CONVECTION ASSIGNMENT

Serial No.8 JIJY RENJ C F M180060ME

NATURAL CONVECTION OVER A VERTICAL FLAT PLATE (2D)

Consider a vertical heated plate placed in a medium at a uniform temperature. x-coordinate
is chosen along the plate positive upward and y-coordinate perpendicular to the plate.

DIFFERENTIAL MOMENTUM EQUATION FROM BASIC PRINCIPLES

Consider a differential control volume of sides Δx and Δy with unit width perpendicular to
the plane of the paper.

ASSUMPTIONS :
 Viscous dissipation is negligible
 Fluid properties such as specific heat, thermal conductivity and density are constant
 Fluid is incompressible
 Density is constant in all the terms except in the body force which gives rise to the
buoyancy force(Boussinesq approximation)
NET INFLUX OF MOMENTUM INTO CONTROL VOLUME

NET FORCES IN X DIRECTION

Includes surface forces (shear force, pressure force) and body force
2|P a ge
Net efflux of momentum in x direction = 𝛴𝑀

𝜕 𝜕
𝛴𝑀 = (𝜌𝑢𝑢 )𝛥𝑦 + (𝜌𝑢𝑢)𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑦 − (𝜌𝑢𝑢) 𝛥𝑦 + (𝜌𝑢𝑣 )𝛥𝑥 + (𝜌𝑢𝑣 )𝛥𝑦𝛥𝑥 − (𝜌𝑢𝑣)𝛥𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕
𝛴𝑀 = (𝜌𝑢𝑢 ) 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 + (𝜌𝑢𝑣 ) 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Net forces in x direction = 𝛴𝐹𝑥

𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑃
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = − 𝜏 𝛥𝑥 + ( 𝜏 + 𝛥𝑦 ) 𝛥𝑥 + 𝑃𝛥𝑦 − ( 𝑃 + 𝛥𝑥 ) 𝛥𝑦 − 𝜌𝑔𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑃
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = ( 𝛥𝑦 ) 𝛥𝑥 − ( 𝛥𝑥 ) 𝛥𝑦 − 𝜌𝑔𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢
𝜏= 𝜇
𝜕𝑦

𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = ( 𝜇 2 − − 𝜌𝑔 ) 𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Equating,
𝛴𝑀 = 𝛴𝐹𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
(𝜌𝑢𝑢 ) 𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 + (𝜌𝑢𝑣 ) 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑥 = ( 𝜇 2 − − 𝜌𝑔 ) 𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
(𝜌𝑢𝑢 ) + (𝜌𝑢𝑣 ) = ( 𝜇 2 − − 𝑝𝑔 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Taking LHS,

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕
(𝜌𝑢𝑢 ) + (𝜌𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝜌𝑢 + 𝑢 (𝜌𝑢) + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝑢 (𝜌𝑣 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜌(𝑢 +𝑣 ) + 𝑢 ( (𝜌𝑢) + (𝜌𝑣 ))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Since ρ is constant,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝜌(𝑢 +𝑣 ) + 𝑢𝜌 ( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
3|P a ge
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ = 0 , continuity equation for 2D incompressible flow
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(𝜌𝑢𝑢) + (𝜌𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝜌 ( 𝑢 +𝑣 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Momentum equation becomes,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝜌(𝑢 +𝑣 )=𝜇 2− − 𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝜕(𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 + 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ) 𝜕(𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ) 𝜕( 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 )
= = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
At free stream,

𝜕(𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 )
= −𝜌∞ 𝑔
𝜕𝑥
For flat plate,

𝜕(𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 )
=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜌(𝑢 +𝑣 ) = 𝜇 2 + 𝜌∞ 𝑔 − 𝜌𝑔
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜌(𝑢 +𝑣 ) = 𝜇 2 + 𝑔 (𝜌∞ − 𝜌)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Coefficient of thermal expansion,

1 (𝜌∞ − 𝜌)
𝛽= −
𝜌 (𝑇∞ − 𝑇)

(𝜌∞ − 𝜌) = 𝜌𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜌(𝑢 +𝑣 ) = 𝜇 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝜐 2 + 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
4|P a ge
 INTEGRAL MOMENTUM EQUATION FROM BASIC PRINCIPLES
Consider a pseudo differential control volume of sides Δx and h with unit width
perpendicular to the plane of the paper. 𝛿𝑡 is the thickness of the thermal boundary layer.

