OVERVIEW OF BASIC COMPUTING

Topic to be discussed

Computer: Definition, Classification, Organization i.e. CPU, register, Bus architecture,

Instruction set, Memory & Storage Systems, I/O Devices, and System & Application
Software. Computing Ethics, Computer Application in e-Business, Bio-Informatics, health
Care,Remote Sensing & GIS, Meteorology and Climatology, Computer Gaming, Multimedia
and Animation etc.

To start the discussion on computer firstly we discuss about the difference between
computer and calculator.

1) Calculator doesn’t have the decision making power which computer have
2) Calculator has limited storage space but in case of computer we can increase our
storage space.
3) Computer is a programmable device but calculator is not programmable.
4) Calculator is a calculating devices but computer can calculate, analysis and put then
together in to final result, store it. Every computer has a calculator. It does lots of
other work which a calculator cannot do.
5) Computer has calculator in it but calculator hasn't computer

# Computer???
The term computer is derived from compute. A computer is electronic devices that transfer
data & instruction as input from the user, process the data & perform user information
known as output.

The electronic device is known as hardware & the set of instruction is known as software.

Process

Input Output Information

Instruction

# Basic Computer Operation

1. INPUT: It accepts data and instruction through the input device.
2. PROCESS AND CONTROL: it performs the action as per the instruction issued and
process the given data.
3. STORAGE: it stores the data and instruction for future execution.
4. OUTPUT: it generates the desired output after executing the instruction and processing
the input data.

# Advantages Of Computer
1. ACCURACY Computer performs complex and repetitive calculation with accurate
results.
2. MEMORY Store large amount of data and information
3. USER FRIENDLY Provide information to the user in many different forms.
4. FAST Perform fast execution or processing.
5. LESS MAN POWER Manual requirement is less.
6. BEST RESULTS Artificial intelligence, Decision making best results.

# Fundamental Components of Computer

INPUT UNIT: Input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer. Input
devices take the raw data from the user to the computer for processing.

 KEYBOARD
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an
arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic
switches.

 MOUSE

In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-

dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse
consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more
buttons.

 LIGHT PEN
A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand
used in conjunction with a computer's CRT display.
 TOUCH SCREEN
A touch screen is an electronic visual display that the user can control
through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with one or
more fingers. Some touch screens can also detect objects such as a stylus or
ordinary or specially coated gloves.

 JOY STICK
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and
reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also
known as the control column, is the principal control device in
the cockpit of many civilian and military aircraft, either as a center
stick or side-stick. It often has supplementary switches to control various
aspects of the aircraft's flight.
 MICROPHONE
A microphone is an example of a transducer, a device that changes
information from one form to another. Sound information exists as patterns
of air pressure; the microphone changes this information into patterns of
electric current. The recording engineer is interested in the accuracy of this
transformation, a concept he thinks of as fidelity.

 MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER READER

Magnetic ink character recognition, or MICR, is a character recognition
technology used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate the
processing and clearance of cheques and other documents. The MICR
encoding, called the MICR line, is located at the bottom of a cheque or other
voucher and typically includes the document type indicator, bank code, bank
account number, cheque number and the amount, plus some control
indicator.

 SCANNER
In computing, an image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner—is a
device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object,
and converts it to a digital image.

 OPTICAL MARK READER

 Optical mark recognition (also called optical mark reading and OMR) is
the process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as
surveys and tests.

 SMART CARD READER

A card reader is a data input device that reads data from a card-
shaped storage medium. The first were punched card readers, which read
the paper or cardboard punched cards that were used during the first
several decades of the computer industry to store information and programs
for computer systems.

 BARCODE READER www.rgpvonline.com

A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic device for reading
printed barcodes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a light source, a lens
and a light sensor translating optical impulses into electrical ones.

 WEBCAM
A webcam is a video camera that feeds its image in real time to
a computer or computer network.
OUTPUT UNIT: The output generated by the computer is sent to the output device.

