Chapter 2 – Literature reviews

2.1 Application of electronic in Automotive

Arguably the most cost effective, friendly of appliance available today.

Automobile had the same user friendliness as a PC, it requires owner to
install engine wheels and seat and load the program into various
electronic system and documentation would be unreadable. (Elsevier
Science, 2003) The only important use of electronics in automobiles
through the late 1950s was the broadcast band radio receiver, which was
based upon vacuum tube technology. The development of solid-state
electronics, from the first transistors through the latest high-performance
integrated circuits, came at a time that permitted the very sophisticated
electronic systems to be applied to solving automotive control and
instrumentation problems. (Ribbens, 2012) Automotive electronics is a
course which is highly multidisciplinary in nature and which was
introduced to all circuit branches as it was highly demanded course of
automotive industries. Automotive sector is very huge and new generation
vehicles involve around 25-30% of electronics in them.
(P.C.Nissimagoudar, et al., 2016) Analysts estimate that more than 80
percent of all automotive innovation now stems from electronics. To gain
an appreciation of the sea change in the average dollar amount of
electronic systems and silicon components—such as transistors,
microprocessors, and diodes—in motor vehicles, only note that in 1977
the average amount was $110, while in 2001 it had increased to $1,800.
(Leen & Donal Heffernan, 2013).

2.2.1 History safety device in Automotive

Automotive historians will remember the 1990’s as the renaissance

decade of automotive safety. During that decade occupant safety
established itself as a leading marketing characteristic of motor vehicles.
Vehicle crashworthiness as measured in standardized crash tests is
currently ranked at equal level to quality, styling, ride and handling, and
fuel economy. Auto manufacturers, government agencies, insurance
underwriters, and the news media provide consumers with assessments
of automotive safety. (Bois, et al., 2000). Over the past three decades,
safety experts have published hundreds of research papers to address
structural crashworthiness, restraint systems, and injury biomechanics.
However, these are not available in a single source for quick reference.
The objective of this book is to provide essential design safety information
in a single publication for the convenience of the safety engineer. (Bois,
et al., 2000). The proportion of electronic components used in the
construction of motor vehicles has increased rapidly in recent years.
Electronics play a crucial role in developing optimized technological
solutions to improve the vehicle’s drivability, enhance its safety features,
and lower the environmental burden. Today’s motor vehicles incorporate
an increasingly complex array of electronics including sensors, actuators,
microprocessors, instrumentation panels, controllers, and displays.
Advances in electronics have contributed to the development and
deployment of advanced safety features such as electronic stability
control, tire pressure monitoring, lane departure warning, adaptive cruise
control, forward crash warning, and automatic braking. (Van Eikema
Hommes, 2016). Before electric headlights there were oil-fueled lamps in
the 1800’s. In 1898 the first electric headlights were introduced but were
not refined to function with both high and low beams from a single bulb
until 1924. Standardized headlights for all vehicles were first introduced in
1940. Halogen bulbs were introduced in 1962 but were not allowed in U.S.
cars until 1978. The modern headlight has much more functionality but is
still just as easy to operate as older headlights. (Scott J. Cloutier & David
H. Linke, 2011)

