTATION ON

BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY IN
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

BY

A.JHANSI LAKSHMI,
B.TECH FINAL YEAR,
ELECTRONICS&COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING,
NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
JANGAREDDIGUDEM.

EMAIL ID: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:
The objective of this paper is to provide an informative overview about Bluetooth

technology, which has in fact already become a global de facto standard for wireless

connectivity. In this report we are including the fundamentals of Bluetooth, how it

evolved, the architecture, the working, and the technical specifications. Moreover, we are

also penning down a few of its advantages and disadvantages from a consumer and

provider point of view which further leads on to describing a few of its vast and varied

applications. We conclude on the note of what Bluetooth technology presently is and

what potential it has in our world and life.

Bluetooth is a global standard for wireless connectivity. Bluetooth technology facilitates

the replacement of the cables used to connect one device to another, with one universal

short-range radio link operating in the unlicensed 2.45 GHz ISM band. Bluetooth can

imitate a universal bridge to attach the existing data networks, and also as a mechanism

for forming ad-hoc networks. Designed to operate in noisy frequency environments, the

Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and frequency hopping scheme to make the

link robust. The main objectives of Bluetooth technology are:

 Cable replacement

 Small size

 Low cost

 Low power

INTRODUCTION:
 During the past two decades, the advancement in microelectronics and VLSI

technology dipped down the cost of many consumer electronic products to a level, which

was affordable for the common man. The sale of cellular phones is predicted to reach 1

billion in 2005. With increase in the number of electronic devices, comes in the need of

connecting them together for maximum interoperability and utilization. Bluetooth is a

technology devised to replace the cables.

Bluetooth can imitate a universal bridge to attach the existing data

networks, and also as a mechanism for forming ad-hoc networks. Designed to operate in

noisy frequency environments, the Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and

frequency hopping scheme to make the link robust.

At the nominal operating range of 10 meters, Bluetooth creates a 10-

Meter radius bubble around the mobile phone that instantly connects the Bluetooth

Personal Area Network (PAN) to an existing Wide Area Network (WAN) such as

TDMA, CDMA, GPRS or GSM. Within the PAN sphere, Bluetooth provides a common

Wireless transport method for all communication traffic data or voice.

A wireless headset handles incoming and outgoing voice calls while a PDA,

Digital camera, MP3 player and a mobile computer exchange emails, pictures, or music

Over the web. Bluetooth turns the mobile phone into a communication gateway where

Information flows freely without boundaries. Outside of the PAN, Bluetooth can be

Utilized as an Instant Access Point facilitating the means for electronic commerce,

Personal finance or data collection.

 HISTORY:

In 1994, Ericsson in Sweden launched an initiative to study a low-

power, low-cost radio interface between mobile phones and their accessories. After three

years. In 1997, Ericsson approached various manufacturers of mobile electronic devices

to discuss the development and promotion of this short range wireless radio link, as alone

this phenomenon could not be implemented.

Founding Companies New Members

Ericsson 3Com Corporation
IBM Corporation Lucent Technologies
Intel Corporation Microsoft Corporation
Nokia Motorola Inc.
Toshiba Corporation

Thus in 1998, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and NOKIA formed the

Special Interest Group (SIG) for the promotion and development of BLUETOOTH
technology. The first Bluetooth silicon was also ready in 1998. Bluetooth is named after

the 10th century Viking King Harald Blatand (Blatand meaning Bluetooth). He was

instrumental in uniting the countries in the Baltic region like Sweden, Denmark, Norway

and thus emerging as a powerful force. Bluetooth aims at uniting the computing and

telecommunication world and so achieving the same greatness

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

The Bluetooth system supports both point to point and point to multipoint connections.

PICONETS: Bluetooth radios connect to each other in piconets, which are formed by a

master radio simultaneously connecting up to seven active slave radios [3 bit address]

in an Ad-hoc manner. There can be up to 256-parked slaves [8 bit address], which like

the active members are synchronized to the master clock. Each piconet has a unique

hopping sequence. In forming a piconet, the master radio shares it’s Global ID with the

other radios, which then become slaves and provide all the radios with the correct

hopping pattern.
 WORKING OF BLUETOOTH:

Basically, Bluetooth is the term used to describe the protocol of a short

range (10 meter) frequency-hopping radio link between devices. These devices

implementing the Bluetooth technology are termed Bluetooth - enabled. Documentation

on Bluetooth is divided into two sections, the Bluetooth Specification and Bluetooth

Profiles.

