HSS MandE Framework Nov 2009 PDF
HSS MandE Framework Nov 2009 PDF
Monitoring and evaluation
of health systems strengthening1
An operational framework
1
Paper prepared by WHO (Ties Boerma and Carla Abou‐Zahr), World Bank (Ed Bos), GAVI (Peter
Hansen) and Global Fund (Eddie Addai and Daniel Low‐Beer) as part of the joint work on health
systems strengthening and IHP+ common evaluation framework.
Table of contents
Summary .................................................................................................................................... 1
Background................................................................................................................................. 3
General principles ...................................................................................................................... 3
A framework for M&E of health systems strengthening ........................................................... 6
Use of core indicators ......................................................................................................................... 6
Data sources........................................................................................................................................ 7
Data analysis and synthesis................................................................................................................. 8
Data dissemination, communication and use..................................................................................... 9
Operationalization of the framework ...................................................................................... 10
Country M&E systems....................................................................................................................... 10
Global community of practice (CHeSS) ............................................................................................. 11
Roles and responsibilities of global partners .................................................................................... 12
Illustrative applications of the framework........................................................................................ 14
Annexes
A: IHP+ common evaluation framework .................................................................................. 16
B: Illustrative examples of health systems monitoring indicator and data sources................ 17
C: Tools ..................................................................................................................................... 19
D: Use cases of the M&E framework for HSS........................................................................... 21
Use case 1: Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 21
Use case 2: HSS joint programming .................................................................................................. 22
Use case 3: Immunization ................................................................................................................. 23
Use case 4: HIV/AIDS......................................................................................................................... 24
Use case 5: Performance‐based funding .......................................................................................... 25
Use case 6: Informatics ..................................................................................................................... 25
E: Baseline assessement in countries....................................................................................... 26
Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Figure 1
Summary Monitoring & evaluation of health systems strengthening
G o v e rn a n c e
Indicator readiness
F in a n cin g
Social and financial
domains risk protection
be operationalized at the country level and Health
workforce Intervention
Prevalence risk
behaviours &
quality, safety factors Responsiveness
how global partners can work together to Supply chain
Efficiency
support the implementation. Information
Data
collection Administrative sources
Financial tracking system; NHA
Facility assessments Population‐based surveys
Coverage, health status, equity, risk protection, responsiveness
Databases and records: HR,
Principles infrastructure, medicines etc.
Policy data
Clinical reporting systems
Service readiness, quality, coverage, health status
The framework builds upon principles derived Civil registration
1
Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
reports
reporting data
data
generation
generation
&
& compilation
compilation
m ty
In rev
ss ali
t
de iew
Programme
en
se qu
pe
PEPFAR Reporting
nd s
as at a
HIV/AIDS)
t
Performance
Minimization of assessment Harmonization of
reporting requirements reporting requirements
2
Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Background
Recent substantial increases in international funding for health have been accompanied by increased
demand for statistics to accurately track health progress and performance, evaluate impact, and
ensure accountability at country and global levels. The use of results‐based financing mechanisms by
major global donors has created further demand for timely and reliable data for decision‐making.
There is increasing in‐country demand for data in the context of annual health sector reviews; this
demand is also strong in countries that have established IHP+ compacts. However, on the supply side,
there are major gaps in data availability and quality. Many developing countries face challenges in
producing data of sufficient quality to permit the regular tracking of progress in scaling‐up health
interventions and strengthening health systems. Data gaps span the range of input, process, output,
outcome and impact indicators.
An increasing number of stakeholders, including global health partnerships, bilateral donors, UN
agencies, and academic institutions are involved in health‐related monitoring and evaluation (M&E).
Activities include the financing of strengthening monitoring and evaluation systems, and the
development of frameworks, standards, tools and methods for data generation, collection,
compilation, analysis and dissemination. Data are used to enable monitoring of progress towards
targets, results‐based funding, and evaluation of large‐scale programmes. While these efforts have
generally been linked to disease‐specific initiatives, there is growing interest in tracking the overall
performance of country health systems, acknowledged to be pivotal to the achievement of the
disease‐specific goals. For example, the Global Fund, GAVI, the World Bank and WHO are developing
strategies for joint approaches to health systems strengthening (HSS). Monitoring and evaluation of
HSS will need to be implemented in ways that take into account and minimize the apparent
dichotomy between systemic and categorical or disease‐focused approaches.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive general framework for M&E of health system
strengthening and reform. It first describes related efforts which have laid the foundation for this
paper, notably the H8 health information discussions and the International health Partnership (IHP+)
common evaluation framework. The M&E framework builds upon those efforts, putting country
health sector strategic plans and the related M&E processes such as annual health sector reviews at
the centre. The paper provides examples through brief use cases that describe how the M&E
framework can be applied for different purposes, including specific global programme needs as well
as HSS joint programming, and evaluation. The final section proposes concrete activities for
international partners to support the operationalization of the framework in countries.
General principles
The potential advantages of harmonized approaches to HSS monitoring and evaluation include
reduced transaction costs, increased efficiency, and diminished pressures on countries. However,
there are a number of practical issues that need to be addressed if greater harmonization is to
become a practical reality. For example, there are multiple analytical and strategic frameworks for
health systems, leading to considerable potential for duplication, overlap and confusion.2 These
include the WHO framework for health systems performance assessment3 (2000); the World Bank
2
For a recent overview see Shakarishvili G. Building on Health Systems Frameworks for Developing a Common Approach to
Health Systems Strengthening. Prepared for the World Bank, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and GAVI
Alliance, Technical Workshop on Health Systems Strengthening, Washington, DC, June 25‐27, 2009
3
World Health Organization. Health systems performance assessment. World health report 2000.
