Qualitative tests for

Carbohydrates

Methods and significance

Laboratory Methods in Biochemistry 1

 OBJECTIVE

• To study the properties of carbohydrates

• To determine the identity of an unknown
carbohydrate by carrying out a series of
chemical reactions

2
 MONOSACCHARIDES OF BIOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
MONOSACCHARIDE ALDOSES KETOSES
Trioses (C3H6O3) Glycerose Dihydroxyacetone
(glyceraldehyde)

Tetroses (C4H8O4) Erythrose Erythrulose

Pentoses (C5H10O5) Ribose, Arabinose, Ribulose, Xylulose

Xylose

Hexoses (C6H12O6) Glucose, Galactose. Fructose

Mannose

Heptoses (C7H14O7) --------------- Sedoheptulose

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 3

 DISACCHARIDES OF BIOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
Sugar Composition Source
Isomaltose O-α-D-glucopyranosyl- Enzymic hydrolysis of
(1->6)-α-D-glucopyranose starch (the branch points in
amylopectin)
Maltose O-α-D-glucopyranosyl- Enzymic hydrolysis of
(1->4)-α-D-glucopyranose starch (amylase);
germinating cereals and
malt
Lactose O-α-D-galactopyranosyl- Milk (and many
(1->4)-β-D-glucopyranose pharmaceutical
preparations as a filler)
Sucrose O-α-D-glucopyranosyl- Cane and beet sugar,
(1->2)-β-D- sorghum and some fruits
fructofuranoside and vegetables

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 4

 POLYSACCHARIDES OF BIOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
A) Glucosan Fructosan Galactosan
Homopolysacchrides
Starch Inulin Agar
Glycogen - -
Dextrins - -
Cellulose - -
B) Hetero Non sulfated Sulfated Neutral
polysaccharides polysaccharides

Hyaluronic acid Keratan sulfate Blood group

substances
Chondroitin Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Heparin

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 5

 QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR
CARBOHYDRATES
Preliminary Procedure
Obtain an unknown carbohydrate and prepare
a 1% solution by dissolving 0.25 g of
carbohydrate in 25 mL of deionized water.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 6

 1. MOLISCH TEST
Principle: Carbohydrates when treated with
concentrated sulphuric acid undergo
dehydration to give furfural derivatives. These
compounds condense with Alpha naphthol to
form colored products. Pentoses yield furfural
while Hexoses yield 5-Hydroxy methyl
furfurals.

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 1. MOLISCH TEST
Procedure:
Take 2 ml of carbohydrate solution in a clean
and dry test tube. Add 2 drops of ethanolic
Alpha Naphthol (Molisch reagent) and mix.
Incline the test tube and add carefully 2 ml of
concentrated sulphuric acid along the side of
the test tube so as to form 2 layers.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 8

 1. MOLISCH TEST
Interpretation: This is a sensitive but a non-
specific test and is given positive by all types
of carbohydrates. If the oligosaccharides or
polysaccharides are present they are first
hydrolysed to mono saccharides which are
then dehydrated to give the test positive.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 9

 1. MOLISCH TEST
An appearance of
reddish violet or
purple colored ring
at the junction of
two liquids is
observed in a
positive Molisch
test.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 10

 2) BENEDICT’S TEST
Principle:
• Carbohydrates with free aldehyde or ketone groups
have the ability to reduce solutions of various metallic
ions.
• Reducing sugars under alkaline conditions tautomerise
and form enediols.
• Enediols are powerful reducing agents.
• They reduce cupric ions to cuprous form and are
themselves converted to sugar acids.
• The cuprous ions combine with OH- ions to form
yellow cuprous hydroxide which upon heating is
converted to red cuprous oxide.
11
 2) BENEDICT’S TEST
Procedure
• Take 5 ml of
Benedict’s reagent.
• Add 8 drops of
carbohydrate
solution.
• Boil over a flame or
in a boiling water
bath for 2 minutes.
• Let the solution cool
down.
(Negative Reaction) (Positive Reaction)
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 2) BENEDICT’S TEST
Interpretation:
• Benedict‘s test is a semi quantitative test. The
color of the precipitate gives a rough estimate
of a reducing sugar present in the sample.
• Green color - Up to 0.5 G% (+)
• Green precipitate - 0.5-1.0 G% (++)
• Yellow precipitate -1.0-1.5 G% (+++)
• Orange precipitate- 1.5-2.0 G% (++++)
• Brick red precipitate- > 2.0 G %(+++++)
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 2) BENEDICT’S TEST

