Outline

„ Prototype series and parallel resonant circuits

- Near resonance, a microwave resonator can usually be
modeled by either a series or parallel RLC lumped-element
equivalent circuit.

„ Transmission line resonators

- Resonators composed of half- or quarter-wavelength
transmission line.

„ Excitation of resonators
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Series Resonant Circuit
„ The input impedance of a series resonant circuit is

„ The complex power delivered to the resonator is

Series and parallel resonant circuits
„ The power dissipated by the resistor is

„ The average magnetic energy stored in the inductor is

„ The average electric energy stored in the capacitor is

(6.3)

where Vc is the voltage across the capacitor.

„ The input impedance can be rewritten as

Series and parallel resonant circuits

„ Resonance occurs when the average stored magnetic and

electric energies are equal, or Wm = We. (energy thus conserved)
„ Then the input impedance at resonance is

which is a purely real impedance.

„ With Wm = We , the resonant frequency must be defined as
Series and parallel resonant circuits
„ The quality factor, or Q is defined as

average stored energy

= 2π
energy loss in one period

which is a measure of the loss of a resonant circuit.

„ Lower loss implies a higher Q.
„ From (6.7) using (6.3), and the fact that Wm = We at resonance, we
have

(6.8)
which shows that Q increases as R decreases.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Input impedance near resonance
„ The input impedance can first be rewritten from (6.1) as

since ω 0 = 1 LC
2

„ Let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω , where ∆ω is small. Thus we have

ω 2 − ω 02 = (ω − ω 0 )(ω + ω 0 ) = ∆ ω (2ω − ∆ ω ) ≅ 2ω ∆ ω
The input impedance is therefore given by

6.9
„ This form will be useful for identifying equivalent circuits with
distributed element resonators.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Half-power fractional bandwidth of the resonator

1 V 2
Re{Pin } = R| |
2 Z in

2
When the frequency is such that Z in = 2R , then the average (real)
2
„

power delivered to the circuit is one-half that delivered at resonance.

„ If BW is the fractional bandwidth, ∆ω ω0 = BW / 2 at the upper band
edge.
„ Then using (6.9) gives

6.11
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Parallel Resonant Circuit (Anti-resonant circuit)
„ The input impedance of a parallel resonant circuit is

„ The complex power delivered to the resonator is

Series and parallel resonant circuits
„ The power dissipated by the resistor is

„ The average magnetic energy stored in the capacitor is

„ The average electric energy stored in the inductor is

(6.3)

where Vc is the voltage across the capacitor.

„ The input impedance can be rewritten as

Series and parallel resonant circuits

„ Resonance occurs when the average stored magnetic and

electric energies are equal, or Wm = We. (energy thus conserved)
„ The input impedance at resonance is

„ The resonant frequency is also defined as

„ The Q of the parallel resonant circuit can be expressed as

since Wm = We at resonance.
„ The Q increases as R increases.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Input impedance near resonance
„ Let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω , where ∆ω is small. The input impedance can
then be rewritten from (6.12) as

1 1 ∆ω −1
= = ωo (1 + )
ω ωo + ∆ω ω0
∆ω
ω 02 = 1 LC ≅ ωo (1 − )
ω0

since ω 02 = 1 LC

„ When R=∞, it reduces to

Series and parallel resonant circuits
Half-power fractional bandwidth of the resonator

1 V * 1 | V |2
Re{Pin } = V ( ) =
2 R 2 R
1 1
= | I |2 | Z in |2
2 R

„ When the frequency is such that the average (real)

power delivered to the circuit is one-half that delivered at
resonance.
„ This also implies that

6.21
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Loaded and unloaded Q
„ The Q previously defined is a characteristic of the resonant circuit itself.
„ This Q is in the absence of any loading effects caused by external
circuitry, and is called the unloaded Q.

„ In practice, a resonant circuit is invariably coupled to other circuitry,

which will always have the effect of lowering the overall, or loaded Q,
QL, of the circuit.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
„ If the resonator is a series RLC circuit, the load resistor RL adds
in series with R so that the effective resistance in (6.8) is R+ RL.
„ If the resonator is a parallel RLC circuit, the load resistor RL
combines in parallel with R so that the effective resistance in is
RRL (R + RL ) .

„ If we define an external Q, Qe, as

6.22
„ The loaded Q can be expressed as

6.23
Transmission Line Resonator
„ Ideal lumped elements are usually unattainable at microwave
frequencies, so distributed elements are more commonly used.
„ Here we consider transmission lines sections as resonator.
„ Since the Q of these resonators is kind of interest, we must
consider lossy transmission lines.

„ Short-circuited λ/2 line

series resonator
„ Open-circuited λ/4 line

„ Open-circuited λ/2 line

parallel resonator
„ Short-circuited λ/4 line
Transmission Line Resonator
Short-Circuited λ/2 Line
„ Series type of resonance can be achieved using a short-
circuited transmission line of length λ/2.

„ At the frequency ω=ω0, the length of the line is l =λ/2, where

λ=2π/β. The input impedance is thus from (2.91),

or

„ Observe that Z in = jZ 0 tan βl if α=0 (no loss).

Transmission Line Resonator
1) In practice, most transmission lines have small loss, so we can
assume that αl << 1 , and so tanh αl ≈ αl .

2) Now let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω , where ∆ω is small, and assume a TEM

line, we have

where vp is the phase velocity of the transmisssion line.

Since l = λ 2 = π v p ω 0 for ω = ω0 , we have

and then
 Transmission Line Resonator
„ Thus

since ∆ωα l ω0  1 is a higher order term.