3
Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
control knobs framework4 (2004); and the WHO building blocks framework5 (2006). Such frameworks
have varying starting points, resulting in emphases on different outcomes to be tracked. The WHO
framework emphasizes equity, solidarity, and social inclusion; access to effective, safe and
responsive services; community health promotion and protection; and responsible health system
stewardship on the part of health authorities. The World Bank framework focuses on aspects of the
health system that are under the control of the authorities, including financing health sector
activities; payment methods for transferring money to health care providers; organizational issues
such as the mix of providers in the health care market; regulation of health system actors; and
influencing the behaviours of individuals in relation to health and health care. What all these
frameworks have in common is consensus that monitoring and evaluation must address performance
in terms of both health system measures – availability, access, quality, efficiency − and population
health measures − health status, responsiveness, user satisfaction, financial risk protection.
Work has continued to develop conceptual frameworks for health systems strengthening and to
come up with a taxonomy that would permit clarification of the indicators, data sources and
collection methods, and analytics underpinning monitoring and evaluation6. However, the choice of
the strategic framework does not necessarily substantively affect the monitoring and evaluation
strategy. There are many commonalities in the various strategic frameworks for health systems that
permit a coherent approach to the choice of indicators and measurement strategies. In this paper
HSS may include both cross‐cutting interventions not aimed at specific diseases and the health
systems aspects of disease‐specific interventions.
The H8 discussions on health information have led to the development of four global health
information goals which aim to strengthen country data sources and analytical capacity for better
decision making. The global health information goals include a common data architecture;
harmonized and strengthened monitoring and evaluation; enhanced data sharing; and increased
level and efficiency of health information investments.7 The H8 also endorsed the principles of a
strategic framework for results and accountability, developed through the IHP+ M&E working group.8
The IHP+ framework builds upon principles derived from the Paris declaration on aid harmonization
and effectiveness: alignment with country processes; balance between country ownership and
independence; harmonized approaches using international standards; capacity building and system
strengthening: collective action; and adequate investment. It outlines monitoring activities required
along the length of the results chain − from inputs and processes through outputs and outcomes to
impact (Annex A). The latter is broadly defined as including not only reduced mortality, but also
reduced morbidity, improved equity, protection from financial risks and responsiveness to users.
However, the IHP+ framework requires adaptation in order to make it operational for targeted
monitoring and evaluation of HSS efforts.9 This adaptation has to meet three essential criteria. First,
4
Roberts MJ, Hsiao W, Berman P, Reich MR. Getting health reform right: a guide to improving performance and equity.
2008: Oxford University Press.
5
World Health Organization. Everybody's business. 2006: Geneva.
6
Hsiao W, Siadat B. In search of a common framework for health systems strengthening. Atun R. Overview of multiple
approaches to health systems frameworks. Papers presented at a World Bank, GAVI, Global Fund meeting on health
systems strengthening. Washington DC: 25‐27 June 2009.
7
H8 Health information working group. Monitoring Performance and Evaluating Progress towards the Health MDGs: Ten
Strategic Goals at Global and Country Level. December 2008: Geneva.
http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/en/working_groups/monitoring_and_evaluation
8
Monitoring and evaluation working group of the International Health Partnership (IHP+). Monitoring performance and
evaluating progress in the scale‐up for better health. a proposed common framework. April 2008. Geneva.
http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/en/working_groups/monitoring_and_evaluation
9
An example of a results framework based on the IHP+ M&E framework was produced for the evaluation design of the
Catalytic Initiative to Save One Million Lives. Institute for International Programs. Evaluating the scale‐up for maternal and
child survival. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. 2008.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
application of a framework for M&E of HSS should be, first and foremost, country‐focused and
supportive of country needs for evidence‐based and reliable health‐sector reviews and planning
processes. In addition, but secondarily, it should offer the basis for global monitoring.
Second, a framework for M&E of HSS should address monitoring and evaluation needs for different
users and multiple purposes, including:
monitoring of programme inputs, processes and results, required for management of health
system investments;
health systems performance assessment, as the key for country decision making processes; and
evaluating the results of the health reform investments and identify which approaches work best.
It is essential to strike a balance between the short‐term demand for data to inform results‐based
funding initiatives that will tend to be focused on the process and output elements of the results
chain, with the longer term need for data on outcomes and impact − such as access to and quality of
care, utilization of services, financial protection, and patient satisfaction. A longer term perspective is
also critical for dealing with the issue of attribution, showing how the intermediate results contribute
to improved health impacts – reduced mortality and morbidity.
Third, the framework should facilitate not only the identification of core indicators along each link in
the results chain, but should also connect indicators to data sources and data collection methods,
provide tools and guidance for the analysis of data from multiple sources, and demonstrate how the
data can be communicated and used to inform decision‐making at different levels.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Monitoring & Evaluation of health systems reform /strengthening
Infrastructure
/ ICT Intervention Coverage of Improved
access & interventions health outcomes
Governance
services
Financing
Health & equity
Indicator readiness
workforce
domains Prevalence risk Social and financial
Supply chain Intervention behaviours & risk protection
quality, safety factors
Information and efficiency Responsiveness
Vital registration
Analysis & Data quality assessment; Estimates and projections; Use of research results;
synthesis Assessment of progress and performance; Evaluation
Communi‐ Targeted and comprehensive reporting; Regular country review processes; Global reporting
cation & use
The added value of this framework is that it brings together indicators and data sources across the
results chain in its entirety. Monitoring of health system performance needs to show how inputs to
the system (resources, infrastructure etc.) are reflected in outputs (such as availability of services and
interventions) and eventual outcomes and impact including use of services and better health status.
This results chain framework can be used to demonstrate performance of both disease‐specific and
health systems interventions.
Use of core indicators
The main issues are balanced selection of indicators covering all areas of the framework,
identification of indicators that can be measured and are amenable to setting of targets, and
appropriate metadata for the indicators, preferably in line with international standards.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
The first goal is that countries identify a comprehensive list of core indicators that capture all areas of
the M&E framework. Such indicators should be drawn upon existing indicator lists and focus on key
priorities and cover the full range of health issues. Indicator definitions should be aligned with global
standards and include all necessary metadata descriptors.10 The choice of the indicator and its
attributes, such as frequency of measurement and level of disaggregation, should also take into
account national and subnational measurement capacities.