 MONITOR
A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The
monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The
display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid
crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray
tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.

 PRINTER
In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a representation of
an electronic document on physical media such as paper or transparency
film. Many printers are local peripherals connected directly to a nearby
personal computer. Individual printers are often designed to support both
local and network connected users at the same time.

Types of printer:
 Inkjet Printers
 Laser Printers
 Dot Matrix

 SPEAKER
Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers external to a
computer that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker.
  PLOTTER
The plotter is an output device where a computer printer for printing vector
graphics. In the past, plotters were used in applications such as computer-
aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format
conventional printers.

# Central Processing Unit

The CPU which is referred to as the brain of a computer is responsible for processing the data
inside the computer system. It is also responsible for controlling all other components of
computer system.

# Main Operation of the CPU Includes

1. FETCH: Fetching instruction from the memory issued by the user.
2. DECODE: Decoding the instruction to decide what operation to be performed.
3. EXECUTE: Execute the instruction.
4. STORE: Store the result in the memory.

CPU CYCLE

The structure of CPU:

CPU contains ALU, CU, and Register.

ALU
 INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT
CU

REGISTER

INSTRUCTION

# Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

ALU is the combination of arithmetic unit and logical unit is used to perform arithmetic
operation on the input data (+, - , *, /). Logical unit is used to perform logical operation on
input data (<, >, <=, >=, =, OR, NOT, AND)

# Control Unit (CU)

CU is an important component that controls the flow of data and information. It is
important for the proper execution of the instruction.

# Register (Memory Unit)

Register are used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being
used immediately by the CPU, there are various types of Registers those are used for
various purpose. Register are special purpose high speed temporary storage area for
holding data, address and instruction during processing of instruction. Register are always
in the CPU. www.rgpvonline.com

PC: - The program counter (PC) just part of the instruction sequencer in some computers
is a processor register. It keeps track of the the next memory address of the instruction
that is to be executed once the execution of the current instruction is completed. In other
words, it holds the address of the memory location of the next instruction when the
current instruction is executed.
AC:-Accumulator: This Register is used for storing the Results those are produced by the
System. When the CPU will generate Some Results after the Processing then all the Results
will be Stored into the AC Register.

IR: - Instruction Register: store the instruction currently being executed.

MAR: - (Memory address register) this register holds the memory addresses of data
and instructions. This register is used to access data and instructions from memory
during the execution phase of an instruction. Suppose CPU wants to store some data in
the memory or to read the data from the memory. It places the address of the-required
memory location in the MAR.

MBR: - Memory buffer register

MBR stand for Memory Buffer Register. This register holds the contents of data or
instruction read from, or written in memory. It means that this register is used to store
data/instruction coming from the memory or going to the memory.

MDR: - (Memory Data register) MDR is the register of a computer's control unit that
contains the data to be stored in the computer storage (e.g. RAM), or the data after a
fetch from the computer storage. It acts like a buffer and holds anything that is copied
from the memory ready for the processor to use it.

# CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
COMPUTER
 Digital Analog hybrid

Super Computer Mainframes Micro Computer Minicomputer

Analog Computer: An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the

continuously changeable aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical,
or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

Digital Computer:
The digital computer works on discontinuous data. They convert the data into digits
(binary digits 0 and 1) and all operations are carried out on these digits at extremely fast
rates.

A digital computer basically knows how to count the digits and add the digits. Digital
computers are much faster than analog computer and far more accurate.

SUPER COMPUTER: A supercomputer contains a number of CPUs which operate in parallel

to make it faster. They are used for massive data processing and solving very sophisticated
problems. They are used for weather forecasting, weapons research and development,
rocketing, aerodynamics, seismology, atomic, nuclear etc.
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS: Mainframe computers are very powerful, large general purpose
computers. They are used where large amount of data are to be processed or very complex
calculations are to be made and these tasks are beyond the computing capacity of
minicomputers. They are used in research organizations, large industries, large business, and
government organizations, bank, and airline reservations where large database is required.