Benedict’s test is a semi quantitative test. The

color formed depends upon the amount of
reducing sugar present in the mixture.
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 3)BARFOED’S TEST
Principle: Aldoses and ketoses can reduce
cupric ions even in acidic conditions. This test
is used to distinguish reducing mono-
saccharides from disaccharides by controlling
pH and time of heating. Monosaccharides
react very fast whereas disaccharides react
very slowly.

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 3)BARFOED’S TEST
Procedure:
• To 2 ml of Barfoed‘s
reagent, add 2 ml of
carbohydrate solution.
• Keep the test tubes in the
boiling water bath for 3
minutes.
• Cool under running water.
• Over-heating should be
avoided.

A scanty brick red precipitate is observed in a

positive reaction.
16
 3)BARFOED’S TEST
Interpretation:
• The positive reaction indicates the presence of
a reducing monosaccharide.
• On prolonged heating disaccharides can also
give this test positive.
• Hence, the solution should be boiled for 3
minutes only.

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 4. SELIWANOFF’S TEST
Principle:
Keto hexoses on treatment with hydrochloric
acid form 5-hydroxy methyl furfural which on
condensation with resorcinol gives a cherry
red colored complex.

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 4. SELIWANOFF’S TEST
Procedure:
• To 3 ml of Seliwanoff
reagent add 1ml of
fructose.
• Boil for 30 seconds
only.
• Cool the solution.

A cherry red color is observed in a positive

reaction. 19
 4. SELIWANOFF’S TEST
Interpretation:
• This test is given positive by ketohexoses so it is
answered by fructose, sucrose and other
fructose containing carbohydrates.
• This test distinguishes between glucose and
fructose.
• Overheating of the solution should be avoided.
• Upon continuous boiling, aldoses get converted
to ketoses and give a positive reaction with
Seliwanoff reagent.

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 5.HYDROLYSIS TEST FOR SUCROSE
Principle:
• Sucrose on hydrolysis with HCl is converted to
glucose and fructose.
• The presence of these two monosaccharides
can be confirmed by Benedict’s and Seliwanoff
test

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 21

 5.HYDROLYSIS TEST FOR SUCROSE
Procedure:
• Add 2 drops of HCl and I drop of thymol blue
to 5 ml of sucrose solution.
• The development of pink color indicates that
the solution is acidic.
• Divide it in to two equal parts.
• Boil one portion for about one minute and
then cool it under tap water.
• Neutralize both portions by adding 2% sodium
carbonate drop by drop.
10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 22
 5.HYDROLYSIS TEST FOR SUCROSE
• Formation of blue
color indicates
neutralization.
• Perform Benedict’s
and seliwanoff’s tests
with the boiled
portion.

Boiled portion gives positive test with

Benedict’s reagent, but the unboiled portion
does not reduce Benedict’s solution.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 23

 5.HYDROLYSIS TEST FOR SUCROSE
Interpretation:
• Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar, since it does
not have free aldehyde or ketone group to
cause reduction, hence it gives a negative
reaction with Benedict’s reagent.
• But upon boiling with HCl , sucrose is
hydrolyzed to yield glucose and fructose,
which give positive reactions with benedict
and Seliwanoff reagents.
10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 24
 6. OSAZONE TEST
Principle:
• A solution of reducing sugar when heated with
phenyl hydrazine, characteristic yellow
crystalline compounds called Osazone are
formed.
• These crystals have definite crystalline
structure, precipitation time and melting point
for different reducing sugars.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 25

 6. OSAZONE TEST
Procedure:
• Add 10 drops of glacial acetic acid to 5 ml of
sugar solution in test tube.
• Then add a knife point of phenyl hydrazine
hydrochloride and double the amount of
sodium acetate crystals.
• Mix and warm a little to see that the solids are
dissolved.