Selection of the indicators within each domain should be informed by considerations of scientific
soundness, relevance, usefulness for decision‐making, responsiveness to change, and data
availability. The ability to set meaningful targets is critical.
In many countries lists of well‐tested indicators are currently available but skewed towards particular
elements of the results chain. In some settings, indicators focus primarily on inputs, processes and
outputs. Elsewhere, the skew is towards indicators for outcomes and impact. The challenge is to
ensure an appropriate balance across the full range. Another issue is data availability and quality
especially for impact indicators. In many instances, baseline data are not available, rendering
monitoring efforts particularly problematic.
By way of example, selected indicators and associated data sources for each domain are described in
Annex B. These are intended to be illustrative and to offer an initial basis for discussion among
stakeholders. The indicators have been selected on the basis of the following criteria:
they address all aspects of health systems performance and cover each domain along the results
chain;
they draw upon existing indicator lists, including the MDGs, Countdown, programme indicators
(HIV, TB, malaria, MCH), OECD and EUROSTAT indicators of health sector performance and
quality of care;
they are scientifically robust, useful, accessible, understandable and SMART (Specific, Measurable,
Achievable, Relevant and Time‐bound).
Data sources
The next stage is to review data sources used to generate the data. For each indicator, the preferred
data source should be identified along with best alternatives. Sources of health data can be divided
into two broad groups: those that generate data relative to populations as a whole, and those that
generate data as an outcome of health‐related administrative and operational activities.11 Other
sources of information such as health research, clinical trials and longitudinal community studies may
also feed into the health information system. The goal is that all countries have in place the range of
data sources needed to generate critical data sets. In practice, there are far fewer core data sources
than there are potential indicators. The challenge is to ensure that there is an appropriate mix of
data sources to ensure that data sets and core indicators can be generated to high standards of
quality and efficiency.
In some countries certain important sources (such as civil registration for vital statistics data (births,
deaths) may be incomplete, non‐functional or too costly. In such cases, alternative sources are used
or data from multiple sources are combined. The optimal choice of data source will depend on a
10
Eventually, each country should maintain an indicator and metadata registry, linked to the country observatory of health
statistics, within which core and supplemented indicators would be identified and defined, along with data sources and
analytic methods and the statistical values for the indicators.
11
Health Metrics Network. Framework and standards for country health information systems. World Health Organization.
2007.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
range of factors, including epidemiology, specific characteristics of the measurement instrument,
cost and capacity considerations, and programme needs. In many cases, a combination of sources
can contribute to better‐quality information while maintaining efficiency. In other cases, it will be
more efficient to avoid duplication.
A set of common principles applies to the way any data source is used to generate data sets and
indicators. The review should examine the extent to which core procedures to ensure data quality
have been implemented. This includes the use of standard definitions, appropriate data collection
methods, and metadata descriptions.
Innovation facilitated by information technologies has an important role to play, in terms of the
efficient generation of data (for example, from patient and facility records or field‐based data
collection), data sharing and exchange through interoperable databases, which may be located at
facility, district, regional and national levels.
Data analysis and synthesis
A first step involves systematic data quality assessment and if necessary adjustment. Such analyses
need to be transparent and in line with international standards. Identifying and accounting for biases
because of incomplete reporting, inaccuracies, non‐representativess etc. are essential, and will
greatly enhance the credibility of the results for users. Establishing a data and information repository
as a shared resource at national, subnational and district levels is an important step in improving
information practices and enabling the necessary high‐quality data analyses.
M&E of HSS involves data synthesis, comparisons and analysis, and summarizing into a consistent
assessment of the health situation and trends, using the core indicators and targets. This can be
complemented by more complex analyses that provide estimates, for example, of the burden of
disease, patterns of risk behaviour, health service coverage, trends in indicators, and health system
performance. There is also a need to make much use of health systems research as well as qualitative
data gathered through systematic processes of analyzing health systems characteristics and changes.
Subnational analyses are conducted by some countries. The degree of statistical sophistication
involved in such analyses varies from country to country and there is a need to develop standardized
tools that would permit broader engagement with such analytical processes. The involvement of
country academic, public health and research institutions can help foster a broader understanding of
the potential of such analysis to improve the quality of the health‐related statistics. The utility of
subnational analyses not only lies at the national level but also extends to provincial and district
health decision makers.
Efficiency can be assessed through the analysis of inputs with results in terms of outputs, outcomes
and impact. This can be done through relatively simple bivariate analyses, but could also involve
more complex and aggregate indexes. Finally, assessing country performance through comparison
with peers (benchmarking) is a powerful tool to influence decision makers.
Information technologies can facilitate data synthesis and analysis. Tools are needed to support data
quality assessment, correction for bias, imputation of missing values, and forecasting. Research and
development will be needed to develop and fine‐tune such tools and render them accessible to
potential analysts and users in resource‐constrained settings and at different levels, and especially
where capacities are limited.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Evaluation of scaling up requires a solid monitoring system with data on baseline trends for key
indicators, provided by the country M&E platform of HSS as described in Figure 2. Such data need to
be complemented by in‐depth studies, both quantitative (preferably longitudinal) and qualitative,
and analyses that bring together all data and aim to draw conclusions about attribution of changes to
specific interventions and carefully assess the role of contextual changes. Furthermore, if
effectiveness of the interventions can be established, this is where cost‐effectiveness analysis is
essential to draw the ultimate conclusions.
