Overview of the Metallogeny of Sumatra

Setijadji, L.D.
Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University
Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Sumatra is product of long and complex geological history that spans a period of more than 250 My. The
basement consists of Paleozoic crustal fragments of Gondwanaland origin amalgamated through a series of
subduction-arc magmatism, collision and accretion events during the Mesozoic. Subduction zone along the Java
trench as we see today might have started in the Late Cretaceous. Late Cretaceous-Tertiary arc magmatism
produced huge numbers of mineral occurrences typical of SW Pacific Cu-Au systems, such as porphyry Cu-Au,
skarn and epithermal deposits. All deposits are located within the western half of Sumatra and are spatially
associated with the Sumatra Fault System.
On the other hand, mineralization styles associated with Pre-Tertiary rocks are much less known except for the
Sn-W mineralization in the Tin Islands. The indicated oldest mineralization is found as stratiform-stratabound Pb-
Zn mineralization within Palaeozoic sedimentary units in the Kelapa Kampit Sn mine (Belitung) and the Dairi
cluster (northern Sumatra). Sn-W mineralization peaked during the older granite event (esp. Triassic) associated
with the formation of collision-related S-type (ilmenite-series) granites that can be related to the Central (Main
Range) Province of the SE Asia granite belt. The younger granitoid group (mainly Cretaceous but also Jurassic)
forms separated plutons and batholiths confined along the Barisan Mountains Range, and are typical of magmatic
arc magnetite- or I-type granitoid. The Mesozoic magmatic arcs have been largely eroded that expose the
batholiths and plutons. Associated mineralization is dominated by intrusion-centered sulphide mineralization
such as skarn Fe-base metals with few exceptions of tin mineralization. Identification of I-type and S-type granites
is important first-step exploration criteria to identify the potential mineralization associated with granitoid rocks.
Sumatra is an ideal ground where new ideas on exploration targets can be tested. New economic deposits are
still recently discovered despite long and intense exploration programs since the 1980s. Many types of yet
unexplored metallic mineralization are considered potential to be discovered. These include the REE
mineralization associated with the Sumatran S-type granites and orogenic gold, to name a few.

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY The East Sumatra Block formed part of

Sibumasu, a continental fragment which
Sumatra is product of long and complex detached from Gondwana in the Early
geological history that spans a period of Permian and collided with the Indochina
more than 250 My. The basement of Block later in the Permian or in the Early
Sumatra consists of a complex assembly of Triassic (Metcalfe, 2006). During this
allochthonous continental Paleozoic crustal event, Palaeo-Tethys was subducted
fragments of Gondwanaland origin which beneath the East Malaya Block, from
were drifted away from the Australian which the deformed remains of this
continent in several stages, i.e. in the accretionary complex form the Bentong-
Devonian, Permian and Triassic time (Barber Raub Suture Zone (Metcalfe, 2006) that
et al., 2005; Metchalfe, 2006). These extends from the Malay peninsula into the
fragments were then amalgamated through Tin Islands (Fig. 1).
a series of subduction-arc magmatism, Following the collision of Sibumasu
collision and accretion events. with the East Malaya Block, the West
The southwestern part of Sumatra and Tin Sumatra Block became detached in the
Islands are part of the West Sumatra Block Triassic and was translated by transcurrent
and East Malaya which were drifted from faulting along the Medial Sumatra
the Gondwanaland during the Devonian. Tectonic Zone to be accreted
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 Figure 1. Principal terranes in SE Asia including Sumatra (Metchalfe, 2006)

along the outer margin of Sibumasu (East by the arrival at the subduction zone of a
Sumatra Block). large string of oceanic island arcs which
During the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic the had originated within the Meso-Tethys
Meso-Tethys commenced subduction along Ocean. The arrival of Bentaro and Saling
the margin of the combined West Sumatra Oceanic Island Arcs terminated the
Block and Sibumasu continent. Accretion subduction, thrust the Woyla Oceanic
during Mid-Jurassic-Early Cretaceous is Assemblage and Volcanic Arc over the
documented in the Oceanic Assemblage of margin of the West Sumatra Block in the
the Woyla Group, composed of buoyant Woyla Nappe.
oceanic volcanics, sediments, oceanic crust Subduction of the Meso-Tethys resumed
fragments which accumulated in the Woyla late in the Cretaceous on the oceanward
accretionary complex. This phase of side of the Bentaro-Saling Volcanic Arcs.
subduction/accretion was brought to a close Since the Late Cretaceous, the geological

