DJJ2022

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1.1:
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL
CIRCUITS
Prepared by:
Abdul Razak Bin Naina Mohamed (JKM,PSAS)
Dip. Eng Mech (KUTKM), B.Eng (Hons) Mechanical
(Automotive),UTeM

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SYLLABUS

The topics introduces students to electrical

circuits; basic electrical quantities ie.
Electromotive force (emf), charge, current,
potential difference (voltage) and
resistance; types of electrical circuits; open
circuit and short circuit. The relationship
between current, voltage and resistance.
Electrical power, electrical energy and
characteristics of series circuits and parallel
circuits will also be deal with.
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SYLLABUS
1.1 Apply basic electrical quantities ( units and symbols):
1.1.1 Define electrical quantities
a) Electromotive force (emf)
b) Charge
c) Current
d) Potential energy (voltage)
e) Resistance

1.1.2 Explain factors that affect the resistance of conductor

materials:
a) Material (resistivity)
b) Length
c) Cross sectional area
d) Temperature
e) Relationship between resistance, length, cross sectional
area and resistivity. DarulTek
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)

CLO1,C3

Apply the principles of electrical circuits, electromagnetism, transf

ormers and electrical machines to solve related problems.

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 International System of Unit
Basic SI Unit :
Quantity Basic Unit Symbol

Length Meter m

Mass Kilogram kg

Time Second S

Electric Current Ampere A

Thermodynamic Temperature Kelvin K

Luminous Intensity candela cd

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 The SI prefixes
multiplier prefix symbol multiplier prefix symbol
1018 exa E 10-1 deci d
1015 peta P 10-2 centi c
1012 tera T 10-3 milli m
109 giga G 10-6 micro µ
106 mega M 10-9 nano n
103 kilo k 10-12 pico p
102 hecto h 10-15 femto f
10 deka da 10-18 atto a

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 7

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INTRODUCTION 8

• Electricity is a form of energy which can’t be seen but can

be felt and used.

• Electric energy can be created impact from action as

friction, heat and electromagnetic field

• Electric energy can be change into other form of energy

such as:

a) Light energy - lamp

b) Heat energy – Iron, cigar lighter, electric stove
c) Sound energy - Radio
d) Kinetic energy - Motor

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Material 9

Fundamentals of material

Substance Element Atom

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Occurrence of electricity 10

What is electricity?

Material Molecule Atom Atomic nucleus Nucleus

Proton

Electron

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Occurrence of Electricity
11

Structure of Atom

Electron Electrons
Nucleus

+
+
+
Protons

Shell

Electrons Neutron

Structure of Atom Detail structure of Atom

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Occurrence of Electricity 12

Atom ion
Positive ion

Negative ion

Electrically Neutral
Positive Ion Negative Ion

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Occurrence of Electricity 13

Free Electron Movement = Occurrence of electricity

- - -
- - +
+
+
- -
-
- -

Fundamental question

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 14

Flowing of current is transfer of free electron .

§ When there is electrical potential

Water tank A Water tank B
(Positive terminal) (Negative terminal) Current flow .

Water level § Electrical energy : Transfer

difference
Amount of free electron .
(Potential
difference)

§ If transfer track of free electron

Current
flow Grows, big current passes .
Water
wheel
rotate § If quantity of current big
Lamp
Actuator's drive increase .
ON

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 15

When there is no current flow than there is no transfer of free electron .

§ When there is no electrical

Tank A Tank B Potential, current not flow .

§ Electrical energy : Because it is no

Same water Transfer of free electron, there is
level
no Occurrence of energy
No potential
Difference
§ Because current does not flow
No current There is no actuator drive .
flow
No water § Because there is no electrical
wheel
Rotate Potential, current does not flow .
Lamp
OFF

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 16

1.1 ELECTRICAL
QUANTITIES

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Electromotive Force 17

• Force or electric pressure that cause the flow of

electrons or the flow of current in given circuit.

• The energy supplied by a source of electric power in

driving a unit charge.

• The example the source that produces electric energy

are batteries and generator.