To inform country health policy making the quantitative work needs to be brought together with the
qualitative information. At present, most countries do not have systematic way in which data and
statistics and qualitative information are brought together. A web‐based mediawiki‐mechanism that
aims to systematically gather, analyse and communicate qualitative information on health systems in
countries needs to be brought together with quantitative data.12 Such a country‐driven platform
should become a solid basis for health intelligence that can inform planning cycles, regular reviews
and monitoring and evaluation.
Data dissemination, communication and use
The final step is the translation of the data into information relevant for decision‐making. This
requires packaging, communication and dissemination of statistics in a format and language
accessible to the higher‐level policy‐ and decision‐makers. Information is used at various levels of the
health system for health service management, health system management, planning, advocacy and
policy development. A broad range of users are involved in these various uses, each from different
technical disciplines and vocations with associated vocabularies and methods of communication.
Dissemination should be planned for the unique characteristics of each, and the most effective
packaging and channels of communication for carrying "the story" should be chosen. The timing of
information dissemination should be planned carefully to fit in with the planning cycles and needs of
users. Communications experts can assist with the packaging of information for different audiences.
Information technology provides new ways of effectively communicating data to specific audiences.
The dynamic links between demand, supply and quality of information should be addressed by
encouraging an information culture where information is demanded and the use of information
promoted. In practical terms, this depends on the establishment of institutional mechanisms and
incentives for information use. Experience shows that the most effective mechanisms involve linking
data/information to actual resource allocation (budgets) and developing indicator‐driven planning.
The key is to build it around country use processes of data and strengthen the availability, quality and
use of data within those processes rather than propose new ones.
12 http://km.euro.who.int/infoway/index.php/WHO/Europe_Health_systems_infoway.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
National platform for
Country Health System Surveillance (CHeSS)
External validation and estimates Common standards and tools
Annual
reviews
GAVI
reporting Analysis MDG / UN
& synthesis reporting
HSS Joint
Programming
Programme
Evaluation
reports
reporting
data anddata
information
generation
generation
&
& compilation
compilation
m ty
In rev
ss ali
t
de i e w
en
Programme
se qu
pe
PEPFAR Reporting
nd s
as ata
HIV, etc.)
t
Performance
Minimization of assessment Harmonization of
reporting requirements reporting requirements
A platform for country health systems surveillance and intelligence (CHeSS) is needed to improve the
availability, quality and use of data and related information needed to inform country health sector
reviews and planning processes and to monitor health progress and system performance. The CHeSS
platform brings together the monitoring and evaluation work in disease‐specific programmes, such
as TB, HIV/AIDS and immunization, with cross‐cutting efforts such as tracking human resources,
logistics and procurement, and health service delivery (Figure 2). It provides the platform for
subnational, national and global reporting, aligning partners at country and global levels around a
common approach to country support and reporting requirements. It should be coordinated with
13
http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story081/en/
14
http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
national strategies for the development of statistics. The joint assessments of national health
strategies (JANS) are an opportunity to assess the current status in countries and develop joint plans
to strengthen the development of the platform.
Planning and data use processes
Annual health sector reviews are the leading mechanism for planning and assessment of progress.
They involve all key stakeholders and are strongly based on data and statistics. In addition,
qualitative information on the health system, health programmes and societal context is used.
Many countries have established an annual process of compiling all relevant data to assess
progress against a defined set of health indicators with targets. Some of those indicators and
targets are part of the multi‐year national health sector strategic plan, others have been
established at a previous review meeting.
The M&E plan of the national health sector strategic plan has been developed with participation
of key stakeholders and covers a core set of indicators, targets, measurement strategies and
requirement investments, data quality assessment, analysis and synthesis, institutional and
partner responsibilities, and review mechanisms, as well as costing, and covers the full period of
the national health‐sector plan;
There is seamless integration of data collection strategies, capacity building and budgets
between HMN‐supported health information system assessment and plans (which focus on
building the health information systems) and national M&E plans (which focus on tracking
specific indicators).
Indicators and targets
There is a balanced selection of indicators, covering all key areas of the framework
There is consensus around agreed standards for indicator and data definitions, measurement,
metadata and analyses, building upon existing work such as the health systems building blocks
toolkit;15
Data sources
Data collection draws upon the full range of data sources, including: vital events monitoring
including cause‐of‐death, through civil registration, census, demographic surveillance sites, or
hospital statistics; a country‐led national plan for population‐based health surveys with a focus on
service coverage, equity and population health outcomes, and using global standards; timely,
complete and high quality facility data using information technology as appropriate and
comprising an up‐to‐date national health‐facility database covering public and private health
facilities with data on infrastructure, equipment and commodities, service delivery, and health
workforce; and a system of tracking financial resource flows and expenditures to subnational
levels.
15
WHO and the World Bank. Measuring Health Systems Strengthening and Trends: A toolkit for countries
(forthcoming):http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/toolkit_hss/en/index.html. A Health Systems
Strengthening M&E toolkit has been developed by WHO and the World Bank in close collaboration with partners and
several countries. Based on the health systems "building blocks" framework, it identifies core and supplementary indicators
in the areas of financing, human resources, medical products and health service delivery. It also describes a set of core
instruments for data collection, including routine health information management systems and facility assessments. Further
work is needed to develop indicators and data collection methods for the governance and health information system
components.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Systematic attention is paid to the preferred and complementary data sources and measurement
issues for the indicators and addressing data gaps with a focus on data to inform annual reviews
There is adequate investment in data generation and analysis to monitor trends and additional
timely investment to evaluate performance;
Analysis and synthesis
Maximum use is made of all available information through analysis and synthesis of existing data
sets and analyses brought together in a country documents and data repository to which all
stakeholders have access. The repository includes primary data sets, reports of data collection
efforts, existing reviews and published and grey literature.
There is a system for regular and objective data quality assessment for key indicators, preferably
led by in‐country independent institutions
Regular studies are carried out of data availability and quality and analytical work is undertaken
to bring together data from all sources, including qualitative data, in a systematic manner
Work is undertaken to generate and analyse subnational level data, providing relevant
information for decision makers at district, regional and national levels as well as key socio‐
economic disaggregations.