2.2.2 Application safety device in Automotive

Today’s modern vehicles are equipped with many devices that help
prevent serious injury in the event of a crash, or help avoid an accident all
together. Most average drivers may recognize the names of some
common safety devices in their vehicle, but many lacks the knowledge of
how these devices effectively work in providing them with a safe driving
experience each day. (Scott J. Cloutier & David H. Linke, 2011) Safety
becomes a fundamental requirement in the automotive systems to
guarantee a tolerable level of risk. Safety can be defined by referring to
two existing safety standards: IEC 61508 (International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), which is a functional safety standard for the general
electronics market developed by the IEC, and ISO 26262 (IEC), which is
a functional safety standard for automobiles developed by ISO. (Nardi,
2018) Recently, there has been an increase in the practical application of
ACC (adaptive cruise control) systems, which measure the following
distance to the preceding vehicle by radar and automatically maintain an
appropriate following distance, and lane keeping systems, which
recognize lanes using vision sensors and keep the vehicle from deviating
from the lane. (Kuroda, Ueki, Kondoh, & Takano, 2003) In recent years,
electronic technologies in modern vehicles have been evolving both in
quantity and complexity. These technologies have contributed to major
improvements in vechicles such as more safety and less fuel consumption
which are critical issues in developing countires. (Ghodsi & Piltan, 2014)
Improving vehicle safety is a key strategy used in addressing international
and national road casualty reduction targets and in achieving a safer road
traffic system. Vehicle safety addresses the safety of all road users and
currently comprises measures to help avoid a crash (crash avoidance) or
reduce injury in the event of a crash (crash protection) Road traffic injuries
are a major but neglected global public health problem, requiring
concerted efforts for effective and sustainable prevention. Of all the
systems that people have to deal with on a daily basis, road transport is
the most complex and the most dangerous. Worldwide, the number of
people killed in road traffic crashes each year is estimated at almost 1.2
million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million – the
combined population of five of the world’s large cities. (T.Sivakumar &
R.Krishnaraj, 2013). In modern vehicle safety systems design, radar,
cameras, infrared and ultrasound sensors can be linked intelligently and
simultaneously by sensor fusion to achieve the same function. (Attia,
Shereen Ismail, & Halah Y. Ali, 2018)

2.2.3 Current Safety Technology in Vehicle

[1] Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) with Low Speed Follow (LSF)*:
Helps maintain a constant vehicle speed and a set following interval
behind a vehicle detected ahead of yours and, if the detected vehicle
comes to a stop, can decelerate and stop your vehicle. [2] Lane Keeping
Assist System (LKAS): keep the vehicle in the middle of a detected lane
and provides tactile and visual alerts. [3] Road Departure Mitigation
(RDM) System: Alerts and helps to assist when the system detects a
possibility of your vehicle unintentionally crossing over detected lane. [4]
Collision Mitigation Braking System (CMBS): assisting when there is a
possibility of moving vehicle colliding with an object in front. (Collision
Mitigation Breaking System,2018) [5] Air Bag: to cushion occupants
during a crash and provide protection to bodies when strike interior objects
such as the steering wheel or a window. (Shaikh, Satyajeet Chaudhari , &
Hiren Rasania, 2013) [6] Anti-lock Brake System: The theory behind
anti-lock brakes is simple. A skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch
is sliding relative to the road) has less traction than a non-skidding wheel.
If have been stuck on ice, we know that if wheels are spinning we have no
traction. This is because the contact patch is sliding relative to the ice. By
keeping the wheels from skidding while us slow down, anti-lock brakes
benefit us in two ways: we'll stop faster, and we'll be able to steer while
we stop. [7] Traction Control: Traction control helps limit tire slip in
acceleration on slippery surfaces. In the past, drivers had to feather the
gas pedal to prevent the drive wheels from spinning wildly on slippery
pavement. Many of today's vehicles employ electronic controls to limit
power delivery for the driver, eliminating wheel slip and helping the driver
accelerate under control. [8] Smart Cruise Control: Smart Cruise Control
helps make cruise control usable even in congested traffic. With a
concealed radar sensor behind front bumper, the system automatically
maintains a driver-set distance from the vehicle in front– even if it slows
down. Smart Cruise Control can also warn if traffic starts to slow down.
Available on select Cadillacs and Jaguars. [9] Crash Severity Sensing:
The severity of a collision can be measured by the advanced crash
sensing system, which is provided by sensors mounted on the front and
sides of the vehicle. Crash sensing systems use radar, laser and/or
ultrasonic sensors to detect potential impact situations. The sensing
system is typically a single ECU to measure the severity of the impact,
and provide deployment signals to the appropriate squibs. (Ritzel)

