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    Thermo Chemistry

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    fitness finesse
    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that accompany chemical reactions and phase transitions. Energy exists in various forms and can be transferred between a system and its surroundings. Chemical reactions and physical changes are accompanied by absorption or release of energy. Endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings, while exothermic processes release heat. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant - it can change form but not amount. The internal energy change of a system equals the heat absorbed or released plus the work done on or by the system.

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    Thermo Chemistry

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    fitness finesse
    477 views18 pages
    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that accompany chemical reactions and phase transitions. Energy exists in various forms and can be transferred between a system and its surroundings. Chemical reactions and physical changes are accompanied by absorption or release of energy. Endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings, while exothermic processes release heat. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant - it can change form but not amount. The internal energy change of a system equals the heat absorbed or released plus the work done on or by the system.

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    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that accompany chemical reactions and phase transitions. Energy exists in various forms and can be transferred between a system and its surroundings. Chemical reactions and physical changes are accompanied by absorption or release of energy. Endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings, while exothermic processes release heat. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant - it can change form but not amount. The internal energy change of a system equals the heat absorbed or released plus the work done on or by the system.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    477 views18 pages

    Thermo Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    fitness finesse
    Thermochemistry describes energy changes that accompany chemical reactions and phase transitions. Energy exists in various forms and can be transferred between a system and its surroundings. Chemical reactions and physical changes are accompanied by absorption or release of energy. Endothermic processes absorb heat from the surroundings, while exothermic processes release heat. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant - it can change form but not amount. The internal energy change of a system equals the heat absorbed or released plus the work done on or by the system.

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    Thermochemistry

    Introducti
    on
    • Broad category of everything
    existing in the universe:
    • Matter – “stuff”
    • Energy – which moves the
    “stuff”
    • Energy
    • primary source: sunlight
    (inexhaustible)
    • can be transferred in two ways:
    • cause motion of an object against
    a force (work)
    Energy Changes in
    Chemical Reactions
    •Changes in matter are
    accompanied by:
    • absorption; or
    • evolution of energy
    •Causes of energy change:
    • breaking; or
    • formation of bonds
    •Heat Processes:
    • Exothermic – heat is evolved
    • Endothermic – heat is
    absorbed
    System and Surroundings
    • System – focused subject
    • Closed system – exchange of
    energy, not matter with its
    surroundings
    c
    • Open system – exchange of
    energy and matter with its
    surroundings
    • Isolated system – no exchange
    of energy and matter with its
    surroundings
    • Surrounding – everything
    System and Surroundings
    Endothermic and
    Exothermic Processes
    • Endothermic
    • Heat flows into the system
    from the surroundings
    • Heat is generally transferred
    from a hotter to a colder one
    • Exothermic
    • Heat flows out of the system
    into the surroundings
    • Water poured into acid
    (dangerous) VS acid poured
    into water (safer)
    Endothermic and
    Exothermic Processes
    First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    Thermodynamics
    • “thermes” (greek) – heat
    • “dynamo” – power
    • study of energy and its
    transformation
    • understanding the
    relationship between heat
    and work in all living and
    nonliving things
    • understanding energetics
    and direction of reactions
    Law of Conservation of Energy
    • Energy can neither be created
    nor destroyed = it is conserved
    • Energy may be transformed from
    one form to another
    • Any energy lost by the system
    must be gained by the
    surroundings (vice versa)
    • Energy can be transferred back
    and forth between the system
    and the surroundings in the
    form of heat and work
    Internal Energy (E)
    • Energy contained within the system
    • Kinetic + potential energy of all components
    of the system
    • Is a state function - path independent
    • Depends only in the initial and final states of
    the system
    • Does not depend on how and where the change is
    carried out
    • If a system transformed from A to B, ΔE is
    • ΔE = EB – EA
    • If the transformation is carried out by
    exchange of heat and performance of work, ΔE
    is
    • ΔE = q + w
    ΔE = q + w
    • Heat absorbed or evolved by the system, q
    • Work performed by or done on the system, w
    • Q and w are path dependent
    • Changing q and w, their sum is still a state
    function

    Igniting methane ΔE w q

    Bunsen burner - 885 kJ +5 kJ - 890 kJ

    Engine - 885 kJ - 220 kJ - 665 kJ


    ΔE = q + w
    ΔE = q + w

    Heat added to the system   Heat evolved by the system


    (+q) System (-q)
    Work done on the system   Work done by the system
    (+w) (-w)
    3.2: First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    • Sample Problem:
    1. Calculate ΔE when 175 J of work is done on a system
    that evolves 50 J of heat to the surrounding.
    • The loss of heat decreases the energy of the system by 50 J,
    but doing work on a system increases the energy of the
    system by 175 J.
    • Given: • Solution:
    q = -50 J ΔE = q + w
    w = +175 J = - 50 J + 175 J
    • Required: = 125 J
    ΔE value
    3.2: First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    • Sample Problem:
    1. Calculate ΔE if 100 kJ of heat energy is absorbed
    by the system and 30 kJ of work is done on the
    surroundings.
    • The addition of heat increases the energy of the system by
    100kJ, but doing work decreases the energy of the system by
    30kJ.
    • Given: • Solution:
    q = +100kJ ΔE = q + w
    w = -30 kJ = 100 kJ + (-30 kJ)
    = 70 kJ
    • Required:
    ΔE value
    3.2: First Law of
    Thermodynamics
    • Sample Problem:
    2. A gas in a closed container is heated with 10J of
    energy, causing the lid of the container to rise 2m
    with 3N of force. What is the total change in
    energy of the system?
    • The addition of heat increases the energy of the system by 10J.
    There is no work given so we need to find it using the given
    information to get it. W = Fd

    • Given: • Solution:
    q = +10J W = 3N x 2m = - 6J
    F = 3N ΔE = q + w
    d = 2m = 10 J + (-6 J)
    = 4J
    • Required:
    W value, ΔE value

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