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 6. OSAZONE TEST
• Filter the solution in another test tube and
keep the filtrate in a boiling water bath for 20
minutes.
• Allow the tube to cool slowly in the water
bath without cooling it hurriedly under the tap
to have better crystals.
• Examine the crystals under the microscope

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 6. OSAZONE TEST

Needle shaped glucosazone crystals Galactosazone crystals as viewed under

as viewed under the microscope the microscope(Rhombic plates)

Sun flower shaped Maltosazone crystals Powder puff/hedge hog shaped

as viewed
10/1/2018 under the microscope
Biochemistry For Medics-crystals of lactose as viewed under28the
Lecture notes
microscope
 6. OSAZONE TEST
• Glucose, fructose and mannose produce the
same Osazone because of the similarities in
their molecular structure.
• Galactosazone crystals are formed in 7
minutes.
• Maltosazone crystals are formed in 10-15
minutes.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 29

 7. BIAL’S TEST
Principle:
• The test reagent dehydrates pentoses to form
furfural.
• Furfural further reacts with orcinol and the
iron ion present in the test reagent to produce
a bluish product.

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 7. BIAL’S TEST
Procedure:
• 2 ml of a sample solution is placed in a test
tube.
• 2 ml of Bial's reagent (a solution of resorcinol,
HCl and ferric chloride) is added.
• The solution is then heated gently in a Bunsen
Burner or hot water bath.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 31

 7. BIAL’S TEST

Interpretation:
• This test is specific for pentoses.
• Hexoses generally react to form
green, red, or brown products

The formation of a bluish product.

All other colors indicate a negative
result for pentoses.
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 8. IODINE REACTION
• This is a test for polysaccharides
Principle :
Iodine forms a coordinate complex between
the helically coiled polysaccharide chain and
iodine centrally located within the helix due to
adsorption. The color obtained depends upon
the length of the unbranched or linear chain
available for complex formation

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 33

 8.IODINE REACTION

Left to right: Lugol's iodine, starch solution, starch solution with

iodine.
Yellow-orange -> negative; Purple-black -> positive.
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 8.IODINE REACTION
Interpretation
Amylose- A linear chain component of starch,
gives a deep blue color
Amylopectin- A branched chain component of
starch, gives a purple color
Glycogen- Gives a reddish brown color
Dextrins- Amylo, Eryhthro and Achrodextrins,
formed as intermediates during hydrolysis of
starch give violet, red and no color with iodine
respectively.
10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 35
 REACTIONS OF GLUCOSE
S.NO. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) Molisch Test Purple ring at the junction of Glucose is a
two liquids carbohydrate
2) Benedict’s Test Brick red ppt (Color depends on Glucose is a
amount of sugar) reducing
carbohydrate
3) Barfoed’s test Scanty red ppt at the bottom of Glucose is a
test tube reducing mono
saccharide
4) Seliwanoff’s test Cherry red color is not Glucose is not a
observed keto hexose
5) Osazone test Needle shaped crystals Confirmatory test
for glucose

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 36

 REACTIONS OF FRUCTOSE
S.NO. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) Molisch Test Purple ring at the junction of Fructose is a
two liquids carbohydrate
2) Benedict’s Test Brick red ppt (Color depends on Fructose is a
amount of sugar) reducing
carbohydrate
3) Barfoed’s test Scanty red ppt at the bottom of Fructose is a
test tube reducing mono
saccharide
4) Seliwanoff’s test Cherry red color is observed Fructose is a keto
hexose
5) Osazone test Needle shaped crystals Fructose , Glucose
and Mannose form
similar crystals

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 37

 REACTIONS OF GALACTOSE
S.NO. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) Molisch Test Purple ring at the junction of Galactose is a
two liquids carbohydrate
2) Benedict’s Test Brick red ppt (Color depends on It is a reducing
amount of sugar) carbohydrate
3) Barfoed’s test Scanty red ppt at the bottom of It is a reducing
test tube mono saccharide
4) Seliwanoff’s test Cherry red color is not It is not a keto
observed hexose
5) Osazone test Rhombic plate shaped crystals Confirmatory test
for galactose

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 38

 REACTIONS OF MALTOSE
S.NO. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) Molisch Test Purple ring at the junction of Maltose is a
two liquids carbohydrate

