Overview of arduino mega

The Arduino MEGA ADK is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It

has a USB host interface to connect with Android based phones, based on
the MAX3421e IC. It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as
PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
The MEGA ADK is based on the Mega 2560.
Similar to the Mega 2560 and Uno, it features an ATmega8U2 programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Mega ADK board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other
new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to
the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with
the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that
operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.

For information on using the board with the Android OS, see:

You can find your board warranty information here.

Getting Started
In the Getting Started section, you can find all the information you need to configure
your board, use the Arduino Software (IDE), and start to tinker with coding and
electronics.

Technical Specs
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
USB Host Chip MAX3421E
Length 101.52 mm
Width 53.3 mm
Weight 36 g

Power
The Arduino MEGA ADK can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into
the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin
headers of the POWER connector.
NB: Because the MEGA ADK is a USB Host, the phone will attempt to draw power
from it when it needs to charge. When the ADK is powered over USB, 500mA total is
available for the phone and board.The external power regulator can supply up to
1500mA. 750mA is available for the phone and MEGA ADK board. An additional
750mA is allocated for any actuators and sensors attached to the board. A power
supply must be capable of providing 1.5A to use this much current.
The board can operate on an external supply of 5.5 to 16 volts. If supplied with less
than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.
 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.
 IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the
outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V.

Memory
The MEGA ADK has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is
used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read
and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
Each of the 50 digital pins on the MEGA ADK can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.
Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16
(TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of
the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20
(interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 2 to 13 and 44 to 46. Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP
header, which is physically compatible with the Uno, Duemilanove and Diecimila.
 USB Host: MAX3421E.

The MAX3421E comunicate with Arduino with the SPI bus. So it uses the following
pins:

 Digital: 7 (RST), 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK).

NB:Please do not use Digital pin 7 as input or output because is used in the
comunication with MAX3421E
 Non broken out on headers: PJ3 (GP_MAX), PJ6 (INT_MAX), PH7 (SS).
 LED: 13.There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 TWI: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
Note that these pins are not in the same location as the TWI pins on the Duemilanove
or Diecimila.

The MEGA ADK has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is
it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication
The Arduino MEGA ADK has a number of facilities for communicating with a
computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides
four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels one of these over USB and provides a virtual com port to software on
the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and Linux machines
will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino software includes
a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board.
The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via
the ATmega8U2/16U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the MEGA
ADK's digital pins.
The ATmega2560 also supports TWI and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI bus; see the Wire library for
details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.
The USB host interface given by MAX3421E IC allows the Arduino MEGA ADK to
connect and interact to any type of device that have a USB port. For example, allows
you to interact with many types of phones, controlling Canon cameras, interfacing
with keyboard, mouse and games controllers as Wiimote and PS3.
Programming
The Arduino MEGA ADK can be programmed with the Arduino software
(download). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega2560 on the Arduino MEGA ADK comes preburned with
a bootloader (the same on Mega 2560) that allows you to upload new code to it
 without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500v2 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these
instructions for details.
The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository.
The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:

 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map
of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP
software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new
firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting
the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino MEGA ADK is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software
running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of
the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega2560 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long
enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This
means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the MEGA ADK is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it
from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is
running on the MEGA ADK. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data
sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board
receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the
software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and
before sending this data.
The MEGA ADK contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads
on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110
ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.
USB Overcurrent Protection
The Arduino MEGA ADK has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's
USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own
internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500
mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until
the short or overload is removed.
Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility
The maximum length and width of the MEGA ADK PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches
respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former
dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note
that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple
of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
The MEGA ADK is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the
Uno, Diecimila or Duemilanove. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and
GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, and ICSP header are all in
equivalent locations. Further the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins
(0 and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is
available through the ICSP header on both the MEGA ADK and Duemilanove /
Diecimila.Please note that I2C is not located on the same pins on the MEGA ADK (20
and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila (analog inputs 4 and 5).