• The Specification describes how the technology works (i.e. the Bluetooth

protocol architecture),

• The Profiles describe how the technology is used (i.e. how different parts of the

specification can be used to fulfill a desired function for a Bluetooth device).

ARCHITECTURE:

Operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial-Scientific-Medical) band available all over the

World, Bluetooth is a short-range radio communications protocol with a nominal

Operating range of 10 meters at transmitting power of 0 dBm (1 mW). Bluetooth is

Designed to be fully functional in a noisy environment where it must combat interference

From microwave ovens, baby monitors, cordless phones, or wireless LANs also operating

in the same frequency band. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) scheme is

used to achieve this.

. Bluetooth hardware consists of an analog radio transceiver and digital control

logic while the Bluetooth software layers sits on top of this to manage the logical linkage
and flow of data (Fig. 4).The Link Controller (LC) performs baseband processing and

physical layer protocol enforcementthat governs frequency hopping, transmitting and

receiving of different packet types, error correction, and inquiry/paging modes. The LC

manages the various states of connection and the lowestlevel of services for applications

to build upon, collectively known as Profiles. The LinkManagement (LM) layer is

responsible for most of the connection management. Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) is

a tool that informs upper layer applications of available services and their characteristics.

RFCOMM is a Bluetooth-specific implementation for serial port emulation. RFCOMM

emulates the RS-232 data and control signals over Bluetooth to provide a virtual COM

port for applications that require a serial port infrastructure.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
 SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency band 2.4 GHz ISM band

Modulation Gaussian shaped BFSK

Range 10 -100 m

Physical layer FHSS

Coverage Omni-directional. Non line of sight transmission

Data rate 1 Mbps/723 Kbps

Hopping rate 1600 hops/sec at 1 hop/packet

Channels 79/23 channels

Channel length 625 microseconds long

Data packet Up to 2,745 bits in length

Reliable and secure Good. Link layer authentication and encryption

Cost $ 20 aims at $5 endpoint

Power 0.1 W (Active)

Acceptance SIG have about 2500 member companies

Data / Voice support One asynchronous data channel (732.2 kbps and

reverse 57.6 kbps) OR Three simultaneous

synchronous voice channels (64 kbps) OR

Simultaneous asynchronous and synchronous

channels.
Piconet 1 master and 7 slaves

Scatternet Up to 10 piconets in a scatternet

Links SCO and ACL links

ADVANTAGES

• Low Power Consumption • Works in noisy environments

• No line of sight restriction • Reliable and secure

• The 2.45 GHz ensures universal compatibility. Also complies with airline

regulations

• The qualification and logo program ensure higher quality

• Very Robust as the radio hops faster and uses shorter packets

DISADVANTAGES

• Too many unfeasible applications so do we really need it?

• No handoff / handover capability

• Initial stages so it needs to prove its worth

• Few analog or FH cordless phones have designed to operate at the 2.4GHz band.

Certainly interference exists in between, but more serious effects would be

exerted on analog 2.4GHz cordless phone

APPLICATIONS

Bluetooth has a varied number of applications. Each application has a corresponding

profile. Some of them are named as follows

• Mobile phones • Laptops, desktops, pda’s

• Digital cameras • Printers

 • Home networking • Data access points

• Music • Office equipment

• Medical • Senior assisted living

BLUETOOTH vs. WORLD

IrDA, Home RF, and IEEE 802.11 all compete in the same short-range wireless space.

Fortunately, none of the technologies can match Bluetooth’s balanced offer of high

performance and low cost. Also operating in the 2.4 GHz space as IEEE 802.11 and

Bluetooth, however HomeRF has not received the same industry backings, and there are
regulatory obstacles preventing its upgradability to future higher capacity services.

CONCLUSION

Bluetooth technology is a short-range wireless specification aimed at simplifying

communications among Internet devices and between devices and the Internet. In

conclusion it can be said that Bluetooth refers not only to a technology but also to a

standard and a specification. The take off that Bluetooth has taken is remarkable,

capturing the attention and money of major corporations throughout the world. If it can

live up to its expectations and satiate the needs of a global market in an easy and

inexpensive way, it promises to become a uniting force in the wireless world and endow

us with the freedom of mobility like never before.

REFERENCES

 www.palowireless.com

 www.nokia.com

 BLUETOOTH – Jennifer Bray and Charles F Sturman

 www.bluetooth.com

 www.erricson.com