Mechanisms exist to bring together qualitative information with quantitative data for contextual
enrichment and better understanding of the data analyses.
Continuous evaluation and operations research are built into the M&E plan and part and parcel
of the country monitoring processes.
Communication
There is effective communication of results using multiple media, including dashboards, targets
and benchmarking
Systematic efforts are made to reach all audiences from national media and decision makers to
local health managers
Institutional capacity
There is clear definition of roles and responsibilities of country institutions to support the M&E of
national plan and annual health sector reviews, supported by international partners, as a
necessary and integral part of any approach.
Roles and responsibilities of global partners
Over the past few years, there have been many efforts at international level that are relevant to
M&E of HSS. These include the development of standards and tools, initiatives to work with
countries including investment in data generation, technical assistance to support the
implementation of standards and tools, and capacity building. Building on the IHP+ and H8 related
work, global partners can support the operationalization of the M&E framework through a
community of practice for CHeSS. This approach places country needs and actions at the centre and
offers a way for donor and development partners to coordinate their support in line with the Paris
principles.
Global reporting requirements should primarily be based on the country processes of data
generation, compilation, analysis and synthesis and communication and use for decision making. This
also requires harmonization and minimization of global reporting requirements between "vertical"
disease programmes and "horizontal" health systems actions. The goals would be to minimize
transaction costs for countries and global partners, reduce fragmentation and duplication,
strengthen national health information systems, while meeting global standards. It enables joint
action among donors, global health partnerships and UN agencies, and provides a common data
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
architecture with associated standards and tools. Basic mapping of demand and use of information,
supply of data and statistics and institutional capacity can help identify priorities areas for working
with countries (see Annex E for a more detailed outline).
Coordination
The CheSS community of practice will comprise a web‐based information‐sharing and communication
component, and a coordination or steering group, facilitated by WHO. The web‐based platform will
provide the key documents, standards, country activities, etc. and provide a platform for
communication and discussion. It will also be an entry point for the country pages described in the
CHeSS strategic document. The coordination group currently consists of representatives of the Global
Fund, GAVI, the World Bank and WHO but aims to include the main global partners in health
information and health systems, such as the H8 agencies, bilateral donors, foundations and
partnerships.
Indicator and reporting harmonization
Improved coordination among partners will enable better alignment between country and global
reporting. Through a global web‐based indicator and metadata registry, indicators will be better
standardized, and reporting made easier and more effective, in part through the implementation of
electronic information systems.
Support to strengthening data sources
Data gaps are likely to be multiple and varied across countries. Global partners will coordinate their
efforts to enable countries to fill data gaps on all components of health systems functioning along
the causal chain from inputs, processes and outputs, to outcomes and impact, using the full range of
data sources. Innovation through the introduction of new technologies will be critical to achieve
greater efficiencies and address long‐standing data gaps, such as causes of death and clinical
information.
Support to enhanced data analysis and synthesis
Global partners will support the development of easily accessible standards and tools to permit the
most effective and efficient generation and use of data. These will include tools and methods for
data quality assessment and assurance; tools to address major data gaps; and tools and approaches
for data synthesis and analysis. Annex C provides a description of these three types of tools. Global
partners will support and facilitate multi‐country workshops and country technical assistance will be
organized for country institutions to enhance country capacity to use the tools.
Support to improved data access and communication
A country‐focused, web‐based wiki‐type platform will improve access to all available data on key
health indicators and on systems performance and provide easy access to country health data and
statistics documents, country health statistics, estimation tools and results, communication tools and
results, and international standards, as well as country‐driven qualitative assessments of the health
systems and its components. The web platform will initially be maintained by WHO with remote
entry facilities for programmes, country offices, countries and international partners. The web
platform is not intended to replace existing or planned country websites which often cover multiple
purposes. Ministries of Health and National Statistical Offices maintained websites however should
be able to draw freely and easily from the health observatory country pages.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Support to institutional capacity‐building
Support to country capacity will be through direct technical assistance to the key institutions in
countries responsible for or contributing to annual health sector reviews and related analyses, and
through multi‐country workshops that focus on the key analytical methods and techniques.
Evaluation
Large‐scale evaluation studies of complex interventions often use a stepwise approach to link trends
in health outcomes, coverage and risk behaviours, access and quality of services, and funding, as
randomizations are not possible. Time series and dose response analyses are used to explain
changes over time and attribute to specific investments, often complemented by modelling. The
stepwise approach can easily be mapped onto the M&E framework as shown in Figure 3, Annex C.
M&E of HSS joint programming
The IHP+ common evaluation framework and the associated CHeSS platform can be used to monitor
and evaluate HSS joint programming. At the country level, the monitoring of HSS joint programming
will be driven by countries’ own priorities and processes, but supported by standardised tools and
aligned and harmonised technical and financial support from partners.
Immunization tracking
Every national M&E plan will already include indicators of immunization coverage and child mortality
among the core set of priority indicators measured and reported against on a regular basis. Efforts to
improve M&E of immunization programmes ‐ particularly in the context of results‐based financing ‐
need high quality data and systematic review processes that should be integrated into national M&E
systems, linked to national plans. This should form the basis for effective use of immunization data in
national review processes and for global reporting.
HIV/AIDS tracking
HIV/AIDS has received the greatest increase in international funding during the past five years. Some
of those investments have gone into strategic information, including surveys, surveillance, facility
based information systems and programme monitoring & evaluation, although its impact on
strengthening of the country systems has been limited. Future investments should improve the
availability of quality data and strengthen AIDS M&E in a way that it increasingly benefits the health
information system. The M&E framework and CHeSS approach provide a platform for better
integration of HIV monitoring and evaluation systems into a country health information system,
while still ensuring complete and accurate reporting for key HIV interventions.