MICROCOMPUTERS: A Microcomputer is a low-cost, small, digital computer. It contains the

microprocessor as its CPU, a memory unit, an input device, and an output device.
Microcomputers have a wide range of applications like general purpose calculations,
industrial control, home application; Microcomputers are also called personal computers.
MINICOMPUTERS: Minicomputers are faster and more powerful than microcomputers.
Minicomputers are general purpose computers, smaller than mainframe and give
computing power without adding the prohibitive expenses associated with large systems.
They are used in accounting, word processing, data base management, statistical packages
for social sciences, CAD, and numerical analysis etc.

MEMORY AND STORAGE DEVICES

The memory unit of a computer is used to store data, instructions for processing data,
intermediate results of processing and the final processed information. The memory unit of
a computer are classified as primary and secondary memory.
 MEMORY

PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY

RAM ROM

SRAM
EPROM
DRAM PROM
M

EEPROM

COMPUTER MEMORY ORGANIZATION

Secondary Memory

(Magnetic Storage
Central Processing Unit
Device, Optical
(CPU)Storage
Device)

Primary Memory Input / Output Devices

(RAM, Cache memory) (Mouse, keyboard, printer)

ALU
CU
PRIMARY MEMORY
The primary memory is available in the computer as built-in unitof the computer. The
primary memory is represented as a set of location occupying 8 bits. Each bit in the
memory is identified by a unique address. The data is stored in the machine
understandable binary form in these memory locations.

THE COMMONLY USED PRIMARY MEMORY ARE

Random Access Memory: - This is the primary memory from where data &
instructions can be received in a random manner (RAM). It is volatile memory in which the
contents are lost once the power is turned off. The kind of memory is used to store the data
temporarily during the computer operations.
1. Static random access memory (SRAM): It is a volatile memory based on
traditional transistors using flip-flop gates to hold data as long as the power is on.
The contents are lost once the power is turned off. It is very fast and that’s why used
in cache memory. The SRAM takes more space and is expensive too, but it is easy to
use. It does not need to be refreshed periodically and synchronizes itself with the
timing of CPU.
2. Dynamic random access memory (DRAM): It is a volatile memory based on the
capacitors that hold data as long as the power is on. Due to discharging capacitors,
the DRAM is refreshed periodically. This refreshing is done automatically, and due to
the time consumed in refreshing. The DRAM is slow. It is inexpensive and takes less
space; therefore, DRAM is used as the main memory. www.rgpvonline.com

Read Only Memory: ROM is a special type of memory which can only be read
and contents of which are not lost even when the computer is switched off. ROM chips
are used not only in computers, but in most other electronic items such as washing
machines, microwave ovens, calculators, laser printers, media players etc. It is not
limited to electronic chips, CDROM and DVD ROM. It is categorized as follows:

1. Programmable read only memory (PROM): This is a kind of ROM has not been
pre-recorded by the manufacture, but is supplied empty. The user of this ROM can
store programs on it using a special tool. Once the empty ROM is programmed, it
behaves like any other ROM, that is, it cannot be rewritten.
2. Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM): This is a ROM which has
not been pre-recorded by the manufacture, but it is supplied empty. The user of this
 ROM can store programs on it using a special tool. Once the empty ROM is
programmed, it can be rewritten repeatedly after erasing the previously written
entire contents using ultraviolet light of specific frequency. EPROM is more
expensive than PROM.
3. Electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM): This is a
ROM which has not been pre-recorded by the manufacturer, but it supplied empty.
The user of this ROM can store programs on it using a special tool. Once the empty
ROM is programmed, it can be rewritten repeatedly after erasing the previously
written contents using electric charge. This kind or ROM requires erasing the entire
previously written content, but it allows erasing one byte at a time before writing
the new content onto it. The EEPROM is more expensive than PROM, but it need not
be removed from computer for rewriting. This is the most flexible type of ROM,
which is now commonly used for storing BIOS programs.

