Usa in The Caribbean
Usa in The Caribbean
Usa in The Caribbean
Union and Confederate dead, Gettysburg Battlefield, Pa., July 1863. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan.
In 1808, the US government made the slave trade illegal. However, they refused to join British
naval action to prevent the slave trade to America. The Americans made the patrols difficult
by refusing to agree that ships carrying her flag be stopped and searched for enslaved cargo.
oThe slave trade continued because traders moved under the protection of the US flag.
oThe planters of the south were convinced that their way of life needed enslavement.
oPeople in the north thought differently; there was no shortage of European immigrants seeking work. In 1804 they
abolished slavery and tried to stop it being allowed in the new states created in the west; they pressured for emancipation.
- Northern industrialist believed emancipation brought economic benefits. Northern industrialist wanted high tariffs (import/
export tax) on manufactured foods to keep out foreign rivals to their products.
- In the 1850s, the USA kept customs duties low to encourage the import of manufactured goods. This helped enslavers
who wanted cheap plantation supplies. They were against higher duties in case Europeans replied with higher tariffs on
their exports of cotton and tobacco.
- Alarmed by the threats to their way of life, southern ‘slave’ states broke away from the USA and formed a separate
confederacy.
o President Abraham Lincoln declared that he would fight to keep all sates in the one union.
o The war started from 1851 to 1865 and during the fighting Lincoln declared emancipation in 1863.
The USA: Banker to the Spanish-speaking Caribbean
o For the 15 years after the war, most of this great boom took place within the USA itself. The fast grow-
ing population could make use of most of the new goods being produced.
o Businessmen, politicians and newspaper writers were generally opposed to US expansion into neigh-
boring countries
o By the 1880s, traders and manufacturers began to look for new markets and investment opportunities
abroad.
o The biggest pressure to expand came from industrialist and bankers. They made huge profits and
needed new place where they could invest their funds.
o After the war the Northern states experienced an industrial boom (for the first 15 years within the USA).
In the 1880s opinions shifted to expansionism (finding new markets and investment opportunities). US bankers
took over the economy of the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, and other Central American region their
wealth was made up 40% of overseas investment.
o The US experienced a new surge of imperialism from 1880 to 1900s. They saw imperialism as a threat
to US interests in the world because they wanted to establish overseas naval bases. The US supported imperi-
alism to protect economic interests.
o The change in US opinion (about expansionism) came at a time of European imperialism in Africa and
china between 1880 to 1900.
o US military and naval experts saw European imperialism as a threat to their interests. They believed
the US needed to become imperialistic to protect itself.
o Captain Alfred Mahan argued that the USA needed a chain of overseas bases, a strong naval and a
large force of marines who could be moved to deal with any threat that arose.
o In the 1890s, events in Cuba provided an opportunity for the USA to make another thrust at controlling
the island.
Cuba the rebellion against Spain 1868-78
o When the rest of Latin America was revolting Cuba and Puerto Rico remained loyal to Spain. Two reason:
-The European was outnumbered in each island.
- Spain turned a blind eye to the transatlantic trade in humans so that Spanish and US enslavers’ ships continued to
dodge the Royal Navy’s search vessels.
o For the next ½ century, the leading groups in Cuban society were planters, trades, and other businessmen who profited
from crops grown by the enslaved. Liberals who protested at the lack of democracy went in danger of their lives.
o This changed in the late 1860s as Spain ended its support for enslavement. The small planters on the east of the island
believed that they would do better with free enslaved labor. They also feared an end to Spain’s military rule and Spain’s
high taxes. They started a rebellion that led to a ten-year war.
o The war broke out in Oriente Province of Eastern Cuba (1868). The rebellion was led by Carlos Manuel de Cespedes.
He fought against Spanish arbitrariness, excessive taxation, corruption, Cuban exclusion form office and denial of
assembly.
o Cespedes freed all his slaves and formed an army to fight for all slaves to be freed. His revolt destroyed the Cuban
industries and Spain negotiated peace in 1876. The war started to create a sense of national Cuban identity.
o The revolt benefitted Americans because they paid for the recovery of the Sugar and tobacco industry.
o When the war ended slavery ended; coffee plantations were ruined without a chance of recovery; sugar and tobacco
revived but mainly benefitted Americans who had the cash to pay for recovery.
