ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Textbooks
• Main
– E Rich, k Knight, and S Nair, Artificial
Intelligence, McGraw-Hill.
• Auxiliary
– S Russell and P Norvig, Artificial Intelligence:
A Modern Approach, Prentice Hall.
Thinking Machines

Can you
list the items
in this
picture?
 Thinking Machines
Can you count the distribution of letters in a book?
Add a thousand 4-digit numbers?
Match finger prints?
Search a list of a million values for duplicates?
 Thinking Machines
Humans do best Computers do best

Can you count the

distribution of letters in
a book?
Add a thousand4-digit
Can you numbers?
list the items Match finger prints?
in this Search a list of a
picture? million values
for duplicates?

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 Thinking Machines
Artificial intelligence (AI)
The study of computer systems that attempt
to model and apply the intelligence of the
human mind
For example, writing a program to pick out
objects in a picture

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 The Turing Test
Turing test
A test to empirically determine whether a computer
has achieved intelligence
Alan Turing
An English mathematician who wrote a landmark
paper in 1950 that asked the question: Can
machines think?
He proposed a test to answer the question "How
will we know when we’ve succeeded?"

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 The Turing Test

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 The Turing Test
Weak equivalence
Two systems (human and computer) are
equivalent in results (output), but they do not
arrive at those results in the same way
Strong equivalence
Two systems (human and computer) use the
same internal processes to produce results

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Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence
 What is intelligence?
• Intelligence is the ability to learn/
understand/deal with new situations.
• It is the ability to apply knowledge/ to think
abstractly.
• Intelligence is a property/ability attributed
to people, such as to know, to think, to
talk, to learn.
Intelligence = Knowledge + ability
to perceive, feel, comprehend, process,
communicate, judge, learn.
 What is Artificial Intelligence
(AI)?
• By Shapiro :- “ AI is the field of science and
engineering concerned with the conceptual
understanding of what is commonly called
intelligent behavior and with the creation of
artifacts that exhibits such behavior.”
• By Rich :- “AI is the study of how to make
computers do things which at the moment
human beings do better.”
What is AI?.........

• By David Marr :- “Artificial Intelligence is a study of

complex information processing problems that often
have their roots in some aspect of biological information
processing. The goal of the subject is to identify solvable
and interesting information processing problems, and
solve them.” .
• By Tom Dean :- “Artificial Intelligence is the design,
study and construction of computer programs that
behave intelligently.”
• By Matt Ginsberg :- “Artificial Intelligence is the
enterprise of constructing a physical symbol system that
can reliably pass the Turing test.”
 Some other definitions: -
• "The branch of computer science that
is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behavior.”
• " The science of making machines do
things that would require intelligence if
done by men.”
• "The study of computations that make it
possible to perceive, reason, and act"
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• Scientific goal: understand the mechanism behind human
intelligence.
• Engineering goal: develop concepts and tools for building
intelligent agents capable of solving real world problems.
Examples:
– Knowledge-based systems: capture expert knowledge and apply
them to solve problems in a limited domain.
– Common sense reasoning systems: capture and process
knowledge that people commonly hold which is not explicitly
communicated.
– Learning systems: posses the ability to expend their knowledge
based on the accumulated experience.
– Natural language understanding systems.
– Intelligent robots.
– Speech and vision recognition systems.
– Game playing (IBM’s Deep Blue)
 Strong AI

Create a robot which is autonomous, thinks for

itself, makes its own decisions, can deliberate
about its own thoughts, can learn and adapt to
new situations and can communicate with
humans through the use of language

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 Weak AI

To build a computer program that

simulates a particular intelligent
activity, e.g. playing chess

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 Specifics of AI problems
• Require both procedural and declarative
knowledge
• Require reasoning abilities
• Require planning
• Require learning abilities

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 AI methods, problems,
applications

Paradigms: Symbolic; Connectionists

Methods: Knowledge Representation, Logic, Search
Problems: Planning and Decision Making, Pattern
Recognition, Machine Learning
Applications: Intelligent agents, Expert systems,
Game playing, Natural Language Processing,
Robotics
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20
 Example
A farmer has to move a goat, a cabbage and a wolf
from one side of a river to the other side using a
small boat. The boat can carry only the farmer and
one more object (either the goat, or the cabbage, or
the wolf).

If the farmer leaves the goat with the wolf alone, the
wolf would kill the goat.
If the goat is alone with the cabbage, it will eat the
cabbage.