Performance‐based funding and tracking results
This is increasingly used within countries and at the international level and puts a high premium on
timely, high quality data. Solid data quality assessment systems will need to be put in place, which
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
should benefit national health information systems. It will also be important that investments in
improving data availability and quality for performance‐based funding are made in a way that the
general system of country health systems surveillance improves, including better data for annual
health sector reviews and other key decision making processes. Routine monitoring of performance‐
based funding initiatives should track over time the level of discrepancy between administrative data
and independent data sources, such as household surveys.
Informatics
Health information technologies can be considered as an input or building block of health systems.
This may include electronic health records and registers, aggregation of data at health facility, district
and national levels, transfer of information up and down between the different levels of the health
system, reporting of outbreak diseases through mobile technologies, etc. The great potential of
these interventions is acknowledged. In order to make an impact the new technologies need to focus
on improvements in data quality and availability that affect health decision making. The M&E
framework and CHeSS approach indicate that this implies that the success of informatics
interventions should be assessed by measuring what results are achieved in terms of better health
outputs, outcomes and impact, and at what cost.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Annex A
Improved survival
Improved services
International sources intervention
M & E actions
Aid process Implementation Health-system monitoring Coverage monitoring Impact monitoring
monitoring Monitoring
Resource tracking Strengthen country health information systems
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Annex B
Health systems monitoring indicator and data sources
Illustrative examples
Indicator Additional dimension Preferred source Alternative
Inputs and processes
Health financing
1 Total health expenditure as % NHA, PER
of GDP
2 Total health expenditure per NHA, PER
capita
3 % General government NHA, PER
expenditure on health
Health workforce
4 Doctors per 10,000 population Multiple
5 Nurse/midwives per 10,000 Multiple
population
6 Graduates of health training Administrative records
institutions per 10,000
population
Infrastructure & IT
7 Hospital beds per 10,000 Administrative records
population
8 Doctors using electronic health Facility assessment Clinic data
records
Procurement & supplies
9 Tracer medicines availability Facility assessment
10 Median drug price ratio for Facility assessment
tracer drugs
Outputs
Service readiness and access
1 Index of service readiness Subnational; by specific Facility assessment
(combines availability of intervention (IMCI, MCH, ART
infrastructure, human etc)
resources, medicines &
equipment, training)
2 Service accessibility (distance to Subnational Survey Facility
facility) assessment
3 General practitioner utilization Outpatient department Clinic data Survey
rate utilization rate
Service quality and safety
4 TB treatment success rate Clinical data
(DOTS)
5 30 day hospital case fatality Hospital records
rate AMI and stroke
6 Waiting time to elective PTCA, hip replacement Hospital records
surgeries: cataract
7 Surgical wound infections (% of Hospital records
all surgical operations)
8 Cancer treatment delay (time Hospital records
between first GP visit and first
treatment, for breast and colon
cancer)
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Annex C
Tool development
Tools for data quality assessment and assurance
Data quality issues are likely to be multiple and varied across countries and affect all data sources. A
common feature observed everywhere is that routine reports from health facilities and districts are
often subject to bias, incompleteness, tardiness, and poor quality. The need to systematically address
such problems is particularly acute in light of the importance of regular data to inform annual health
sector review processes and of the increasing use of performance‐based disbursement mechanisms
used by countries, funds and donors. In both cases, routine reporting from health facilities is the
main source of data, yet it is clear that there are multiple problems in clinic and programme‐based
reporting systems. Financial incentives carry the risk of aggravating the problems and creating
incentives for gaming and for data manipulation.
The assessment of data quality has different components. First, a general picture of data quality can
be obtained by analyzing data from multiple sources. This may include comparison of results, on for
instance intervention coverage, from population based household surveys with facility reports. To
assess the completeness and accuracy of recording of events, observational and follow‐up studies
are required. The most visible reporting problem is non‐reporting of facilities, districts or provinces.
Errors in aggregating data are much harder to detect. Comparisons of individual data at the facility
level (registers, tally sheets) with aggregate reports from the facilities and at the district level may
provide insights into such errors.
The assessment of data quality should form the basis for adjustments of the statistics. Missing
facilities and districts should be taken into account using standardized methods for adjustment.
Limited reporting by the private sector should be taken into account, and can benefit from
population‐based surveys. In addition, electronic reporting systems have great potential to improve
such systems, not only in terms of timeliness but also in terms of quality.
A range of disease programmes and studies have developed data quality assessment and adjustment
methods and tools. For instance, GAVI uses a data quality audit to assess reporting problems.16 The
Global Fund has developed a set of tools to assess data quality. Disease programmes, such as TB and
HIV, are using a range of analytical methods and tools to adjust for recording and reporting problems.
Also several countries have developed ways to adjust for data quality problems. Data quality
assessment needs to look at different levels of the system of data collection and aggregation, from
facility to district, provincial and national level.
Tools to address major data gaps
Data gaps are likely to be multiple and varied across countries. It is essential to fill data gaps on all
components of health systems functioning along the causal chain from inputs, processes and outputs,
to outcomes and impact. A comprehensive plan17 to improve the information available on health
progress and systems performance should include relevant data sources with particular emphasis on:
16 GAVI is following up on its data task team recommendations to improve data used for funding decisions in a way that
contributes to country health information systems strengthening. The extensive experience with the DQA tool needs to be
harnessed and work is under way on indicators and reporting requirements for monitoring health systems strengthening.
17
The Health Metrics Network is focused on development of country health information system plans and support to
countries for applications to GAVI and the Global Fund. Other areas of activity include strengthening civil registration and
informatics (country operationalization, standards, enterprise architecture).