Symbol : E
Unit : Volt(V)

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Electrical Charge 18

• There are two types of charge which is positive and

negative charge.
• Symbol : Q
• Unit : Coulomb(C)
• Charge, Q in an atom :
Note: Q on an electron is negative
Q on a proton is positive
Q = 1.602 x 10-19 C
- - -
- + -- - +
- +
- -
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Current 19

• The movement of the electric charge cause by free

electrons movement.
• The ampere describes the rate of flow of electrons past
any given point in a circuit .
• It flows from the positive terminal to the negative
terminal.

• Symbol : I
• Unit : Ampere (A)

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Current

Current is measured in amperes (amps)

Conductor

,s

1 amp of electrical current is equal to;

625,000,000,000,000,000 electrons flowing in a conductor per second!

6.25×1018 electrons

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 Current 21

1 Ampere : One ampere is equal to one coulomb of

Charge flowing Past a point in one second .

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/ second

I = Q/t (Q : Coulomb, T : Second)

1 ampere = 1/1.60129 x 10-19 = 6.25×1018 electron

Thus, The electric charge amount that pass per time

1 A : 1,000㎃, 1㎃ : 0.001 A, 1㎄ : 1,000 A

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Potential difference (Voltage)

Voltage is electrical pressure and creates current flow

Low

High

Water

A difference in pressure between two points will create flow

in the direction of the lower pressure

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Potential difference (Voltage) 23

The potential different between two points in a circuit.

Symbol : V
Unit : Volt(V)

1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
= 1 newton meter/coulomb

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Potential difference (Voltage)

E = W (joule) / Q (coulombs) Volt

W : Electric power
Q : Electric charge amount

1 volt : 0.001 kV
1 volt : 1,000㎷
1㎸ : 1,000 v

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Potential difference (Voltage) 25

Electrical Potential
When there is electrical potential between A and b, current flowing .
- Water tank A (positive potential) : 12
- Water tank B (Negative potential) : 0

Water tank A Water tank B

(Positive terminal) (Negative terminal)

Water level
difference
(Potential
Water level difference)
“12”(Potential)
Water level “0”
(Ground)

Water current
(Electrical current)

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Potential difference (Voltage) 26

Current flowing
Water tank A Water tank B Water tank A Water tank B
High water level
No water level
Water level
Difference
Difference (Potential same)
(Potential
Difference)
Low water level
Water wheel does not work
Water wheel work

Water current No water current

Water wheel : ON Water wheel : OFF

Water Flow No Water Flow

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Current (VIDEO)

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Summary for current & voltage 28

• Current Flow is transfer of electron .

• If transfer of electron is large, means that current passes is
increase
• ONLY WHEN there is potential difference, current passes
i.e. when connected between high and low potential .
• If transfer of free electron is much, heat is generated
• Therefore, electric wire can bunt out when this happens. Because
so much current ( electrons flow) passed .
• More current passes to some actuator means that amount of
electric power is strong .

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Resistance

Resistance reduces current flow

Resistance is measured in ohms ()

Resistance

Water

The higher the resistance, the less current that will flow

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Resistance
• It is the property of material by which it oppose the
flow of current through it.
• 1 Ω = 1 V/A

Symbol : R
Unit : Ohm ()

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Resistance – material (VIDEO)

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Resistance - material
Conductor
• A material that allow electric current to flow easily. An
example is copper and iron.

Insulator
• A material that does not allow or prevent the electrical
current flow in normal condition. It has a lot of valence
electrons but the valence electron are difficult to be free
from is parent atom. For example rubber, glass, air.

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Resistance - material
Semiconductor
• A material that has a conductance value between
conductor and insulator. It has 4 valences electron and
can be use to make electronic component. For examples
silicon and germanium.

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Resistance - material
Resistivity

• It is the characteristic of conductive material to

opposition or decrease the current flows in it.