2.2.4 Application Safety Device in Heavy Vehicle

2.2.4.1 Crash Avoidance Technologies

[1] Electronic Stability Control (ESC) System, by applying braking to
selected wheels (and the trailer wheels if one is being towed), an ESC
system assists to correct a deviation from the driver’s desired course. The
ESC system assesses the driver’s intended path and compares it with the
actual direction by monitoring the driving inputs (throttle, braking level and
steering angle) and the vehicle’s performance (lateral deceleration, yaw
deceleration and wheel speeds).[2] Trailer Roll Stability (TRS) System,
A TRS system can predict a roll-over threshold and the critical speed at
which this could occur by monitoring wheel speeds, weight distribution
between the trailer’s sides, actual lateral acceleration and air suspension
pressures. [3] Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) System, AEB
technology is very effective for minimizing collisions with vehicles
travelling in the same direction. To avoid trailer swing when braking
severely, trailers attached to a towing vehicle with an AEB system are
recommended to have Antilock Braking Systems (see technology 13).
This system cannot be retrofitted cost effectively. [4] Load-Proportioning
Brake Valve (LPBV) System, Similar to EBD systems (see technology
7), the LPBV system improves a vehicle’s brake balance on vehicles with
air-spring suspension. An LPBV system typically measures the average
air pressure in two selected air springs and varies the air pressure applied
to the brake actuators to keep the braking level proportional to the
vehicle’s weight distribution. Although it is not an electronic system, an
LPBV system can work well in conjunction with ABS. An LPBV system will
offer greater improvement in braking balance if fitted to all vehicle units in
the combination, particularly combinations that include very light-weight
trailers such as aluminum bodied tankers and dog trailers. Vehicles with
airbag suspension systems are easier to retrofit than vehicles with
mechanical suspension systems. [5] Rail Crossing and Road Hazards
Radio and GPS Warning Systems, Radio systems exist that can provide
warning to drivers through a dedicated radio channel on potential hazards
such as rail crossings or flooded causeways. While Global Position
System (GPS) navigation systems can already identify rail crossings and
other identifiable hazards and warn the driver upon approach, these
systems are based on location only and do not convey real-time hazard
information. (Safety Technologies for Heavy Vehicles and Combinations,
2017)

2.2.4.2 Protective Technologies

[1] Seatbelts for Buses, Lap sash seat belts that are properly worn and
adjusted provide the best form of protection for bus passengers in a
crash.Seatbelts can be retroftted, however installations in NSW require
certifcation by an licensed certifer. [2] Front Underrun Protective
Devices (FUPDs), FUPDs act in two ways to minimise the severity of
collisions with the front of a heavy vehicle. Firstly, they assist occupants
of smaller vehicles to survive crashes with the front of a heavy vehicle by
preventing the smaller vehicle from running under the heavy vehicle, and
possibly deflecting it away. Secondly, they may protect the steering and
front axle components of the heavy vehicle, which could assist the heavy
vehicle driver to maintain control immediately after a collision. The safety
benefits of FUPDs are increased if they have energy absorbing qualities.
Some FUPDs are integrated with a bull bar in their design. FUPDs can be
retrofitted, however it is important the devices do not interfere with the
heavy vehicle’s functionality when installed. [3] Supplementary
Restraint System (SRS) Airbag System, An SRS airbag protects vehicle
occupants in the event of a severe crash. While SRS driver airbags are a
standard feature on nearly all European heavy vehicles, this technology
is not generally standard in Australian, North American and Japanese
manufactured models. Significant safety benefits are gained when driver
airbags are coupled with a suspension seat with an integral seat belt which
can have a co-ordinated seat belt locking mechanism (see technology 33).
Driver SRS Airbag systems cannot be cost effectively retrofitted to
vehicles not originally equipped with them. [4] Rollover Side Curtain
Airbag, The side curtain airbag activates instantaneously in the event of
a rollover crash, deploying from the top of the door rails above the side
window. The airbag forms a cushion between the driver or passenger and
the window and stays inflated to provide enhanced protection in the event
of a rollover crash. [5] Cabin Strength Standards, By intelligent design,
heavy vehicle manufacturers can increase the strength of the cabin, along
with the occupant’s chance of survival in the event of a roll-over or severe
crash. To protect the occupants from serious injury, a well-designed cabin
must not intrude into the defined space for occupant survivability. (Safety
Technologies for Heavy Vehicles and Combinations, 2017)

