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    Operation Costs of Wastewater Treatment Plants: Author: Arnd Wendland

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    Operation costs can amount up to 50% of total annual costs for wastewater treatment plants. Major factors affecting operation costs include the size and load of the plant, site topography, wastewater characteristics, selected treatment processes, type of sludge treatment, energy supply, and degree of automation. Personnel costs make up 15-40% of operation costs depending on plant capacity. Maintenance costs are typically 15-25% and cover civil works, mechanical equipment, and electrical systems. Energy costs usually account for 10-30% with aeration being the largest user. Disposal costs can range from 15-50% depending on regulations and local conditions. Chemicals and materials are 5-7% while miscellaneous costs such

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    Operation Costs of Wastewater Treatment Plants: Author: Arnd Wendland

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    Operation costs can amount up to 50% of total annual costs for wastewater treatment plants. Major factors affecting operation costs include the size and load of the plant, site topography, wastewater characteristics, selected treatment processes, type of sludge treatment, energy supply, and degree of automation. Personnel costs make up 15-40% of operation costs depending on plant capacity. Maintenance costs are typically 15-25% and cover civil works, mechanical equipment, and electrical systems. Energy costs usually account for 10-30% with aeration being the largest user. Disposal costs can range from 15-50% depending on regulations and local conditions. Chemicals and materials are 5-7% while miscellaneous costs such

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    Operation costs can amount up to 50% of total annual costs for wastewater treatment plants. Major factors affecting operation costs include the size and load of the plant, site topography, wastewater characteristics, selected treatment processes, type of sludge treatment, energy supply, and degree of automation. Personnel costs make up 15-40% of operation costs depending on plant capacity. Maintenance costs are typically 15-25% and cover civil works, mechanical equipment, and electrical systems. Energy costs usually account for 10-30% with aeration being the largest user. Disposal costs can range from 15-50% depending on regulations and local conditions. Chemicals and materials are 5-7% while miscellaneous costs such

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    50 views9 pages

    Operation Costs of Wastewater Treatment Plants: Author: Arnd Wendland

    Uploaded by

    soumyarm942
    Operation costs can amount up to 50% of total annual costs for wastewater treatment plants. Major factors affecting operation costs include the size and load of the plant, site topography, wastewater characteristics, selected treatment processes, type of sludge treatment, energy supply, and degree of automation. Personnel costs make up 15-40% of operation costs depending on plant capacity. Maintenance costs are typically 15-25% and cover civil works, mechanical equipment, and electrical systems. Energy costs usually account for 10-30% with aeration being the largest user. Disposal costs can range from 15-50% depending on regulations and local conditions. Chemicals and materials are 5-7% while miscellaneous costs such

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    of 9

    OPERATION COSTS OF WASTEWATER

    TREATMENT PLANTS

    Author:
    Arnd Wendland

    Ahrensburg, Germany
    (Employee of Hamburg Public Sewage Company, HSE)

    Keywords
    Operation Costs, Personnel, Maintenance, Maintenance Strategy, Energy, Energy
    Analysis, Chemicals & Materials, Disposal

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Operation Costs in Relation to Total Annual Costs
    - Operation costs are the expenses related to the operation, maintenance and monitoring of the plant

    - Operation costs can amount up to 50 % of the total annual costs.

    - The evaluation of operation costs during the evaluation of of process alternatives is of crucial
    importance.

    17% 10%
    3%
    Composition of total 4%
    6%
    annual costs for
    wastewater systems
    in Germany
    [ATV, 2003] 26% 14%

    20%

    Maintenance Pollution Charge Disposal Energy & Material


    Personnel Interest Depreciation Miscellaneous

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Factors affecting Operation Costs
    - Size and load of the plant
    Overland flow systems

    - Topography and geographical


    Land infiltration systems
    situation of the site (affecting
    pumping energy costs) Wetland systems

    - Characteristics of wastewater Aquatic plant systems

    and the discharge norm


    Stabilisation ponds
    - Technologies and the selected
    treatment process Chemical treatment

    - Type of sludge treatment and Rotating biological contactors

    way of disposal Trickling filters

    - Energy supply and energy


    Activated sludge
    recycling
    - Degree of automation, Primary treatment only

    measurement and process 0Low cost 0,3 0,6 cost


    Medium 0,9 cost
    High
    O&M Costs estimation
    control Energy O&M minus energy

    - Organization of the plant and its


    management Comparison of operation costs O&M for different
    types of secondary treatment options [Kampet, 2000]

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Personnel
    The major parameters that influence the number of operational staff employed are:
    - the size of installation,
    - the treatment processes and systems,
    - the degree of automation,
    - productivity efficiency of personnel,
    - managerial efficiency and
    - others.