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
strengthening vital events monitoring with causes of death, through existing civil registration
systems, demographic surveillance sites, or hospital statistics;
harmonizing health surveys through a country‐led national plan for population‐based health
surveys with a focus on service coverage, equity and population health outcomes, and using
global standards;
improving the timeliness, completeness and quality of facility generated data with the help of
information technology and supported by an up‐to‐date national health‐facility database that
covers all public and private health facilities with data on infrastructure, equipment and
commodities, service delivery, and health workforce18;
a system of tracking financial resource flows and expenditures to subnational levels.
In follow‐up to the five‐year evaluation, the Global Fund is developing a model evaluation platform
that includes tools for monitoring disease programmes and health systems strengthening, based on
the WHO toolkit. It also includes data quality assessment tools and a M&E system strengthening tool.
The Fund is increasing resource allocation for health information systems, including operational
research, and strengthening performance incentives for use of data.
Data synthesis and analysis tools
WHO, UNICEF and other international organizations produce comparable estimates for key health
indicators based on available data and methods to correct for data deficiencies and predict in time
and space. The results are available in global databases and for some health indicators, such as HIV
prevalence and child mortality, it is possible to obtain further insights from web sites and use tools to
make or reproduce the global estimate. In general, however, access to methods, tools and results is
piecemeal, countries’ use is limited and there is a need to facilitate country access. This needs to be
combined with capacity building. Similarly, access to global investments to effectively present and
communicate results is limited. Improved access to and use of profiles, dashboards, interactive
graphics and mapping tools, such as those used in the Global Health Observatory, can benefit
country health analyses.
Data communication tools
Once data have been gathered and summarized to high standards, further analysis – of what is both
reported and missing – is needed before the information can be disseminated and communicated to
non‐technical audiences and used as the basis for policymaking. Data should be presented in formats
that emphasize relations to past trends, current policy, and fiscal considerations. In practice, many
country reports contain a wealth of raw data served in formats unpalatable or incomprehensible to
policymakers. Presentation of complex information in formats that are easy to read and interpret –
the dashboard – is a well‐tested route to enhancing use of data for decision‐making.
The US government / OGAC remains a lead investor in health data collection and informatics and
is taking forward work on health systems monitoring through Health Systems 20/20. The USAID‐
supported MEASURE Evaluation is active in data communication tools and data quality
assessment.
The Countdown for maternal, neonatal and child survival 2015 produces country profiles and in‐
depth analyses of progress that include a strong health systems component with both
quantitative indicators and policy information.
18
A Health Systems Strengthening M&E toolkit has been developed by WHO and the World Bank in close collaboration with
partners and several countries. Based on the health systems "building blocks" framework, it identifies core and
supplementary indicators in the areas of financing, human resources, medical products and health service delivery. It also
describes a set of core instruments for data collection, including routine health information management systems and
facility assessments. Further work is needed to develop indicators and data collection methods for the governance and
health information system components.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Annex D
Use cases of the M&E framework for HSS
Use case 1: Evaluation
Scaling up interventions and health systems strengthening typically aim for nation‐wide coverage of a
diverse set of priority interventions. It is therefore unlikely that a quasi‐experimental design with
intervention and comparison populations can be used to evaluate the results of HSS and attribute
those to specific aspects of the changes. Under such circumstances, large‐scale evaluation study
designs may opt to use a stepwise approach to link trends in health outcomes, coverage and risk
behaviours, access and quality of services, and funding, as randomizations are not possible. Time
series and dose response analyses are used to explain changes over time and attribute to specific
investments, often complemented by modelling.
The stepwise approach can easily be mapped onto the M&E framework (Figure 3). The underlying
logic is to start with tracking the health systems strengthening related resources. The availability of
increased resources, money, people, commodities etc., contributes to the scaling up of services and
should result in enhanced access to and quality of service and increased exposure to interventions
(coverage of interventions and reductions in risk behaviours). If the resources disbursed are
sufficient, the impact of increased interventions coverage will depend on the efficacy of the
interventions, on factors related to translating efficacy into effectiveness (i.e., coverage and quality),
and on contextual factors (e.g., epidemiology, economic changes, political stability). Therefore,
ultimate disease trends need to be interpreted against the trends in these factors. The last step is to
relate morbidity and mortality levels to the first four steps to assess impact. Health impact is defined
as the measured or estimated overall program effect on morbidity and/or mortality, brought about
by all initiatives and programs combined, irrespective of their financing source(s).
The stepwise framework has been used to evaluate large scale interventions in several evaluations,
such as multi‐country evaluations of scaling up child health interventions (IMCI, Catalytic Initiative)
and the country studies of the Global Fund 5 year evaluation, and is currently also proposed to
monitor and evaluate short and long term changes related to the health reforms in China.
Evaluation of scaling up requires a solid monitoring system with data on baseline trends for key
indicators, provided by the country M&E platform of HSS as described in Figure 2. Such data need to
be complemented by in‐depth studies, both quantitative (preferably longitudinal) and qualitative,
and analyses that bring together all data and aim to draw conclusions about attribution of changes to
specific interventions. Furthermore, if effectiveness of the interventions can be established, this is
where cost‐effectiveness analysis is essential to draw the ultimate conclusions.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Figure 3
Evaluating health systems reform and strengthening:
A stepwise approach
Inputs & processes Outputs Outcomes Impact
Infrastructure; Improved
Intervention Coverage of health outcomes
Information &
access & interventions & equity
communication
Governance
services
Financing
technologies
readiness Financial risk
Health Prevalence risk protection
Intervention behaviours &
workforce
quality, safety factors Responsiveness
Supply chain
Information Efficiency
Have finances been disbursed?
Have policies been changed? Contextual changes
Non health system determinants
Is the process of implementation
happening as planned?
Has availability of and access to services improved?
Did the quality of services improve?
Has service utilization and coverage improved?
Have risk behaviours changed?
Contextual changes Have health outcomes and equity improved?
Non health system determinants Are services responsive to the needs?
Are people protected against financial risks?