Symbol : ρ (Rho)
Unit : Ohm meter ( m)

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 Resistance 35

Resistivity (material type)  m

Silver 1.60 x 10-8 ,Copper 1.62 x 10-8 ,Aluminium 2.63 x 10-8 ,Tungsten
5.20 x 10-8 ,Nickel 6.84 x 10-8 ,Iron 10.0 x 10-8 ,Chromium 12.9 x 10-8
,Mercury 94.0 x 10-8 ,Manganese 1.84 x 10-6 ,Alloys Constantan (alloy
of Cu and Ni) 49 x 10-6 ,Manganin (alloy of Cu, Mn and Ni) 44 x 10-6
,Nichrome (alloy of Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe) 100 x 10-6

Insulators Glass 1010 - 1014 ,Hard rubber 1013 - 1016 ,Ebonite 1015 - 1017
,Diamond 1012 - 1013 ,Paper (dry) 1012

Note: Good conductors possess low resistivity.

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 Resistance 36

Resistivity (material type)  m

Materials which are classed as :

CONDUCTORS tend to INCREASE their resistivity with an

increase in temperature.

INSULATORS however are liable to DECREASE their

resistivity with an increase in temperature.

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Resistance 37

• The resistance of given material depends on the

physical properties of the material.
• There are 4 factor that influence the value of resistance:

1. Length of conductor
2. Surface area , A
3. Resistivity (material type)
4. Conductor Temperature, T

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Resistance 38

1. Length of conductor
• The length of conductor is proportional to the
resistance.
• The longer the length of the wire, the higher the
resistance value.

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Resistance 39

2. Surface area , A
• Area is inverse proportional to the resistance.
• As the resistance increase the cross section area of a
conductor will decreases.
• That means, thinner the wire, greater the resistance
and thicker the wire, lower the resistance.

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Resistance 40

3. Resistivity (material type)

• Resistivity is proportional to the resistances.
• Higher the resistance, higher the resistivity.

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Resistance 41

3. Conductor Temperature, T

• The conductor temperature is proportional to the

resistance.
• As the conductor temperature increase the value of
resistance also increase.

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Resistance 42

3. Conductor Temperature, T

• The conductor temperature is proportional to the

resistance.
• As the conductor temperature increase the value of
resistance also increase.

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Relationship between R , L & A 43

• Mathematically, formula for the resistance of a

wire of length L and the cross section area A is
as equation below:

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Example 1.1 44

Calculate the resistance of a 1.5 km length of

aluminium wire. Given diameter wire 10mm and
the resistivity of aluminium is 0.025 μ m

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SOLUTION 1.1 45

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TUTORIAL 1.1 46

1. Calculate the resistance of the aluminium with 1.5 km

length, 10 mm diameter and 0.025 μ  m resistivity.
2. Calculate the resistance of the aluminium bar with
10m length, cross section area 8cm x 1 cm and 0.0269
μ  m resistivity.
3. The cuprum with 2500cm and 1.75 μ  mm
resistivity. Calculate the diameter of the conductor
when the resistor is 3.5 k.
4. The heating element with 150  resistance, 250 cm
length and 0.7 mm. Calculate the resistivity.
5. Calculate the resistance for 31m length copper, 1.5
mm diameter and 0.017 μ  m resistivity.

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TUTORIAL 1.1 47

6. The resistivity of the silinder aluminium conductor is

280 μ  mm, 1 mm radius and 30  resistance.
Calculate the length.
7. Calculate the resistance of the conductor with 1.5 m
length, 1.6 m2 cross section area and 16.3 μ  m
resistivity.
8. Calculate the length of a zinc with 0.05 μ  m
resistivity, 0.5m diameter, and R = 1.273 m

REFER QUESTION FROM

BASIC ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY BOOK

PAGE 9 QUESTION a,b,c

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REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.
ELECTRICAL HANDBOOK
2. Norazam Aliman & Mohd Ajmain Abdul Wahab (2015).
Basic Electrical Technology 1st Edition. Muhibbah Sales &
Service, Perak, Malaysia.
3. DarulTek Basic Electric & Electricity Powerpoint Slides
4. NOTA KULIAH JA303

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TEASER & MOTIVATE VIDEO

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