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Figure 2. Major geological evolution and magmatism events in Sumatra during the Mesozoic
(modified from Crow, 2005).

setting of Sumatra is similar to what we see STRATIGRAPHY

today. The present-day tectonics Sumatra
forms the active southwestern margin of the Pre-Tertiary rocks are exposed in wide, yet
Sundaland which itself is the southeastern isolated, areas mainly in the Barisan
margin of Eurasian Plate. The thickness of Mountains and in the Tin Islands of Bintan,
crust underneath Sumatra is approximately Singkep, Bangka and Belitung. Occurrences
30 km. The NNE-directed motion of Indian of granites in the eastern part of Sumatra
Ocean results in an oblique subduction that extend into Tin Islands suggest that
along the Sunda trench and a the whole Sumatra is underlain by a highly
northwestward movement of a sliver plate. d i ffere n ti a te d P re -C a rb oni fe rou s
The Wadati-Benioff seismic zone crystalline continental crust whose ages
underneath Sumatra is detected up to a extending back into the Precambrian
depth of about 200 km (e.g. Hamilton, (Barber and Crow, 2005). However, direct
1979). The active Sumatran Fault System e v id e n ce for a Pre -C a rb onife rou s
(SFS) runs across the whole island along the basement through isotopic dating so far
Barisan Mountains and is accompanied by a has confirmed only Silurian granitic rocks
row of Quaternary volcanoes. (Rb-Sr age of 426 ± 41.5 Ma) encountered

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 by boreholes in the basement beneath the between the Sibumasu and East Malaya
Central Sumatra Basin (Eubank & Makki, blocks, horsts and grabens physiography
1981). This granite occurrence indicates was formed parallel to the orogen axis.
that an older basement underlies the Within this extension setting, granites of
eastern Sumatra. This is highly probable, the Main and Eastern Range of the SE
as Proterozoic and Lower Palaeozoic rocks Asia granite belts were emplaced (Fig. 2).
occur in the Malaysian Langkawi Islands The Pahang volcanics in east Malaya
only some 300 km to the NE of Sumatra represent the volcanic carapaces to
(Barber and Crow, 2005). The oldest rocks Eastern Province granites emplaced
identified by their fossil content were also within the Semantan Basin (Crow, 2005).
encountered in boreholes in eastern Between about 224 and 180 Ma (Late
Sumatra. These rocks contain Triassic-Early Jurassic) the Meso-Tethys
palynomorphs from near the Devonian- was subducted along the margin of the
Carboniferous boundary (Eubank & Makki West Sumatra Block, in which a
1981). continental margin volcano-plutonic arc
Better defined Pre-Tertiary rocks in of was formed, a small amount of these
Sum atra are grouped into the volcanics are now still preserved.
Carboniferous-Permian Tapanuli Group, Later on, accretion between 169 and
Permo-Triassic Peusangan Group and 129 Ma (Mid-Jurassic-Early Cretaceous),
Jurassic-Cre tace ous W oyla Group documented in the Woyla accretionary
(Pulunggono & Cameron, 1984). However, complex, was associated with the
th i s te rm in o l ogy s h o u ld b e s tr i ctly formation of a Jurassic-Cretaceous
applicable only to northern Sumatra where continent margin plutonic arc with its
the units were firstly defined (Barber and associated volcanics. Another arc was
Crow, 2005). Permo-Triassic unit is further formed at the western margin of the
divided by Barber and Crow (2005) into Meso-Tethys as the Bentaro-Saling
two age units, i.e. Mid-Late Permian and oceanic island arcs. The arrival of
Mid-Late Triassic. All Paleozoic rocks show Bentaro-Saling oceanic island arcs
metamorphism at various degree, and in probably in the Early Cretaceous
many parts are intruded by granite plutons terminated subduction and thrust the
that range in age from Permian to Late Woyla oceanic assemblage and volcanic
C retaceous. Only within the Barisan arc along the Woyla Nappe. Later in the
Mountains the Pre-Tertiary rocks are Cretaceous, subduction of the Meso-
intruded by Tertiary igneous rocks and are Tethys resumed again until now that
overlain to the NE and SW by volcaniclastic form the Sumatra section of Sunda
and siliciclastic sediments that fill the volcanic arc.
Tertiary basins and now become important
oil, gas and coal basins in Indonesia. REGIONAL METALLOGENY