How can the farmer move all his property safely to

the other side of the river?
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 Solution

• Identify the initial and the target states

• Choose appropriate representation of the states
• Decide on operators to change the states.
• Identify restrictions: are all operators applicable to
all states?
• Decide on how the cost of the solution would be
measured
• Solve the problem

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 AI prehistory
• Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical
system foundations of learning, language,
rationality
• Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability
• Economics utility, decision theory
• Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,
experimental techniques
• Computer building fast computers
engineering
• Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
• Linguistics knowledge representation, grammar
 Abridged history of AI
• 1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain. a
model of connected artificial neurons
• 1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted
• 1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands!
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers
program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist,
Gelernter's Geometry Engine LISP by McCarthy
• 1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
• 1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
• 1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
• 1972 Prolog, created by Alain Colmerauer
Abridged history of AI…………

• 1975 Frames: a knowledge representation

scheme, developed by Marvin Minsky.
o SHRDLU by Terry Winograd - understanding
natural language in the block world
o DENDRAL - inferring molecular structure from the
information provided by a mass spectrometer.
Developed by Edward Feigenbaum
o MYCIN – a rule-based system for knowledge
representation and inference in the domain of
medical diagnosis and therapy.
(The first expert system)
Abridged history of AI…………

• 1980-- AI becomes an industry

• 1981 Fifth generation project in
Japan.
• Mid 80's Neural Networks
• 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity
• 1987-- AI becomes a science
• 1990’s Major advances in Machine learning,
Natural language processing, multi-agent
systems, robotics
Abridged history of AI…………

• 1995 The emergence of intelligent agents

• 2000 Robotics:
• Humanoid robots - Rodney Brook, Robo-Cup
soccer, Humanoid sociable robots,
Interactive robot pets
Cool things AI is doing now
 Robotics
Mars rover
https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/home/index.html
Robotics
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/
Entertainment robots
http://www.sony-aibo.com/
Vacuum cleaner robots: “Roomba”
http://www.irobot.com/For-the-Home/Vacuuming/Roomba.aspx
 Robots

Sony's Aibo

© Chris Willson/Alamy

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 Robots

Sojourner
Rover

Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech.

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 Robots

Spirit or
Opportunity Rover

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 Machine Learning
• Looking for patterns in vast amounts of
data that is just too big for humans to
analyze
 Lanuage Systems
Automatic translation
http://www.myeasytranslator.com/
 Speech Systems
Movie ticket reservations by phone
1-800-Fandango
You talk, it types
IBM’s ViaVoice
 Vision Systems
Face recognition and enhancement
http://fliphtml5.com/eadm/jbps/basic/51-60
Automated driving - No Hands across America
Visual tracking systems
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/CAVE/
 More Information
https://www.aaai.org/home.html
The State of the Art Example: The Semantic Web

The Semantic Web is the latest most prominent example of applied

AI. It allows data to be linked across the web, and thus understood
by computers so that they can perform increasingly sophisticated
tasks which were previously delegated to humans.

http://www.cambridgesemantics.com/semantic-university/introduction-semantic-
web

“The word semantic itself implies meaning or understanding. As

such, the fundamental difference between Semantic Web
technologies and other technologies related to data (such as
relational databases or the World Wide Web itself) is that the
Semantic Web is concerned with the meaning and not the
structure of data.”
 Other State of the art examples
• Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion
Garry Kasparov in 1997
• Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)
unsolved for decades
• No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of
the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego)
• During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI
logistics planning and scheduling program that involved
up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
• NASA's on-board autonomous planning program
controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most
humans
 Other State of the art examples
• Scientists are teaching robots to explore extra
terrestrial planets and serve you coffee, cars are
learning to drive themselves, computers are
trying to assist doctors with medical diagnoses,
and video game soldiers are training to do battle
in a virtual theatre of war.
 Applications of AI