„ Equation (6.25) is of the form

which is the input impedance of a series RLC resonant circuit,

as given by (6.9).
Transmission Line Resonator

=
„ The resistance of the equivalent circuit is

6.26a
„ The inductance of the equivalent circuit is

6.26b
„ The capacitance of the equivalent circuit is

6.26c
„ This resonator thus resonates for ∆ω=0, and its input
impedance at this frequency is Z in = R = Z 0αl .
Transmission Line Resonator
„ The voltage distributions for the n = 1 and n = 2 resonant modes

„ The Q of this resonator can be found from (6.8) and (6.26) as

6.27
since βl =π at the first resonance.
„ This result shows that the Q decreases as the attenuation of the
line increases.
Transmission Line Resonator
Short-Circuited λ/4 Line
„ Parallel type of resonance can be achieved using a short-circuited
transmission line of length λ/4.

„ The input impedance of the shorted line of length λ/4 is

6.28
Transmission Line Resonator
1) For small loss, tanh αl ≅ αl
2) Assume that l = λ/4 at ω=ω0. and let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω .
For a TEM line,

so

Thus, the input impedance is

Z in

where αlπ∆ω / 2ω 0 << 1 is a higher order term.

Transmission Line Resonator
„ This result is of the same form as the impedance of a parallel RLC
circuit.

„ Then we can identify

„ This resonator thus has a parallel type resonance for l =λ/4, with an
input impedance at resonance of Zin=R=Z0/αl.
„ The Q of this resonator is

6.31
since l = π/2β at resonance.
Transmission Line Resonator
Open-Circuited λ/2 Line
„ Parallel type of resonance can be also achieved using a open-circuited
transmission line of length λ/2.

„ The input impedance of the opened line of length λ/2 is

Transmission Line Resonator
1) For small loss, tanh αl ≅ αl
2) Assume that l = λ/2 at ω=ω0. and let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω .
For a TEM line,

so

Thus, the input impedance is

which is also of the form of the input impedance of a parallel resonant

„ The Q is given by
Transmission Line Resonator
„ Various types of microstrip resonator
Transmission Line Resonator
EXAMPLE
A microstrip resonator constructed from a λ/2 length of 50Ω open-
circuited microstrip line.
The substrate thickness is 0.159cm, with εr=2.08 and tanδ = 0.0004.
The conductors are copper.
Compute the length of the line for resonance at 5 GHz. Ignore fringing
fields at the end of the line.
Sol
„ The width of a 50Ω microstrip line on this substrate is W=0.508cm,
„ The effective permittivity is εe=1.80
„ Then the resonant length can be calculated as

2.24cm

„ This length should be shorten by 2∆l if the fringing fields must take into
account.
Excitation of resonators
How the resonators can be coupled to external circuitry?
„ Electric coupling
„ Magnetic coupling
„ Mixed coupling
Excitation of resonators
Critical Coupling
„ To obtain maximum power transfer between a resonator and a feedline,
the resonator must be matched to the feed at the resonant frequency.
„ For example, the input impedance near resonance of the series
resonant circuit is

6.71
and the unloaded Q is,

6.72
„ At resonance, ∆ω=0, the input impedance is Zin = R. Thus,

and the unloaded Q becomes

Excitation of resonators
„ But from (6.22), the external Q is
6.75
which shows that the external and unloaded Q are equal under the
condition of critical coupling.
„ It is useful to define a coefficient of coupling, g ,as

which can he applied to both series ( g = Z0/R) and parallel ( g = R/Z0)

resonant circuits.

1. g < 1 The resonator is undercoupled to the feedline (R>Z0).

2. g = 1 The resonator is critically coupled to the feedline (R=Z0).
3. g > 1 The resonator is said to be overcoupled to the feeclline (R<Z0).
Excitation of resonators
„ Smith Chart Representation
Excitation of resonators
Equivalent circuit of a Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator
„ Now consider open-circuited microstrip resonator coupled to a
microstrip feedline.
„ The gap in the microstrip line can be approximated as a series
capacitor.

„ The normalized input impedance seen by the feedline is

where bc = ωZ0C is the normalized susceptance of the coupling

capacitor, C.
Excitation of resonators
„ At resonance, Im{ z} must equals to zero (We=Wm). Thus

6.85
„ The transcendental equation are sketched in the figure. In practice, bc
<< 1, so that the first resonant frequency, ω1, will be close to the
frequency for which βl = π (the first resonant frequency of the
unloaded resonator).

ω1

„ In this case the coupling of the feedline to the resonator has the effect
of lowering its resonant frequency.
 Excitation of resonators
„ Expanding z(ω) in a Taylor series about the (unloaded) resonant
frequency, ω1, and assuming that bc is small.

6.86
„ Since z(ω1) =0, we have
z(ω)=

where bc << 1 and A ≅ πv p / ω1 .

vp: the velocity of the transmission line (assumed TEM).
„ The normalized impedance is then (for lossless resonator)

6.87
Excitation of resonators
„ Now, include the losses for a high Q resonator by replacing the
resonance frequency (pp. 268)
j
ω1 ↔ ω1 (1 + )
2Q
we have
π π (ω − ω1 )
z (ω ) = +j
2Qbc ω1bc 2
„ An uncoupled λ/2 open-circuited transmission line resonator
looks like a parallel RLC circuit near resonance, but the present
case of a capacitive coupled λ/2 resonator looks like a series
RLC circuit near resonance.
„ The series coupling capacitor is thus the so-called inverter.
K2
Z in =
ZL
Excitation of resonators
„ At resonant, the input resistance is R = Z 0π / 2Qbc2 ∝ 1 / bc2 .
„ For critical coupling we must have R=Z0, or

6.82
„ The coupling coefficient of (6.83) is

6.83
„ bc < π 2Q < 1 and the resonator is undercoupled.
„ bc > π 2Q > 1 and the resonator is undercoupled.

Q → bc → C → ∆W (the gap width)