2.2.4.3 General Safety Technologies

[1] Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) Warning System, An ISA system

warns the driver when the vehicle is travelling faster than the speed limit
by comparing the vehicle’s speed with the speed limit calculated by Global
Positioning System (GPS). Some ISA warning systems can be
programmed to provide other useful information for a heavy vehicle driver
including the location of hazardous bends, railway crossings and low
bridges. ISA systems can be retrofitted but may soon be included by
original equipment manufacturers as a standard heavy vehicle navigation
system. ISA applications are also becoming available for smartphone
operating systems. [2] Tipping-Trailer Stability Protection System,
Long rear-tipping trailer use is increasing in Australia. These trailers
sometimes have to be raised to a tipping angle of greater than 45 degrees
to completely unload. The longer the trailers are, the more vulnerable they
are to toppling over in strong winds or if the rear axles are not on solid
ground. [3] Automatic Incident Notifcation and Routine Event
Reporting Systems, The intelligent transport control systems available
for heavy vehicles are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Heavy
vehicles can now be monitored and drivers directed remotely in real-time.
An Automatic Incident Reporting System notes, records and reports
dangerous incidents –similar to a ‘black box’ recorder on an aeroplane.
Incidents might be identified by severe decelerations or deployment of
safety systems such as ESC or a SRS airbag (see technologies 1 and 38).
Once the vehicle’s system is activated by an incident, it sends telemetric
messages to a remote monitoring centre. A good system can advise the
location, nature of the crash and identify the driver to facilitate a timely and
appropriate emergency response. Some vehicle telemetrics can also help
drivers to plan their routes, avoid traffic problems, receive and send
business information, manage their statutory driving hour requirements,
report mass loading, vehicle problems and location. These systems can
be retrofitted. (Safety Technologies for Heavy Vehicles and Combinations,
2017)

2.2.5 Important of safety device in Automotive

The results above in Table 2 illustrate the rated importance of the listed
automobile safety devices. Out of 91 total responses, the top three
devices are Seat-belts, Airbags, and Headlights. The devices that were
identified as “Least Important” were Front/Rear Bumper, Suspension, and
Engine Control Unit (ECU). (Scott J. Cloutier & David H. Linke, 2011). The
most important thing you can do to protect your life is to buckle your
seatbelt. Safety belts save lives on their own and many of the more
advanced safety features, such as forward-collision warning and
automatic emergency braking can help you avoid accidents. Don't
overlook safety features when comparing different models. Antilock
brakes and electronic stability control, for instance, are very desirable.
Although now standard on new cars, these features are well worth seeking
out if you’re buying an older car. (Consumer Report, 2019). With so many
safety features available, which ones should you consider? In a Public
Opinion Survey done by Transport Canada, airbags (71%), seatbelts
(33%) and anti-lock brake systems (28%) are the three most common
safety features that Canadians recognize on their vehicles. While these
three safety features are very important, there are other features that can
keep you and your family safe. Since we have already looked at the
importance of head restraints, let us take a brief look at some other
important safety features. (Whiplash Prevention Campaign, 2010)
2.3 Gsm module

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a

computer and a GSM-GPRS system. Global System for Mobile
communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication
in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an
extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS
module consists of a GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with power
supply circuit and communication interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for
computer. GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices
that are designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and
GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just
like mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Also, they
have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to
mobile phones for their identification. (Engineering Garage, 2012). A GSM
Module is basically a GSM Modem (like SIM 900) connected to a PCB
with different types of output taken from the board – say TTL Output (for
Arduino, 8051 and other microcontrollers) and RS232 Output to interface
directly with a PC (personal computer). The board will also have pins or
provisions to attach mic and speaker, to take out +5V or other values of
power and ground connections. These types of provisions vary with
different modules. (Circuit Today, 2018)
2.4 Gas sensor

Because many deaths Occurs in car due to breathing problem by air

conditioner or by smoking inside the car causes suffocation inside the car
that effect unconsciousness death and this device in car is to detect the
level of oxygen depletion or exceed of any harmful gases and it gives
signal to microcontroller and it controls the car's windows motor and it
opens the windows of car automatically. Due to the opening of the window,
it allows the atmospheric air inside the car which helps to breathe.
(Yuvaraj M, Yuvaaraj JS, Mohanraj C, & Ramesh N, 2016). GAS Detector
is a type of chemical sensor which detects/measures the concentration of
gas in its vicinity. Gas sensor interacts with a gas to measure in
concentration. They are used in various industries ranging from medicine
to aerospace. Various technologies are used to measure Gas
concentration such as semiconductors, oxidation, catalytic, infrared, etc.
(DNA Technology, 2015).