Has efficiency improved?
Country financial reporting
Countries receiving financial support through HSS joint programming will report annually on the
amount of funds received for HSS programming from different sources and the breakdown of how
those funds are used. The reporting burden should not be onerous, but it must be sufficient to track
the amount of resources being invested in HSS programming in a country by different partners and
the amount spent by category. Donors investing in HSS joint programming will use harmonised
categories for classifying expenditures, so that countries only have to report one set of expenditure
figures to donors rather than reporting separately for different donors. Balance will have to be
sought between alignment with country processes and the need for expenditure categories to be
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Country performance reporting
The starting point for monitoring of country performance will be the existing country M&E plan that
is part of the national health plan. For effective stewardship of the health sector, each country
requires its own monitoring, based on its health sector strategy and plan. Support will be provided to
countries that do not have a single overall M&E plan for the health sector to assist in the
development of such a plan. Work is underway to develop a list of 50 core indicators with standard
definitions and recommended data sources that all countries will be encouraged to include in their
national M&E plans. Partners providing support to countries through HSS joint programming will
conduct performance monitoring by tracking progress against the indicators constituting the country
health sector M&E plan and summarised, analysed and interpreted through the health sector annual
review. Global partners should aim to minimize additional reporting requirements on countries and
build as much as possible on existing M&E practices, while strengthening them where appropriate.
Additional performance indicators
If all country M&E plans contained all performance indicators that partners supporting HSS needed
to track on a regular basis, there would be no need for additional performance measures beyond
those already included in country M&E plans. In practice, many partners supporting HSS will need to
track additional performance indicators on a regular basis to assess progress in specific areas and
report to governing bodies. Countries, donors, other partners and the general public can track
country and global performance in implementing HSS joint programming through the CHeSS platform
without requiring onerous reporting from countries.
An important characteristic of the CHeSS platform is its multi‐purpose and multi‐directional
orientation. CHeSS represents not a platform for countries to report to global partners, but a
platform to synthesise results from multiple sources to inform annual health sector reviews, country
planning processes, country management of health strategy and the tracking of progress made under
global initiatives, such as HSS joint programming.
Use case 3: Immunization
Every national M&E plan will already include indicators of immunisation coverage, infant mortality
and under‐five mortality among the core set of priority indicators measured and reported against on
a regular basis. However, many other immunisation‐related indicators of importance to countries
and global partners will not be included in the core set of priority indicators included in country M&E
plans, especially process and output indicators. The following is a list of illustrative areas where
countries and global partners can track progress, but which are not included in all country M&E
plans. Note that these are not indicators, but areas in which specific, appropriate indicators will be
used to measure country and global progress over time.
1. Impact: Incidence of vaccine preventable diseases
2. Coverage
• Regional equity in DTP3 coverage (percentage of districts with at least 80% coverage)
• Population equity in DTP3 coverage (poor vs. non‐poor, female vs. male, other groups as
appropriate)
3. Output:
• Injection safety practices
• Efficiency in use of vaccine supplies
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
4. Process: Quality of immunisation‐related administrative data (summary measures from Data
Quality Audit, discrepancy between coverage estimates from administrative sources and
household surveys)
5. Input: performance in introducing new vaccines (time taken to scale up new vaccines to coverage
levels achieved with existing vaccines, effect of introducing new vaccines on coverage of existing
vaccines)
Countries, donors, other partners and the general public can track country and global performance in
these areas through the CHeSS platform without requiring onerous reporting from countries. Data
used to construct indicators to measure the above are likely to derive from multiple sources that are
already available: for example, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form, WHO/UNICEF Estimates of
National Immunisation Coverage, household surveys and surveillance systems. In using supplemental
data sources, country reporting does not increase and parallel systems do not have to be established,
since the data used would be extracted from existing sources. There are, of course, constraints in
data availability that will hinder the tracking of supplemental indicators in some countries—for
example, not all countries have extensive data on incidence of vaccine preventable diseases.
Use case 4: HIV/AIDS
The selection of indicators for monitoring and evaluation of HIV/AIDS programmes is generally based
on a similar results chain framework, covering a wide range of prevention and treatment and care
interventions, several of which are multi‐sectoral in nature. The investments in HIV/AIDS data
collection have generally included household surveys with AIDS modules or special HIV indicator
surveys, target population surveys, efforts to strengthen clinical reporting for ARV therapy, PMTCT
and HIV testing and counselling, and tracking of HIV resources. In addition, investments have been
used to improve HIV/AIDS databases and introduce electronic health records and reporting systems.
HIV monitoring and evaluation efforts are often separated from a country health surveillance
platform. Some of this is due to the multi‐sectoral nature of HIV/AIDS programmes, especially
prevention which has led to establishment of HIV coordination mechanisms outside of the health
sector. But, more frequently, HIV M&E programmes are run as separate entities with generous
external funding. For instance, AIDS reviews are conducted in isolation and there is limited
interaction or alignment with annual health sector reviews. Separate databases of (large numbers of)
indicators are introduced for HIV. Investments in clinic based reporting for ARV therapy and PMTCT
are made with too little attention for strengthening the reporting system as a whole. Single disease
(AIDS) mortality surveillance systems are developed in countries where no reliable information exists
on any cause of death.
The M&E framework and CHeSS approach provide a platform for better integration of HIV
monitoring and evaluation systems into a country health information system, while still ensuring
complete and accurate reporting for key HIV interventions. This implies balancing the number of
indicators between diseases according to the country burden of disease, efficient investment in and
use of population‐based health facility‐based and administrative data sources as well as data transfer
and database management, and mainstreaming AIDS into country health sector reviews.
Furthermore, minimizing international reporting requirements will be essential.
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Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
25
Monitoring and evaluation of health systems strengthening: An operational framework
Annex E
Rapid (self-)assessment of country practices and
capacity to conduct
health systems performance assessment
26