SECONDARY MEMORY
The secondary memory are the storage devices in which the data can be stored for
longer duration, and it is not lost even when the power is turned off. The hard disks,
flash drive, floppy disks, CD-ROMs and DVDs, etc., are examples of secondary
memory. This memory has greater storage capacity than the primary memory . Also,
it is inexpensive, but slow.

The secondary storage device can be classified as:

Magnetic Storage device: The magnetic storage devices store information that
can be read, erased and rewritten a number of times. These include floppy disk, hard
disk and magnetic tapes.

Optical storage device: The optical storage devices are secondary storage devices
that use laser beams to read the stored data. These include CD-ROM, rewritable
compact disk (CD-RW). Digital video disks with read-only memory, etc.
Magneto- optical storage device: The megneto-optaical devices are generally
used to store information, such as large programs, files and back up data. The end
user can modify the information stored in megneto-optaical devices multiple times.
These devices provide higher storages capacity as they use lease beams and magnets
for reading and writing data to the device. www.rgpvonline.com

CACHE MEMORY

The cache memory is faster than the CPU registers and slower than the main or
primary memory. It is a SRAM placed between the CPU and the main memory, and
when CPU needs any data or instruction is found in the cache memory, it is retrieved
 by the CPU for processing. Otherwise, the main memory is searched for the same
information. The most frequently used instructions and data are placed in the cache
memory; therefore, the overall speed of the computer is increased.

Main Memory

Cache Memory

Main Memory

MEMORY HIERARCHY
The computer requires different kinds of memory for its proper functioning. Since
the fast memories are very expensive, therefore they cannot be used in excess. There
is a hierarchy of memories considering their speed and cost. The registers are the
fastest storage devices; even faster than the cache memory (SRAM), which is faster
than the main memory.

Most expensive Fastest

 REGISTERS

cost CACHE MEMORY

Speed

MAIN MEMORY(RAM or ROM)

SECONDARY MEMORY(Hard disk, CD,DVD)

Least expensive slowest

FIG: MEMORY HIERARCHY

INSTRUCTION SET
An instruction set can be defined as a group of instruction that a processor can execute to
perform different operations. The instruction is defined as a machine language command to
perform a specific task. Each instruction has two parts

1. Opcode
2. Operand

Opcode means Operation + Code

It specified the operation to be performed by their instruction

Example:-ADD, MOV, MVI

Operand:- It specifies the memory location where the input and output data are kept.
# On The Basis Of Complexity the InstructionSet Can Be Classified As:-

1. CISC (Complex Instruction set Computer)

2. RISC(Reduced Instruction set Computer)

CISC RISC
1. Very complex and large no. of 1. Simple and less no. of instruction
instruction.
2. Number of instruction is about 100-250 2.Number of instruction is about 0-100
3. Longer time of execution 3.Less time of execution
4. Slow Speed 4.High speed
5. Memory based instruction 5.Register based instruction
6. Complex Design 6.Simple and easy Design
7. Solve complex task in the complex way 7.Solve complex task in the simple way

# According to the number of bytes there are three categories of

instruction
1. One byte instruction
2. Two byte instruction
3. Three byte instruction

One byte instruction:-One byte for execution.

Two byte instruction:-One byte for execution, One byte for operand.
Three byte instruction: - One byte for execution, Two byte for operand.

BUS ARCHITECTURE
A bus is a set of wire that is used to connect the different internal components of a
computer system for transferring data, address and control.

There may be several buses in a computer system

BUS

SERIAL PARALLEL

BUS BUS
The speed of any type of bus is measured in terms of the number of bits transferred per second,
between two components.

In Serial Bus only one bit of data is transferred at a time, amongst the various hardware
components.

In Parallel Bus, several bits of data can be transferred at a time, amongst the various
hardware components.