2.4.1 Type of gas sensor

(hek, 2018)
 Heater
Sensor Detects
Voltage
MQ-2 Methane, Butane, LPG, smoke 5V
MQ-3 Alcohol, Ethanol, smoke 5V
MQ-4 Methane, CNG Gas 5V
MQ-5 Natural gas, LPG 5V
MQ-6 LPG, butane gas 5V
Alternating
MQ-7 Carbon Monoxide 5V and
1.4V
MQ-8 Hydrogen Gas 5V
Alternating
MQ-9 Carbon Monoxide, flammable gasses. 5V and
1.4V
MQ131 Ozone 6V
MQ135 Air Quality (Benzene, Alcohol, smoke) 5V
MQ136 Hydrogen Sulfide gas 5V
MQ137 Ammonia 5V
Benzene, Toluene, Alcohol, Acetone,
MQ138 Propane, Formaldehyde gas, 5V
Hydrogen
MQ214 Methane, Natural gas 6V
MQ216 Natural gas, Coal gas 5V
MQ303A Alcohol, Ethanol, smoke 0.9V
MQ306A LPG, butane gas 0.9V
Alternating
MQ307A Carbon Monoxide 0.2V and
0.9V.
Alternating
MQ309A Carbon Monoxide, flammable gasses 0.2V and
0.9V
MG811 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 6V
 Heater
Sensor Detects
Voltage
AQ-104 Air quality -

2.5 Vibration sensor

Vibration sensing is a subset of the accelerometers previously covered.

Many machines vibrate during use and may make noise, both of which
need to be measured and analyzed. A typical example is a washing
machine. When not evenly balanced, it can vibrate excessively. As part
of the test and qualification process, engineers will monitor the vibrations
and noise of such products. (Martin Rowe, 2013). The vibration sensor
SW-420 Comes with breakout board that includes comparator LM 393
and Adjustable on-board potentiometer for sensitivity threshold selection,
and signal indication LED. This sensor module produce logic states
depends on vibration and external force applied on it. When there is no
vibration this module gives logic LOW output. When it feels vibration
then output of this module goes to logic HIGH. The working bias of this
circuit is between 3.3V to 5V DC. (theoryCIRCUIT, 2013-2019). This
module features an adjustable potentiometer, a vibration sensor, and a
LM393 comparator chip to give an adjustable digital output based on the
amount of vibration. The potentiometer can be adjusted to both increase
and decrease the sensitivity to the desired amount. The module outputs
a logic level high (VCC) when it is triggered and a low (GND) when it
isn’t. Additionally, there is an onboard LED that turns on when the
module is triggered. (Rajguru Electronics)

2.5.1 Crash Sensor

Crash sensors need to detect a collision and convert it to usable signals
within milliseconds. The accelerating forces acting on the sensors after a
collision can be as high as 100g (100 times the earth's gravitational force).
When a car is stopped abruptly by an impact, all bodies or objects that are
not firmly fixed to the car will continue to move at the impact speed. The
sensors measure this acceleration and relay it to the control unit as usable
data. (SEAT, 2019). The crash sensor overrides the central locking
system, unlocking all the doors and allowing the driver and occupants can
leave the vehicle speedily – or assistance from outside to get into the
cabin faster. At the same time, the crash sensor also switches on the cabin
lights and activates the hazard warning lights to alert other drivers of the
situation. The battery is deactivated to avoid a short circuit. (BMW
Technology Guide, n.d.). These sensors sense the deceleration taking
placing during a vehicle crash or an accident. They also determine the
position of the vehicle with respect to the road. During a roll over, if the
vehicle moves out of the horizontal plane, the sensor immediately sends
the required information to the electronic control unit, which initiates air
bag deployment. These sensors can be mounted in various parts of the
vehicle, but sophisticated sensors in newer systems are usually placed
within the electronic control unit or the airbag itself. During deceleration,
the sensor housing within the car stops at the same time as the car.
However, the occupant inside the car continues to move at the speed of
the car, which causes him to move forward and contact an electric switch
to complete the circuit. (Kaur, 2013)
2.6 GPS module in Automotive vehicle