2) IC TSOP1738
The TSOP 1738 is a member of IR remote control receiver series. This IR sensor
module consists of a PIN diode and a pre amplifier which are embedded into a single
package. The output of TSOP is active low and it gives +5V in off state. When IR
waves, from a source, with a centre frequency of 38 kHz incident on it, its output goes
low.

Lights coming from sunlight, fluorescent lamps etc. may cause disturbance to it and
result in undesirable output even when the source is not transmitting IR signals. A
bandpass filter, an integrator stage and an automatic gain control are used to suppress
such disturbances.

TSOP module has an inbuilt control circuit for amplifying the coded pulses from the IR
transmitter. A signal is generated when PIN photodiode receives the signals. This input
signal is received by an automatic gain control (AGC). For a range of inputs, the output
is fed back to AGC in order to adjust the gain to a suitable level. The signal from AGC is
passed to a band pass filter to filter undesired frequencies. After this, the signal goes to
a demodulator and this demodulated output drives an npn transistor. The collector
output of the transistor is obtained at pin 3 of TSOP module.
Members of TSOP17xx series are sensitive to different centre frequencies of the IR
spectrum. For example TSOP1738 is sensitive to 38 kHz whereas TSOP1740 to 40 kHz
centre frequency.
Pin Diagram:

3) IR LED
An Infrared light emitting diode (IR LED) is a special purpose LED emitting infrared
rays ranging from 700 nm to 1 mm wavelength. Different IR LEDs may produce infrared
light of differing wavelengths, just like different LEDs produce light of different colors.

IR LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminium gallium arsenide. In

complement with IR receivers, these are commonly used as sensors.
The appearance of IR LED is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see
the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify if an IR LED is working.
A camera on a cell phone camera solves this problem. The IR rays from the IR LED in
the circuit are shown in the camera.

Pin Diagram of IR LED

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An IR LED is a type of diode or simple semiconductor. Electric current is allowed to

flow in only one direction in diodes. As the current flows, electrons fall from one part of
the diode into holes on another part. In order to fall into these holes, the electrons must
shed energy in the form of photons, which produce light.

It is necessary to modulate the emission from IR diode to use it in electronic application

to prevent spurious triggering. Modulation makes the signal from IR LED stand out
above the noise. Infrared diodes have a package that is opaque to visible light but
transparent to infrared. The massive use of IR LEDs in remote controls and safety alarm
systems has drastically reduced the pricing of IR diodes in the market.
IR sensor
An IR sensor is a device that detects IR radiation falling on it. Proximity sensors (used in
touchscreen phones and edge avoiding robots), contrast sensors (used in line following
robots) and obstruction counters/sensors (used for counting goods and in burglar alarms)
are some applications involving IR sensors.

Principle of Working
An IR sensor consists of two parts, the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit. This is
collectively known as a photo-coupler or an optocoupler.

The emitter is an IR LED and the detector is an IR photodiode. The IR phototdiode is

sensitive to the IR light emitted by an IR LED. The photo-diode’s resistance and output
voltage change in proportion to the IR light received. This is the underlying working
principle of the IR sensor.

The type of incidence can be direct incidence or indirect incidence. In direct incidence,
the IR LED is placed in front of a photodiode with no obstacle in between. In indirect
incidence, both the diodes are placed side by side with an opaque object in front of the
sensor. The light from the IR LED hits the opaque surface and reflects back to the
photodiode.
Step by step details to build an IR sensor are available at: DIY- IR Sensor

IR sensors find a wide variety of applications in various fields. Let’s take a look at few of
them.

Proximity Sensors
Proximity sensors employ reflective indirect incidence principle. The photodiode receives
the radiation emitted by the IR LED once reflected back by the object. Closer the object,
higher will be the intensity of the incident radiation on the photodiode. This intensity is
converted to voltage to determine the distance. Proximity sensors find use
in touchscreen phones, among other devices. The display is disabled during calls, so that
even if the cheek makes contact with the touchscreen, there is no effect.
Line Follower Robots
In line following robots, IR sensors detect the color of the surface underneath it and send
a signal to the microcontroller or the main circuit which then takes decisions according to
the algorithm set by the creator of the bot. Line followers employ reflective or non-
reflective indirect incidence. The IR is reflected back to the module from the white
surface around the black line. But IR radiation is absorbed completely by black color.
There is no reflection of the IR radiation going back to the sensor module in black color.