MAGMATISM The contrasting geological settings of

Sumatra during the Paleozoic (parts of
The oldest magmatism in Sumatra is the Gonwanaland), Triassic-Early Jurassic
Silurian granitic rocks (426 ± 41.5 Ma) ( colli sio n- rel a ted m agm a ti sm ) a n d
found in the basement beneath the Central subduction-related magmatism after the
Sumatra Basin (Eubank and Makki, 1981). Early Jurassic, substantially affect on
During the Triassic, after the collision different mineralization styles through

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Figure 3. General geology, structures and metallic mineralization of Sumatra and surrounding Tin
Islands. The base map is modified from Crow and Barber (2005).

time (Fig. 3). Therefore, it is convenient to hosting ‘syngenetic’ mineralization types,

discuss the metallogeny of Sumatra the indicated oldest mineralization is found
according to the timing of mineralization. as base metals especially Pb-Zn
Unfortunately, the precise timing of mineralization within Palaeozoic (mainly
mineralization events in Sumatra is still Carboniferous-Permian) sedimentary
poorly understood as so far no basins (e.g. Crow and Van Leeuwen, 2005).
comprehensive dating has been carried out This type of mineralization is so far
for this purpose. Existing radiometric ages identified in the Belitung island (i.e. the
are mainly derived from other geological Nam Salu horizon within the Kelapa Kampit
studies, and many mineralization events Sn mine) and, more convincingly, at the
are merely assumed based on geological Dairi cluster in northern Sumatra. The Nam
ages of the host rocks, magmatism and/or Salu horizon mineralization was discovered
tectonic events. in 1980s within the previously known
Kelapa Kampit Sn mine which itself is
Base metals (Zn-Pb) mineralization within complex tin-sulphide-iron mineralization as
Paleozoic units both stratabound 'bedding-parallel veins'
Based on the ages of geological formations and crosscutting veins.

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 The Nam Salu horizon consists of 35-m lined. The evolution of granitic rocks in
thick interbedded, iron-rich (avg 39.95% Sumatra follows those of other, better-
Fe2O3 total Fe) chemically precipitated studied regions in eastern Asia continent,
sediments and basaltic tuff which is altered in which the older granites are
by metasomatism (Schwartz and Surjono, dominated by ilmenite-series (or S-type)
1990). Mineralization within this horizon while the younger one by the magnetite-
shows some characteristics typical of series (or I-type) (Ishihara, 1981). In
exhalative massive sulphide deposits, with Sumatra case, the older granite group is
a total resource about 25 Mt @ 6.5% Zn, mostly Triassic-Jurassic in age (247-143
4.0% Pb and 60 g/t Ag (Van Leeuwen, Ma) and is distributed as isolated plutons
1994; Crow and Van Leeuwen, 2005). over the Sumatra island east of the
However, Schwartz and Surjono (1990) Barisan Mountains Range and along the
interpreted an epigenetic (replacement) Tin islands (Cobbing et al., 1992;
origin for this deposit. Recently, Kelapa Gasparon and Varne, 1995; Cobbing,
Kampit mine is re-opened for processing its 2005).
iron contents. Radiometric data suggest that tin-
Important zinc-lead deposits were bearing granites of the Tin Islands are
recently identified within the Dairi cluster, dominated by Triassic age, and all are
northern Sumatra by Herald Resources. older than Early Jurassic (>180 Ma).
The deposits are hosted by the Kluet Many of these granites are of S-type
Formation (member of the Carboniferous- (ilmenite-series), peraluminous, and they
Permian Tapanuli Group) that consists of have narrow compositional range of
carbonaceous shales and dolosiltstones generally >70% SiO2. This granite group
(Crow and Van Leeuwen, 2005). produced numerous Sn-(W)-Fe
Mineralization varies from massive Pb-Zn mineralization and can be related to the
veins that were mined on a limited scale in Central (Main Range) Province of the SE
the early 1900s, sedimentary-exhalative Asia granite belt at Thailand and
(sedex) deposits of Mississippi Valley Type Malaysian Peninsula (e.g. Hutchison,
(MVT), and supergene mineralization. The 1983; Cobbing et al., 1992). The known
detail descriptions of this deposit can be major primary Sn-(W) deposits include
found in another section specially the Pemali (Bangka island) and Tikus
contributed to the Dairi cluster (Belitung). Geochemistry data of this
mineralization. Sedex mineralization is also suite suggests a collision to within plate
suggested to be present near Beukah in setting (Cobbing et al., 1992; Cobbing,
South Aceh as banded and laminated 2005).
pyrite-pyrrhotite-sphalerite-galena mine- In both Bangka and Belitung, some I-
ralization in an area dominated by meta- type granitoids are also present.
argillites (Crow and Van Leeuwen, 2005). Although these I-type granitoids show
lack evidence of tin mineralization, skarn-
Mesozoic granite-related mineralization
During the Mesozoic, mineralization in
Sumatra is associated with both magmatic
arc and collision-origin granites. Although
geochronology and geochemistry of
Sumatran granites are still poorly
constrained, two major groups can be out-