Global positioning system (Gps) system can be used in theft prevention

as a retrieval device in addition of working as a security system combined
with car alarms. The main contribution of this paper is providing two types
of end user applications, a web application and a mobile application. This
way the proposed system provides a ubiquitous vehicle tracking system
with maximum accessibility for the user anytime and anywhere. The
system's tracking services includes acquiring the location and ground
speed of a given vehicle in the current moment or on any previous date.
It also monitors the vehicle by setting speed and geographical limits and
therefore receiving SMS alerts when the vehicle exceeds these pre-
defined limits. Additionally, all the movements and stops of a given vehicle
can also be monitored. Tracking vehicles in our system uses a wide range
of new technologies and communication networks including General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM), the Internet or the World Wide Web and Global Positioning
System (GPS). ( Iman Almomani , 2011). The Global Positioning System
(GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of at least 24
satellites. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world,
24 hours a day, with no subscription fees or setup charges. (Project Hub,
n.d.)

2.7 Wifi Module ESP 8266

ESP8266 is Wi-Fi enabled system on chip (SoC) module developed by
Expressive system. It is mostly used for development of IoT (Internet of
Things) embedded applications. It employs a 32-bit RISC CPU based on
the Tensilica Xtensa L106 running at 80 MHz (or overclocked to 160 MHz).
It has a 64 KB boot ROM, 64 KB instruction RAM and 96 KB data RAM.
External flash memory can be accessed through SPI. (ElectronicWings,
2019). The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with
integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access
to your Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an
application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another
application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed
with an AT command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up
to your Arduino device and get about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi
Shield offers (and that’s just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an
extremely cost-effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.
(Cytron Technologies, 2004-2019). The ESP8266 WI-FI module is
basically a complete WIFI solution, which has self-contained integrated
TCP/IP protocol stack that can be easily connected to the microcontroller
for gaining access to any WiFi network. It can be connect this module to
any microcontroller like pic microcontroller, Arduino and it can be use it as
a stand-alone device. For connecting this module to any WI-FI network, it
just can be upload the program to this WiFi module and can use to send
data to the Web server or getting HTTP requests. (Microcontrollers Lab,
2016)

2.8 Arduino Programmer

The most common programming approach is to use the Arduino IDE,
which utilizes the C programming language. It can access to an enormous
Arduino Library that is constantly growing thanks to open-source
community. (Arduino Documentation, 2015). Arduino IDE is an open
source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code into
the Arduino Module. It is an official Arduino software, making code
compilation too easy that even a common person with no prior technical
knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process. It is easily
available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the
Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a
vital role for debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.
(The Engineering Projects , 2019)

2.9 Ecu and Arduino

Arduino is the microcontroller development board that will be at the heart

of your projects. It’s a simple computer, but one that has no way for you
to interact with it yet. You will be building the circuits and interfaces for
interaction, and telling the microcontroller how to interface with other
components. Arduino is an open source physical computing platform
based on a simple input/output (I/O) board and a development
environment that implements the Processing language
(www.processing.org). Arduino can be used to develop standalone
interactive objects or can be connected to software on your computer
(such as Flash, Processing, VVVV, or Max/MSP). The boards can be
assembled by hand or purchased preassembled. (Massimo Banzi, 2011)

The ECU is an extremely reliable piece of hardware which has the

capability to receive and process information hundreds of times per
second. At the heart of the ECU is the microprocessor. It is the processing
center of the ECU where input information is interpreted and output
commands are issued. (USA)

Example of Arduino Example of ECU

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