Momentum into the control volume past the face AB :

ℎ
∫ 𝜌𝑢2 𝑑𝑦
0

5|P a ge
Momentum out of the control volume past the face CD :
ℎ
2
𝑑 ℎ 2
∫ 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝛥𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0

Net efflux of momentum in x direction = 𝛴𝑀

𝑑 ℎ 2
𝛴𝑀 = ∫ 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝛥𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0

Net forces in x direction = 𝛴𝐹𝑥

𝜕𝑢
𝜏 = −𝜇
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = (−𝜇 ) 𝛥𝑥 + 𝑃ℎ − (𝑃 + 𝛥𝑥) ℎ − 𝜌𝑔𝛥𝑥ℎ
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = (−𝜇 ) 𝛥𝑥 − ( 𝛥𝑥) ℎ − 𝜌𝑔𝛥𝑥ℎ
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜕𝑥

𝛴𝑀 = 𝛴𝐹𝑥

𝑑 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃
∫ 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝛥𝑥 = (−𝜇 ) 𝛥𝑥 − ( 𝛥𝑥) ℎ − 𝜌𝑔𝛥𝑥ℎ
𝑑𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜕𝑥

ℎ
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ℎ
0

𝑑 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑃 ℎ ℎ
𝜌 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜇 −( ) ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 𝜕𝑥 0 0

𝑑 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑢 ℎ 𝜕𝑃 ℎ
𝜌 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜇 −∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 0 𝜕𝑥 0

𝜕𝑃 𝜕(𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 + 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 ) 𝜕(𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ) 𝜕( 𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 )

= = +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

6|P a ge
At free stream,

𝜕(𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 )
= −𝜌∞ 𝑔
𝜕𝑥
For flat plate,

𝜕(𝑃𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 )
=0
𝜕𝑥
𝑑 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑢 ℎ ℎ
𝜌 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜇 − ∫ (− 𝜌∞ 𝑔)𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 0 0

𝑑 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑢 ℎ
𝜌 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜇 + ∫ (𝜌∞ − 𝜌)𝑔𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 0

Coefficient of thermal expansion,

1 (𝜌∞ − 𝜌)
𝛽= −
𝜌 (𝑇∞ − 𝑇)

(𝜌∞ − 𝜌) = 𝜌𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )

𝑑 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑢 ℎ
𝜌 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜇 + ∫ 𝜌𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 0

𝑑 ℎ 2 𝜕𝑢 ℎ
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐 + ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 0

𝑑 ℎ 2 ℎ 𝜕𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐
𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0

The integral from 𝛿𝑡 to h vanishes so the integral equation becomes :

𝑑 𝛿𝑡 2 𝛿𝑡 𝜕𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐
𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0

7|P a ge
 INTEGRAL MOMENTUM EQUATION FROM DIFFERENTIAL MOMENTUM
EQUATION
Continuity equation for 2D incompressible flow is given by,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Differential momentum equation is given by,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑢 +𝑣 = 𝜐 2 + 𝑔𝛽(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Integrating from 0 to h,
ℎ 𝜕𝑢 ℎ 𝜕𝑢 ℎ 𝜕2 𝑢 ℎ
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝜐 2 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑥 0 𝜕𝑦 0 𝜕𝑦 0

Taking 2nd term of LHS of the above equation,

ℎ ℎ 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 ℎ
∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = [𝑣𝑢]0 − ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑦 0 𝜕𝑦

[𝑣𝑢]ℎ0 = 0 , since u = 0 at y = 0 and at y = h

ℎ 𝜕𝑢 ℎ 𝜕𝑣
∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑦 0 𝜕𝑦

By Continuity equation,
ℎ ℎ
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑦 0 𝜕𝑥

Taking 1st term of RHS of the equation,

𝜕2 𝑢
ℎ 𝜕𝑢 ℎ
∫ 𝜐 2 𝑑𝑦 = [𝜐 ]
0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 0

8|P a ge
 𝜕𝑢
since = 0 at y = 0 and at y = h,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢
ℎ 𝜕𝑢
∫ 𝜐 2 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐
0 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0

Substituting the terms back in the equation,

ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐 + ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑥 0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 0

ℎ ℎ
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐 + ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0 0

ℎ
𝜕𝑢 ℎ
𝜕𝑢2
∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑥 0 𝜕𝑥

By Leibnitz rule,
ℎ 𝜕𝑢2
𝑑 ℎ 2
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦
0 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0

𝑑 ℎ 2 ℎ
𝜕𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐
𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0

The integral from 𝛿𝑡 to h vanishes so the integral equation becomes :

𝑑 𝛿𝑡 2 𝛿𝑡 𝜕𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )𝑑𝑦 = −𝜐
𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0

9|P a ge