Bond Valuations:: What Does "Bond Valuation" Mean?
Bond Valuations:: What Does "Bond Valuation" Mean?
Bond Valuations:: What Does "Bond Valuation" Mean?
The fundamental principle of bond valuation is that its value is equal to the sum
of present value of its expected cash flows.
Step 2: Determine the appropriate interest rate that should be used to discount
the cash flows.
& Step 3: Calculate the present value of the expected cash flows (step-1) using
appropriate interest rate (step- 2) i.e. discounting the expected cash flows
Cash flow is the cash that is estimated to be received in future from investment
in a bond. There are only two types of cash flows that can be received from
investment in bonds i.e. – coupon payments and principal payment at maturity.
The usual cash flow cycle of the bond is coupon payments are received at
regular intervals as per the bond agreement, and final coupon plus principle
payment is received at the maturity. There are some instances when bonds don’t
follow these regular patterns. Unusual patterns maybe a result of the different
type of bond such as zero-coupon bonds, in which there are no coupon
payments. Considering such factors, it is important for an analyst to estimate
accurate cash flow for the purpose of bond valuation.
Once the cash flow for the bond is estimated, the next step is to determine the
appropriate interest rate to discount cash flows. The minimum interest rate that
an investor should require is the interest available in the marketplace for
default-free cash flow. Default-free cash flows are cash flows from debt security
which are completely safe and have zero chances default. Such securities are
usually issued by the central bank of a country, for example, in the USA it is
bonds by U.S. Treasury Security.
One may use single interest rate or multiple interest rates for valuation.
Now that we already have values of expected future cash flows and interest rate
used to discount the cash flow, it is time to find the present value of cash flows.
Present Value of a cash flow is the amount of money that must be invested today
to generate a specific future value. The present value of a cash flow is more
commonly known as discounted value.
When a cash flow will be received i.e. timing of a cash flow &;
The required interest rate, more widely known as Discount Rate (rate as
per Step-2)
First, we calculate the present value of each expected cash flow. Then we add
all the individual present values and the resultant sum is the value of the bond.
The formula to find the present value of one cash flow is:
Here,
By this formula, we will get the present value of each individual cash flow t
years from now. The next step is to add all individual cash flows.
EXAMPLE
A bond that matures in 4 years has a coupon rate of 10% and has a maturity
value of US$ 100. The bond pays interest annually and has a discount rate of
8%.
Answer:
Year Cash Flows Disc Factor Present Value
1 10 0.9259 9.2593
2 10 0.8573 8.5734
3 10 0.7938 7.9383
4 110 0.7350 80.8533
TOTAL PV 106.6243
There are many factors such as inflation, credit rating of the bonds, etc. that
affect the value of bonds. Furthermore, there are many features of the bond
itself determines its intrinsic value. As an investor it is important to be fully
aware of what we are investing in, what are the risks involved and how much
returns can we expect. Bond valuation tries to take into consideration all the
features to determine an accurate present value. This present value can be very
helpful for investors & analysts to make an informed investment decision.
From Ref:
Link: https://efinancemanagement.com/investment-decisions/bond-valuation
What is Bond Yield?
How Do Investors Measure Bond
Yield?
The yield concept provides a common bond metric that lets investors compare
securities of different kinds and maturities, regarding the returns they offer. The
coupon rate describes interest payments based on the face value.
Yield figures, however, represent the effective return rate to the investor, taking
into account the actual bond purchase price, future interest earnings, and (in
the case of yield to maturity) the issuer's face value repayment at maturity.
The reason that investors turn to yield metrics, in addition to the coupon
interest rate, should become more evident after considering the following
example.
Suppose also the investor buys the bond in the secondary market for
$8,500.
Even though the investor bought it for $8,500, it still returns $800 in interest
each year (8% of the par value, $10,000, paid in $400 increments twice
yearly). These figures suggest that the investor's $8,500 purchase is gaining an
"effective" return somewhat above 8% of the purchase price. But what is the
real, effective return rate? That is, what is the yield? What is the percent yield
formula?
[P.T.O.]
What is Bond Current Yield?
Understanding the Most Straightforward Bond
Metric
The Current yield for a bond is merely the annual interest payment,
expressed as a percentage of the purchase price. Current yield does
not consider any gains or losses for the investor when the purchase
price and face value payout at maturity are different.
Consider, for example, a purchase with these characteristics:
• Face value (par): $10,000
• Maturity: 10 years after issue
• Interest rate (coupon rate) paid: 8%
• Interest payment: semi-annual (2 times per year)