2) Benedict’s Test Brick red ppt (Color depends on It is a reducing

amount of sugar) carbohydrate

3) Barfoed’s test No color change It is not a mono

saccharide

4) Osazone test Sun flower shaped crystals Confirmatory test

for Maltose

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 39

 REACTIONS OF LACTOSE
S.NO. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) Molisch Test Purple ring at the junction of Lactose is a
two liquids carbohydrate

2) Benedict’s Test Brick red ppt (Color depends on It is a reducing

amount of sugar) carbohydrate

3) Barfoed’s test No change in color It is not a mono

saccharide

4) Osazone test Powder puff/Hedge hog shaped Confirmatory test

crystals for Lactose

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 40

 REACTIONS OF SUCROSE
S.NO. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) Molisch Test Purple ring at the junction of two Sucrose is a
liquids carbohydrate

2) Benedict’s Test No color change It is a non reducing

carbohydrate

3) Barfoed’s test No change in color It is not a mono

saccharide

4) Seliwanoff test Cherry red color Keto hexose

containing
disaccharide
5) Hydrolysis The hydrolytic products give Confirmatory test
(Inversion) test positive reaction with Benedict’s for Sucrose
and Barfoed’s reagents.
6) Osazone test No reaction Sucrose does not
form osazone
crystals
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 IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN
CARBOHYDRATE
Step1- Perform Molisch test
Observation-Reddish violet ring at the junction
of two liquids.
Inference- Carbohydrate is confirmed.
Step-2- Perform Iodine test
Observation- No change in color
Inference- Mono or disaccharide
Note- Blue, brown or red color is given by starch,
glycogen and dextrins respectively
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 IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN
CARBOHYDRATE
Step-3- Perform Benedict’s test
Observation- Positive reaction (green, yellow,
orange or red colored ppt)
Inference- The given carbohydrate is reducing in
nature, it could be glucose, fructose, galactose,
maltose or lactose.
Note- Sucrose gives a negative reaction with
Benedict's reagent.

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 IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN
CARBOHYDRATE
Step-4- Perform Barfoed’s test
Observation- A scanty red ppt at the bottom of
the test tube
Inference- A reducing mono saccharide is
present, it may be glucose, fructose, mannose or
galactose
Note- The test is negative for disaccharides like,
lactose, maltose and sucrose as well.

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 IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN
CARBOHYDRATE
Step-5- Perform Seliwanoff test
Observation- A cherry red color is observed
Inference- Fructose is confirmed.
Note- Glucose, galactose and mannose give a
negative result with seliwanoff test.
Sucrose gives a positive reaction with seliwanoff
test.

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 45

 IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN
CARBOHYDRATE
Step-6- Perform osazone test (If fructose is
confirmed, osazone test is not required)
Observations-
Needle shaped crystals- Glucose, fructose or
mannose
Sun flower shaped crystals- Maltose is
confirmed
Powder puff/ hedge hog crystals- Lactose is
confirmed
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 IDENTIFICATION OF AN UNKNOWN
CARBOHYDRATE
Step-7- Perform hydrolysis test
If the Benedict’s, Barfoed’s tests are negative
and seliwanoff test is positive, the carbohydrate
is essentially sucrose, for confirmation proceed
with inversion/hydrolysis test
Observation- Benedict’s and Barfoed’s test react
positively with hydrolytic products.
Inference- Sucrose is confirmed

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 47

 SUMMARY
Biochemical Glucose Fructose Maltose Lactose Sucrose
test
Molisch Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive

Benedict Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative

Barfoed Positive Positive Negative Negative Negative

Seliwanoff Negative Positive Negative Negative Positive

Inversion - - - - Positive

Osazone Needle Needle Sun flower Powder puff Negative

shaped shaped shaped shaped
crystals crystals crystals crystals

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 48

 FURTHER READING
Follow the link for solved questions related to
qualitative tests for carbohydrates-
http://www.namrata.co/category/practical-
biochemistry/reactions-of-carbohydrates/
http://www.namrata.co/category/chemistry-of-
carbohydrates/subjective-questions-chemistry-
of-carbohydrates/

10/1/2018 Biochemistry For Medics- Lecture notes 49