Anonymous Connections and

Onion Routing
David Goldschlag, Michael Reed,
and Paul Syverson
Center for High Assurance Computer
Systems
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D.C.

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 Who is Talking to Whom?
In a Public Network:
u Packet headers identify recipients
u Packet routes can be tracked

Public Network

Initiator Responder
Encryption does not hide routing information.
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 Traffic Analysis Reveals
Identities
Who is talking to whom may be
confidential or private:
u Who is searching a public database?
u Which companies are collaborating?
u Who are you talking to via e-mail?
u Where do you shop on-line?

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 Objective
Design an infrastructure that
u Makes traffic analysis hard
u Separates identification from routing
u Is reusable across many applications

Our goal is anonymous connections, not

anonymous communication.
An infrastructure, Onion Routing, has
been implemented.

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 Traffic Analysis
Focus on three components:
u Hide routing headers
u Complicate statistical inferences
u Balance load

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 Onion Routing: Network
Infrastructure
Anonymous connections are
u Routed through Chaum Mixes
u Multiplexed between Mixes

Onion Routers
Initiator Responder

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 Onion Routing: Proxy
Interface
Proxies interface between Applications
and the Network Infrastructure.
X Y Z

W Onion Routing
Proxies Responder
Initiator
The Basic Configuration: Sensitive sites
control Onion Routing Proxies (which also
function as intermediate
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Onion Routers).
 Applications
Many applications can use Proxies:
u Web browsing
u Remote login
u e-mail
u File transfer

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 Threat Model: Active and
Passive Attacks
u All traffic is visible
u All traffic can be modified
u Onion Routers may be compromised
u Compromised Onion Routers may
cooperate
u Timing coincidences

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 Using Onion Routing
Four Steps:
u Define the route
u Construct the anonymous connection
u Move data through the connection
u Destroy the anonymous connection

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 Defining the Route
The InitiatorÕs Proxy, W, makes an Onion:
(X Connect to Y, )

(Y Connect to Z, )

X Y Z

W Public Network
Initiator Responder
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 Constructing the
Anonymous Connection
The Onion moves between Onion
Routers.

W X Y Z

Initiator Public Network

Responder
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 Moving Data Forward
u The InitiatorÕs Onion Routing Proxy repeatedly
crypts the data.
u Each Onion Router removes one layer of cryption.
u The ResponderÕs Onion Routing Proxy forwards
the plaintext to the Responder.

text text
text

W X Y Z
text text

Initiator Public Network

Responder
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 Moving Data Backward
u This is just the reverse of sending data forward.
u Each Onion Router adds one layer of cryption.
u The InitiatorÕs Onion Routing Proxy removes the
layers of cryption and forwards the plaintext to the
Initiator.

text text
text

W X Y Z
text text

Initiator Public Network

Responder
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 Destroying the Anonymous
Connection
Destroy Messages
u are forwarded along the connection
u cleaning up tables along the way

destroy destroy

W X Y Z
text text

Initiator Public Network

Responder

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 Reply Onions
(Z Connect to Y, )
An InitiatorÕs Onion
Routing Proxy can (Y Connect to X, )
create a Reply (X Connect to W, )
Onion that defines
a route back to him.

text text
text

W X Y Z
text text

Initiator Public Network

16 Responder
 Implementation
Working Onion Routing prototype.
Proxies for:
u Web browsing (HTTP)
u Remote login (RLOGIN)
u e-mail (SMTP)
u File transfer (FTP)
and anonymizing Web and mail proxies.
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 Performance
5 Onion Routers running on a single
UltraSparc 2270.

Connection setup: 0.5 second

cryptographic overhead.
(This cost can be amortized by using
sockets for longer connections.)

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 Vulnerabilities
Timing Coincidences:
u Do two parties often open new
connections at the same time?
u This is not detectable in communication
between two sensitive sites.
Traffic Analysis: Load Balancing
u Tradeoff between security and cost
u Is this feasible on the Internet?

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 Onion Routing Network
Configurations
The Basic Configuration
Hierarchical like the Internet

Customer--ISP Model
u User makes onions on his PC
u PC routes through ISPÕs onion router
Even the ISP cannot determine the PCÕs
destination.
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 Other Applications
IRC: Two parties make anonymous
connections to an IRC server, which
mates the two connections.
Neither party has to trust the other.

X Y C B

W A

IRC Server

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Hide Location of Cellular Phones
To Make a Call:
u Phone makes anonymous
connection to billing station
through local base station.
u Phone identifies itself to
billing station which
completes the call.
To Call a Cellular Phone:
u Pagethe phone over a wide
region.
Billing Station
Side Benefit:
u Verylow standby power
consumption.
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 Private Location Tracking
Home station tracks location:
Active Badges u Active badge contacts
room sensor.
Competing Goals: u Room sensor queries
database for a reply onion
Track usersÕs location. over an anonymous
But, keep location connection.
information private. u Sensor contacts home
station using reply onion.
u Home station updates
database over an
anonymous connection.
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 Discussion
u Efficiency: Cryptographic overhead is
no worse than link encryption
between routers.
u Onion Routing Proxies must also be
intermediate Onion Routers.

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 Cryptographic Overhead
Along an (n+1)-Node route:
u Data is encrypted n times
u Data is decrypted n times
But, pre-crypting provides (for free):
u Link encryption
u End to end encryption
u Data hiding: the same data looks
different to each node
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 Related Work
ChaumÕs Mixes
Babel: Mixes for e-mail
Anonymous ISDN: Mixes in a local
ISDN switch

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 Conclusion
u To be effective, Onion Routing must
be widely used.
u Onion Routing supports a wide variety
of unmodified services using proxies.
u Anonymity is placed at the application
layer.
u The goal here is anonymous routing,
not anonymity.
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 References
http://www.itd.nrl.navy.mil/ITD/5540/
projects/onion-routing

Who would like to run an Onion

Router?

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