    Personnel costs subject to the treatment capacity of wastewater treatment plants


    [Reicherter, 2003].

    < 10.000 p.e. 35 – 40 % of total operation


    costs
    10.000 – 100.000 p.e. 25 % of total operation costs
    > 100.000 p.e. 15 % of total operation costs

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Maintenance
    The costs for maintenance of wastewater treatment plants usually amount up to 15 – 25 % of
    the total operation costs.

    Civil Constructions 0.5 – 2.0 % of investment costs per year


    Renovations of Civil Constructions 2.0 – 4.0 % of investment costs per year
    Mechanical Equipment 2.0 – 6.0 % of investment costs per year
    Electrical and Electronical Equipment 2.0 – 6.0 % of investment costs per year

    Costs and maintenance seen


    as a whole; the optimum is
    achieved from the best
    relationship between costs
    and availability [Müller, 2003]

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Energy
    The costs for energy usually amount up to 10 – 30 % of the total operation costs.

    - Pumping Stations 10 – 15 Wh /m³


    - Screens 0.3 – 0.5 kWh / (p.e. &.a) 6% 1% 6%
    3% 2% 1%
    - Aerated Sand Traps 1.7 – 2.2 kWh / (p.e. &.a) 8%

    - Prel. Sedimentation 0.4 – 0.6 kWh / (p.e. &.a)


    Tanks
    - Aeration Tanks 17.2 – 25.8 kWh / (p.e. &.a)
    - Sec. Sedimentation 1.2 – 2.3 kWh / (p.e. &.a)
    Tanks 73%

    - Thickener 0.7 – 1.1 kWh / (p.e. &.a) Screens Aerated Sand Traps Preliminary Sedimentation
    Aeration Tanks Secondary Sedimentation Thickener
    - Sludge Dewatering 3.0 – 4.0 kWh / (p.e. &.a) Sludge Dew atering Digestion

    Devices
    - Digestion 2.4 – 2.9 kWh / (p.e. &.a) Composition of energy demand for
    different process components of
    wastewater treatment plants [Bohn, 1993]

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Disposal
    The costs for disposal consist of the disposal of sewage sludge, screenings, sand and municipal
    waste. The disposal costs can differ between 15 and 50 % of the total operation costs.

    Generally, disposal costs depend to a large degree on


    - the size of the treatment plant,
    - national regulations for the disposal of organic materials like sewage sludge,
    - local conditions and market price conditions respectively.

    Practical experience with sludge disposal in different European countries (S, DK, G, F, CH) can be
    summarized as follows:
    - For the very large number of small treatment plants (e.g. <20.000 PE) landspreading / agricultural
    use of sewage sludge seems to be the most economical and sustainable solutions as long as
    source abatement of possibly hazardous substances is successful. Landspreading of semi-solid
    and landspreading of solid sludge entail on average the lowest total cost.
    - Landspreading of composted sludge, use of sludge in land reclamation and use of sludge in
    silviculture record intermediate total costs.
    - Landfilling, mono-incineration and co-incineration of sludge with other wastes entail the highest
    costs.

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Chemicals and Material
    The costs of chemicals and materials usually range between 5 – 7 % of the total operation costs.

    The costs mainly depend on the characteristics of wastewater and the discharge norm, the
    selected chemicals, correct dosing, quantities kept in stock and purchasing deals.

    The market situation and the price structure for chemicals differ strongly.

    - Polymers, alum and lime for sludge conditioning


    - NaCl, Cl2, O3 for disinfection
    - FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl for precipitation of phosphorous
    - Methanol, ethanol for denitrification
    - Reagents for laboratories
    - Oil and gas for machinery and vehicles
    - Others

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005


    Miscellaneous
    Miscellaneous costs can differ between 5 and 15 % of the total operation costs.
    If pollution charges have to be paid to the authorities, pollution charges are the main
    contributor to the total miscellaneous costs (4 - 8 %).

    - Internal laboratory services


    Self-monitoring and analysis of water authorities
    - Pollution charges
    Pollution charges are often levied by local or national governments on the discharge of
    water into the environment. There is a variety of charging systems into place to determine
    the pollution charges on wastewater discharge. For treatment plants the pollution charge is
    often calculated based on the number of inhabitants served by the plant or the pollution
    load of specific chemical, biological and biochemical parameters.
    - Administrative costs like insurances, office equipment etc.
    In some municipalities administrative costs are paid centrally, in some these costs are
    allocated to the wastewater treatment plant.
    - Rents and tenancies
    Some municipality own their land and buildings and have theses costs on their capital
    budget. Others pay rents and tenancies.
    - External costs for consultants, maintenance works, laboratory analysis

    WEB BASED TRAINING 2005

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