The projects is available at: line follower robot

Item Counter
Item counter is implemented on the basis of direct incidence of radiation on the
photodiode. Whenever an item obstructs the invisible line of IR radiation, the value of a
stored variable in a computer/microcontroller is incremented. This is indicated by LEDs,
seven segment displays and LCDs. Monitoring systems of large factories use these
counters for counting products on conveyor belts.

The projects is available at: Infrared Object Counter

Burglar Alarm
Direct incidence of radiation on the photodiode is applicable in burglar alarm circuit. The
IR LED is fit on one side of the door frame and the photodiode on the other. The IR
radiation emitted by the IR LED falls on the photodiode directly under normal
circumstances. As soon as a person obstructs the IR path, the alarm goes off. This
mechanism is used extensively in security systems and is replicated on a smaller scale for
smaller objects, such as exhibits in an exhibition.

The projects is available at: Infrared Burglar Alarm

IR Music Transmitter and Receiver

Using IR transmitter/receiver & music generator, audio musical notes can be generated
and heard up to a distance of 10 metres. The IR music transmitter works off a 9V battery,
while the IR music receiver works off regulated 9V to 12V.

The projects is available at: IR Music Transmitter and Receiver

Playing With IR Sensors

There are various applications of IR sensors such as TV remote controllers, burglar
alarms and object counters. Here we have used IR sensors (infrared LEDs) to make an
object-detection circuit and also a proximity sensor for path-tracking robots.

DHT11 Temperature/Humidity Sensor

Introduction

This DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor features a calibrated digital signal output with the temperature and humidity
sensor capability. It is integrated with a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller. Its technology ensures the high reliability
and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive element and a sensor for wet NTC temperature measuring
devices. It has excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and high performance.

Each DHT11 sensors features extremely accurate calibration of humidity calibration chamber. The calibration coefficients
stored in the OTP program memory, internal sensors detect signals in the process, we should call these calibration
coefficients. The single-wire serial interface system is integrated to become quick and easy. Small size, low power, signal
transmission distance up to 20 meters, enabling a variety of applications and even the most demanding ones. The product
is 4-pin single row pin package. Convenient connection, special packages can be provided according to users need.
 Specification

 Supply Voltage: +5 V
 Temperature range :0-50 °C error of ± 2 °C
 Humidity :20-90% RH ± 5% RH error
 Interface: Digital

Many low cost sensors have unusual output formats, and in this case, a "Manchester-esque"
output that is not SPI, I2C or 1-Wire compatible must be polled continuously. Please refer to
data sheet below

Documents

 Arduino Sample Code

 DataSheet
 We have the DHT11 datasheet but its in chinese so its not easy to understand. However, the sensor protocol
and timing is similar to the DHT22 so check out theDHT22 datasheet for more information.
Pre-requisites:
This Automatic AC Temperature Controller project is slightly advanced for beginner’s level,
however with help of few other tutorials anyone can build this with matter of time. So if you are a
absolute newbie to OLED, DHT11 or TSOP then kindly fall back to these tutorials below where you
can learn the basics and how to get started with these. The list might seem to be bit long, but trust
me it’s easy and worth learning, also it will open doors to many new projects.
1. Basic circuit using TSOP and IR LED to under their working
2. Basic interfacing guide for DHT11 with Arduino
3. Basic interfacing guide for OLED with Arduino
4. Interfacing TSOP with Arduino to Read IR remote values
Make sure you have an Arduino Mega and any other version of Arduino, since the code size is
heavy. Also check if you have already installed the following Arduino libraries if not install them form
the link below
1. IR Remote Library for TSOP and IR Blaster
2. Adafruit Library for OLED
3. GFX Graphics Library for OLED
4. DHT11 Sensor Library for Temperature sensor