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like Batubesi iron ore (Manggar district, amount of gold is reported to be derived
eastern Belitung) is found near the I-type from skarns in reef limestones being
Gunung Mang batholith. Batubesi deposit, intruded by the Sikuleh batholith.
now being mined as an iron ore, is a vein- Cretaceous(?) batholitic granite can also
shape body of several km long and several be related with other skarn Fe-Mn
m thick hosted by metasediments. mineralization occurrences such as
Moreover, the nearest exposed granitoids observed at the Pringsewu area in
rocks surrounding the Kelapa Kampit Sn- Lampung. Only two limited tin
Fe-base metals mineralization are also of I- mineralization zones are considered
type. In the mainland Sumatra, several S- associated with Cretaceous granites, i.e.
type granites of similar age are also found, the Garba batholiths in southern
such as a suite of tin-bearing granites in Sumatra and the Hatapang batholiths in
northern Sumatra (e.g. Sibolga) and within northern Sumatra (Crow and Van
the Medial Sumatra Tectonic Zone Leeuwen, 2005).
(Tigapuluh Mountain and near Palembang).
The younger granitoid group (mainly Tertiary-Quaternary mineralization
Cretaceous in age, but few are Jurassic) Tertiary magnetite-series magmatism
forms separated plutons and batholiths and volcanism are well known to
confined along the Barisan Mountains produce numerous numbers of arc-
Range, and are typical of magmatic- related porphyry-related and epithermal
volcanic arc suite. Its compositions range deposits along the Barisan Mountains
from gabbro to monzogranite of range. Palaeocene magmatic arc is
magnetite- or I-type granitoid. The known to produce iron-rich skarns at
Mesozoic magmatic arcs have been largely Rawas and Sugei Tuboh associated with
eroded that expose the batholiths and the contact zone between Woyla
plutons. Examples of intrusion-centered metasediments and the Paleocene
mineralization are skarn and disseminated granite. Late Eocene-Early Miocene
mineralization at Muarasipongi and Danau mineralization is rare or poorly dated,
Ranau Kelayang in central Sumatra (Crow but an example is found at the Breueh
and van Leeuwen, 2005). Subduction along (NW of Banda Aceh), in which
the now Sunda trench began in Late disseminated sulphides and quartz veins
Cretaceous following the collision of the are related to the dioritic intrusion dated
Bentaro-Saling oceanic island arc complex at 19 ± 1 Ma. Upper Miocene magmatic
to the western part of Sumatra (Crow, arc (~13-9 Ma) is well known to produce
2005). Arc magmatism produced dominant many clusters of porphyry deposits (e.g.
sulphide mineralization with few Tangse, Danau Diatas, Siuluk Deras and
exceptions of tin mineralization. Late Danau Dipatiampat), however all are of
Cretaceous arc magmatism produced uneconomic grades and tonnages (Crow
precious metals and sulphides and Van Leeuwen, 2005). Upper
mineralization associated with magnetite Neogene mineralization is dominated by
bodies in Natal, west Sumatra, at the epithermal precious metal deposits
contact of the Manunggal Batholith and which now the main contributor of gold
the Woyla Group. This skarn-type resources in Sumatra. Long-discovered
mineralization becomes the source of and mostly exhausted deposits include
alluvial gold along the Natal river. In the the Lebong Tandai, Mangani and Lebong
Sikuleh area, north Sumatra, small Donok (low sulphidation Au). Newer