The figure depicts the two different types of buses according to the type of operations
performed by them. These buses are data bus and the address bus, a third type of bus known as
control bus- also exists in a computer system.

The Control Bus manages the transfer of data and address among various components by
transferring appropriate control signals

MEMORY

Data bus Address bus

PROCESSOR

I/O I/O DEVICES

Data bus Address bus
SUBSYSTEM
# DATA BUS
The Data bus in a computer system is used to transfer data amongst the different internal
components. The speed of the data bus also affects the overall processing power of a
computer system. Modern computer system use 32-bit data buses for data transfer. This
means that these buses are capable of transferring 32 bits of data at a time.

MAIN
Transfer of data
PROCESSOR
MEMORY

The data bus implemented between the main memory and the processor of a computer system.

The figure shows that a bidirectional data bus is implemented between the main memory and
processor of the computer system. The bidirectional data bus allows the transfer of data in both
the directions. The data bus is generally bidirectional in nature in most computer system.

# ADDRESS BUS
The address bus is also known as memory bus. It transfers the memory address for read
and writes memory operations. It contains a number of address lines that determine the
MAIN
range of memory addresses that can be referenced using the address bus.
PROCESSOR
ForMEMORY
Example:-a 32-bit address bus can be used to reference 2 Memory locations. Like data
bus, the address bus can also be a serial or a parallel bus.

Transfer of memory locations

Figure shows the address bus used for transferring memory locations between processor
and memory. The address bus between the main memory and processor of a computer
system is unidirectional. However, an address bus also is bidirectional. For example, the
address bus between the processor and the I/O system is bidirectional.

SOFTWARE
Software is defined as a computer program or collection of programs which is designed to
solve any task.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. System software
2. Application software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE: - System software refers to a computer program that

manages and control hardware component of a computer system. The system software is
responsible for handling the function of computer hardware. It is also responsible for
proper function of application software on a computer.

EXAMPLE:-
 1. OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE:-An operating system is a program
which acts as an interface between user and hardware.
2. LANGUAGE PROCESSOR:-These are system software which is used to translate
the instruction of any programmable language in the form that can be executed by
computer system, Example:- Computer, Interpreter, Assembler.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE: - Application software is a computer program that

executes on system software it is design and develop for performing specific task for
specific application.

IT CAN BE OF TWO TYPES

1. Special purpose Application Software
2. General purpose Application Software

The application software may be used for painting, making presentations(MS Power Point),
making documents and reports(MS Word), playing songs or videos( WinAmp), for
managing the payroll, for managing the accounts(Tally), for image processing, for
compressing the file (WinZip), for searching the location on the globe(Google Earth), for
creating architectural design( CAD/CAM), etc. For application software to work smoothly,
the system software are also required to be preloaded. Software may be a single program
(MS Paint, Notepad) or a collection of programs (MS office) known as software package.
Application program don’t necessarily come with the computer, rather the user has to
purchase them or freely download them to use.

Computing Ethics:

Ethics deals with placing a “value” on acts according to whether they are “good” or “bad”.
Every society has its rules about whether certain acts are ethical or not. These rules have
been established as a result of consensus in society and are often written into laws.

The Ten Commandments of computer ethics have been defined by the Computer Ethics
Institute. Here is our interpretation of them:

1) Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people: If it is unethical to harm people
by making a bomb, for example, it is equally bad to write a program that handles the timing
of the bomb. Or, to put it more simply, if it is bad to steal and destroy other people’s books
and notebooks, it is equally bad to access and destroy their files.

2) Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work: Computer viruses are
small programs that disrupt other people’s computer work by destroying their files, taking
huge amounts of computer time or memory, or by simply displaying annoying messages.
Generating and consciously spreading computer viruses are unethical.

3) Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's files: Reading other people’s e-mail
messages is as bad as opening and reading their letters: This is invading their privacy.
Obtaining other people’s non-public files should be judged the same way as breaking into
their rooms and stealing their documents. Text documents on the Internet may be
protected by encryption.
4) Thou shalt not use a computer to steal: Using a computer to break into the accounts of
a company or a bank and transferring money should be judged the same way as robbery. It
is illegal and there are strict laws against it.

5) Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness: The Internet can spread untruth
as fast as it can spread truth. Putting out false "information" to the world is bad. For
instance, spreading false rumours about a person or false propaganda about historical
events is wrong.

6) Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not paid: Software is an
intellectual product. In that way, it is like a book: Obtaining illegal copies of copyrighted
software is as bad as photocopying a copyrighted book. There are laws against both.
Information about the copyright owner can be embedded by a process
called watermarking into pictures in the digital format.

7) Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without

authorization: Multiuser systems use user id’s and passwords to enforce their memory
and time allocations, and to safeguard information. You should not try to bypass this
authorization system. Hacking a system to break and bypass the authorization is unethical.

8) Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output: For example, the
programs you write for the projects assigned in this course are your own intellectual
output. Copying somebody else’s program without proper authorization is software
piracy and is unethical. Intellectual property is a form of ownership, and may be protected
by copyright laws.

9) Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write: You have
to think about computer issues in a more general social framework: Can the program you
write be used in a way that is harmful to society? For example, if you are working for an
animation house, and are producing animated films for children, you are responsible for
their contents. Do the animations include scenes that can be harmful to children? In the
United States, the Communications Decency Act was an attempt by lawmakers to ban
certain types of content from Internet websites to protect young children from harmful
material. That law was struck down because it violated the free speech principles in that
country's constitution. The discussion, of course, is going on.

10) Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect: Just like
public buses or banks, people using computer communications systems may find
themselves in situations where there is some form of queuing and you have to wait for your
turn and generally be nice to other people in the environment. The fact that you cannot see
the people you are interacting with does not mean that you can be rude to them.
Computer Application in e-Business:
eBusiness (e-Business), or Electronic Business, is the administration of conducting business
via the internet. This would include the buying and selling of goods and services, along with
providing technical or customer support through the Internet. E-Business is a term often
used in conjunction with e-commerce but includes services in addition to the sale of goods.

Electronic business commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business", or an internet

business, may be defined as the application of information and communication
technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the
exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be
seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the
use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with
individuals, groups and other businesses.
Bio-Informatics:
Bioinformatics is the field of science which applies computer-based tools and technologies
on biological research and development. It primarily involves collection and storage of
biological and genetic data on which statistical techniques are applied to arrive at the
required solution.

Bioinformatics has become an important part of many areas of biology. In experimental

molecular biology, bioinformatics techniques such as image and signal processing allow
extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics and
genomics, it aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed mutations. It
plays a role in the textual mining of biological literature and the development of biological
and gene ontologies to organize and query biological data. It plays a role in the analysis of
gene and protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatics tools aid in the comparison of
genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects
of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue the
biological pathways and networks that are an important part of systems biology. In
structural biology, it aids in the simulation and modelling of DNA, RNA, and protein
structures as well as molecular interactions.

Health Care:

Now a day, computers are being used to cater to several different aspects of healthcare. The
use of computer is evident right from the beginning when a patient approaches healthcare
facilities. The health care staffs log the patient’s details in an organized manner in a
computer system. The same system is used for finding and allocating a vacant bed to
patient if required.