• AI has been used in a wide range of fields

including medical diagnosis, stock trading,
robot control, law, scientific discovery and
toys. Many thousands of AI applications
are deeply embedded in the infrastructure
of every industry. It includes :
 Applications of AI
• 1 Computer science
– AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most
difficult problems in computer science.
• 2 Finance
– Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations,
invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots
beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition.[4]
– Financial institutions have long used artificial neural network
systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging
these for human investigation.
– Creative Virtual has deployed artificial intelligence customer
support systems, or automated online assistants, at E*TRADE,
HSBC, Intuit and Lloyds Banking Group, to assist financial
services customers with services such as checking an account
balance, signing up for a new credit card or retrieving a forgotten
password.
 Applications of AI
• 3 Hospitals and medicine
– A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems
to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and
provide medical information.
– Artificial neural networks are used as clinical decision
support systems for medical diagnosis, such as in
Concept Processing technology in EMR software.
– Other tasks in medicine that can potentially be
performed by artificial intelligence include:
– Computer-aided interpretation of medical
images. Such systems help scan digital
images.
 Applications of AI
• 4 Heavy industry
– Robots have become common in many
industries. They are often given jobs that are
considered dangerous to humans. Robots
have proven effective in jobs that are very
repetitive which may lead to mistakes or
accidents due to a lapse in concentration and
other jobs which humans may find degrading.
Japan is the leader in using and producing
robots in the world. In 1999, 1,700,000 robots
were in use worldwide.
 Applications of AI
• 5 Online and telephone customer service
– Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated online
assistants that can be seen as avatars on web pages . It can
avail for enterprises to reduce their operating and training cost .
A major underlying technology to such systems is natural
language processing.
– Similar techniques may be used in answering machines of call
centres , such as speech recognition software to allow
computers to handle first level of customer support, text mining
and natural language processing to allow better customer
handling, agent training by automatic mining of best practices
from past interactions, support automation and many other
technologies to improve agent productivity and customer
satisfaction.
 Applications of AI
• 6 Transportation
– Fuzzy logic controllers have been developed for automatic
gearboxes in automobiles (the 2006 Audi TT, VW Toureg and
VW Caravell feature the DSP transmission which utilizes Fuzzy
Logic, a number of Škoda variants (Škoda Fabia) also currently
include a Fuzzy Logic based controller).
• 7 Telecommunications
– Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic
search in the management of their workforces, for example BT
Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling application
that provides the work schedules of 20,000 engineers.
 Applications of AI
• 8 Toys and games
– The 1990s saw some of the first attempts to mass-produce domestically aimed
types of basic Artificial Intelligence for education, or leisure. This prospered
greatly with the Digital Revolution, and helped introduce people, especially
children, to a life of dealing with various types of Artificial Intelligence, specifically
in the form of Tamagotchis and Giga Pets, the Internet (example: basic search
engine interfaces are one simple form), and the first widely released robot,
Furby. A mere year later an improved type of domestic robot was released in the
form of Aibo, a robotic dog with intelligent features and autonomy. AI has also
been applied to video games.

• 9 Music
– The evolution of music has always been affected by technology.
With AI, scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the
activities of the skillful musician. Composition, performance,
music theory, sound processing are some of the major areas on
which research in Music and Artificial Intelligence are focusing.
 Applications of AI
• 10 Aviation
– The Air Operations Division AOD, uses AI for the rule based
expert systems. The AOD has use for artificial intelligence for
surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, mission
management aids, support systems for tactical decision making,
and post processing of the simulator data into symbolic
summaries.
– The use of artificial intelligence in simulators is proving to be
very useful for the AOD. Airplane simulators are using artificial
intelligence in order to process the data taken from simulated
flights. Other than simulated flying, there is also simulated
aircraft warfare. The computers are able to come up with the
best success scenarios in these situations. The computers can
also create strategies based on the placement, size, speed, and
strength of the forces and counter forces. Pilots may be given
assistance in the air during combat by computers.
 Applications of AI
• 10 Aviation
– The system used by the AOD in order to measure performance
was the Interactive Fault Diagnosis and Isolation System, or
IFDIS. It is a rule based expert system put together by collecting
information from TF-30 documents and the expert advice from
mechanics that work on the TF-30. This system was designed to
be used to for the development of the TF-30 for the RAAF F-
111C. The performance system was also used to replace
specialized workers. The system allowed the regular workers to
communicate with the system and avoid mistakes,
miscalculations, or having to speak to one of the specialized
workers.
– The AOD also uses artificial intelligence in speech recognition
software.
– The Artificial Intelligence supported Design of Aircraft [1], or
AIDA, is used to help designers in the process of creating
conceptual designs of aircraft.
 Applications of AI
• 11 News and publishing
– The company Narrative Science makes
computer generated news and reports
commercially available, including
summarizing team sporting events based on
statistical data from the game. It also creates
financial reports and real estate analyses.