7
discoveries include the Way Linggo (low minimum sea level was attained 17,000
sulphidation Au), Sihayo (sediment-hosted years ago, in which economic tin placers
Au) and Martabe (high sulphidation Au). A were developed as channel deposits in
dated Quarternary gold mineralization age Bangka and Belitung islands (Hutchison,
at Lebong Donok (1.2-1.3Ma) suggests that 1983).
exploration should also include the
Quarternary volcanics. Geological settings CONCLUDING DISCUSSIONS
of low sulphidation system are both
extensional (in some cases graben) The high variety of mineralization styles
structures and compressive strike-slip in Sumatra are reflections of the
faults which are both located at the splays overlapping geological events since the
of the Sumatra Fault System. Example of Paleozoic. As complete geological history
the extensional setting is the Mangani of Sumatra is still far from fully resolved,
(Kavalieris et al., 1987), while the this is the place where next economic
compressive setting is found at the Lebong deposits will be likely discovered from
Tandai that produced quartz-cemented new ideas (re-interpretation) on existing
breccias bodies localized along faults mineral deposit and geologic models. For
(Jobson et al., 1994). Of all newly example, the Martabe gold deposit,
discovered gold deposits, Martabe is the located merely two kilometers from the
most outstanding one, with a resource of Trans Sumatra Highway near the
3.7 Moz Au and 46 Moz Ag was reported Batangtoru town, was just discovered in
only from the Purnama deposit (Levet et late 1990s despite intense Cu-Au
al., 2003). This deposit is considered as a exploration in Sumatra since 1980s
low-sulphidation overprinted by high- (Levet et al., 2003). The heavy
sulphidation system, consistently is also concentration on Cu-Au exploration in
emplaced proximal to a fault splay of the Indonesia after 1980s also affected our
Sumatra Fault System. lack of understanding on the whole
The extremely low sea levels of the Late spectrum of metallic mineralization
Miocene to Early Pliocene resulted in the styles associated with (Paleozoic)
extensive exposure of Sundaland sedimentary basins and Mesozoic
continent. Those conditions were ideal for granitoid bodies. Fortunately, recent
the formation of a deep laterized regolith resurgence on exploration demands for
over the land mass (esp. granites), such as bauxite and iron deposits, as well as
the formation of bauxite deposits in the other non-conventional targets such
Bintan and surrounding islands. Erosion on sedimentary-exhalative (including MVT)
this thick weathering crust has resulted in and rare metals partly fill this knowledge
colluvium and fan material that are highly gap.
weathered in the Early Pliocene (i.e. Old Related with various granitoid rocks
Alluvium deposits). The sea level continued present in Sumatra, identification of I-
to rise since Late Pliocene and the size of type and S-type granites is important
Sundaland continental land mass first-step exploration criteria to identify
decreased. Two major marine the potential mineralization associated
transgressions occurred 120,000 years and with them. This is especially true when
10,000 years ago resulted in deposition of dealing with Pre-Tertiary granitoid rocks
transitional and marine deposits. Young as both arc-related and collision-related
Alluvium deposits formed after the granitic magmas are present.

8
For practical purpose, this can be made This mineralization style has also been
easier for field geologists by identification reported from Myanmar, Thailand and
of magnetite- or ilmenite-series granitoid Malaysia. Most of these deposits are
that are easy to describe in the field. All structurally controlled and hosted in
magnetite series granitoids can be Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks such as
correlated with I-type granitoids, while the phyllite, quartzite, slate and gneiss (Kin
majority of the Ilmenite-series is S-type Zhaw et al., 2007). In Sumatra, this
granitoids. Magnetite-series are potential mineralization can be a new target of
for sulfide mineralization such as base future exploration under the Tertiary
metal sulfides, gold-silver, porphyry Cu-Mo cover that obscures the suture zones that
and VMS type deposits. Meanwhile, bound the West Sumatra, Sibumasu and
iIlmenite-series are potential for sulfide-free East Malaya Paleozoic terranes (Figure 1).
mineralization (cassiterite, wolframite, REE) The Mesozoic Woyla terrane which was
(Ishihara, 1981). Iron and Al (bauxite) accreted along the western part of
mineralization might be associated with Sumatra in the Late Cretaceous (Figure 2)
both types. is also a promising target area. Recently,
Besides the known styles of placer Au is also found and mined near
mineralization in Sumatra as described Sungai Liat, northern Bangka island,
earlier, several other types of unexplored within granitic rocks environment which is
metallic mineralization are potential to be partly deformed into gneiss. This is new
discovered. As the metallogeny of Sumatran evidence for the new target for granitic-
granites is often linked to other Mesozoic hosted gold mineralization in the Tin
granitic belts in Asia and Australia (e.g. islands.
Hutchison, 1984; Pei and Qiu, 1995), then
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