The most significant use of computers within healthcare has been its amalgamation with
medical equipment. A majority of medical equipment are now computer based, thus
enabling accurate capture of date in digital form. Further, a device like CT scanner helps the
physicians to view a 3-D imaginary of body organs.
Health care (or healthcare) is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness,
injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans. Health care is delivered by
practitioners in medicine, chiropractic, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, allied health, and
other care providers. It refers to the work done in providing primary care, secondary care
and tertiary care, as well as in public health.
Access to health care varies across countries, groups and individuals, largely influenced by
social and economic conditions as well as the health policies in place. Countries and
jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-
based health care goals within their societies. Health care systems are organizations
established to meet the health needs of target populations. Their exact configuration varies
from country to country. In some countries and jurisdictions, health care planning is
distributed among market participants, whereas in others planning is made more centrally
among governments or other coordinating bodies. In all cases, according to the World
Health Organization (WHO), a well-functioning health care system requires a robust
financing mechanism; a well-trained and adequately-paid workforce; reliable information
on which to base decisions and policies; and well maintained facilities and logistics to
deliver quality medicines and technologies.

Remote Sensing:

Remote sensing is the technique of acquiring information about a subject (material or

spatial) without coming in direct contact with it. Since, there is no direct contact involved,
wireless devices are used for performing remote sensing task. Such devices are typically
real time systems that continuously gather and store data related to subject under
observation. A RADAR system can be considered as a good example of remote sensing
device that measure the time delay between sending and receiving of signals to detect
information related to the objects.

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without

making physical contact with the object. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the
use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the
surface, and in the atmosphere and oceans) by means of propagated
signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation emitted from aircraft or satellites).
GIS (Geographic information system):

Geographic information system (GIS) is a system that gathers location-specifics data

present it is various meaningful forms. It is basically a computer- based information system
that captures and stores location-specific data against different parameters.

A geographic information system (GIS) lets us visualize, question, analyze, interpret, and
understand data to reveal relationships, patterns, and trends.
Geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical. The acronym GIS is sometimes used
for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the
academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems. In the
simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis,
and database technology
Meteorology and Climatology:

Metrology is the study of atmosphere and the related weather condition over short time
intervals aims at making routine weather forecasts.

Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. Studies in the field
stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the
18th century. The 19th century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks
developed across several countries. After the development of the computer in the latter half
of the 20th century, breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.
Climatology, on the other hand is the study of weather conditions over a long period of
time (in years), so as to expand the climate of a region in totality. Both these process use
computers for collection, storage and processing of data. Climatology in particular requires
extensive data analysis to study the weather trends over longs periods of time. The results
are the analysis are displayed using graphics, animation so that accurate forecasts can be
predicted the weather experts.

Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged

over a period of time. Traditionally it is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric
sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences.
Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry. Basic knowledge
of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques
such as the El Ninñ o – Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Northern Annualar Mode (NAM) which is also known
as the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the Pacific Decadal
Oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Climate models are used
for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to
projections of future climate.
Computer Gaming:
Computers are widely used for playing games that are similar to video or console- based
games. A computer must process graphics and animations support for ensuring rich gaming
experience to the user. The computer gaming industry has evolved tremendously over the
experience over the past decade.

Computer and video games are a maturing medium and industry and have caught the
attention of scholars across a variety of disciplines. By and large, computer and video
games have been ignored by educators. When educators have discussed games, they have
focused on the social consequences of game play, ignoring important educational potentials
of gaming. This paper examines the history of games in educational research, and argues
that the cognitive potential of games have been largely ignored by educators. Contemporary
developments in gaming, particularly interactive stories, digital authoring tools, and
collaborative worlds, suggest powerful new opportunities for educational media.

Multimedia:

Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. This
contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or
traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination
of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms.
Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information
content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be
part of a live performance. Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store
and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine
art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is
synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one
particular multimedia application

Animation:
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images to create an illusion of movement.
The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video
program, although there are other methods. This type of presentation is usually
accomplished with a camera and a projector or a computer viewing screen which can
rapidly cycle through images in a sequence. Animation can be made with either hand
rendered art, computer generated imagery, or three-dimensional objects, e.g. puppets or
clay figures, or a combination of techniques. The position of each object in any particular
image relates to the position of that object in the previous and following images so that the
objects each appear to fluidly move independently of one another. The viewing device
displays these images in rapid succession, usually 24, 25, or 30 frames per second.