-The biggest parts of the crops went to the USA but only in uncured and unrefined forms because there were very high
tariffs on cured and refined tobacco and cotton.
-Most profits went to the owners and workers of the USA.
-1894, the USA also placed high tariffs on raw sugar.
o Jose Marti was expelled from Cuba
because he spoke for independence when The Cuban War Against
Spain controlled the island. He organized
the rebellion from New York and returned to
Cuba but was killed only a few weeks after
Spain, 1895
the rebellion began.
- Few Cubans valued Spanish rule
- Soldiers were no longer needed to stop
slave revolts
- 6% of Cuban products were traded with
Spain
- High Spanish taxes
- US businessmen argued that the US’ high
tariffs on Cuban products would be lowered
if the island wasn’t under Spanish control.
oIn response to the war the Spanish sent
General Valeriano “the Butcher” Weyler
to counter the revolution. He used harsh
methods and placed Cubans in concentra-
tion camps.
-The US debate
o Now that it had colonies the US had to devise a colonial policy.
oExpansionists: persons who wanted the USA to acquire overseas colonies. They looked at new possessions as a chance
for missionaries, teachers, and charitable organizations to develop a better life and leaders in colonies. They also found it
safer to invest monies in factories, plantations and public works in territories controlled or monitored by the USA.
oIsolationist: persons who thought that the US should not interfere in other nation’s affairs. They believed that ruling
colonies conflicted with the spirit of their own political system that focused on “All men are created equal”. They were also
fearful of immigration.
oThe ideas of expansionism and isolationism came together in the way the government managed Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Neither was formed into a full colony, yet the US kept control of their affairs. The USA gained the greatest share of the
wealth created by the people in the islands without allowing migration to the USA.
oIn 1901, US president Mckinley was assassinated and Theodore took his place and was re-elected
for office in 1904-08
- He declared that the US would not allow any further interference for any reason in the Americas.
oCorollary: an addition or supplement to a document or point of view
- In a speech in congress, Roosevelt made it clear that his government would continue the policy of
the Monroe Doctrine and no allow European nations to attempt to bring about boundary changes in
the American continent.
- He said that if Latin Americans managed their affairs so badly that they gave European powers a
genuine reason to interfere. To avoid this difficulty future, the USA would have to ensure that her
neighbors behaved.
- He said at the UN that they (LA countries) need not fear intervention if they knew to act with
decency. But if they showed ‘brutal wrong-doing’ or weaknesses with results in a general loosening of
the ties of civilized society, they must expect intervention by a civilized nation and the USA would not
hesitate to get in.
- One main reason for the Corollary was to make it clear that work on a US-controlled Panama Canal
would go ahead.
The Panama Canal: The Scheme
o After the war with Spain, the USA needed speedy communication between their colonies and trading interests in the
Pacific and the Atlantic. The best way would be by a canal that linked the two Oceans.
oBritain agreed that this need to stand in the USA’s way, provided that the canal would be free and open to the vessels of
commerce and war of all nations.
oThe next step for the Americans was to select a route. They quickly saw the possibilities in a route across the Isthmus
of Panama. It was only 80 km and a French company, headed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, had already surveyed the route
and begun excavating.
oThe company was broke and its main shareholder, Philippe Buneauvarilla, was willing to sell the machinery for $40 mil-
lion. The US bought it.
oThe canal went through Panama (a Colombian province)
oAt first Colombians and Americans agreed on the canal: the US agreed to pay $10 million and an annual rent of
$250,000 for a 90-year lease on a 10km wide corridor.
- The Colombian senate rejected the agreement claiming that it threatened their rights over Panama.
- Colombians were insulted that the USA had paid the French Company $40 million for rusty machinery and had offered
them only $10 million for the right of way.
- They demanded $25 million plus $10 million worth of shares in the French company that was being sold to the USA.
o Herbert Taft (1908) Aimed to expand US presence in LA and Caribbean through economic power. The US sought to help
the economic development of poorer countries.
- The USA could gain influence and cut down the interference of European powers without using force in the way the
Roosevelt Corollary threatened.
o Two benefits for Americans:
- Countries within the sphere shall be removed from the jeopardy involved by heavy foreign debt and chaotic national
finances. It prevented European influence in the region.
- The Republics of Central America and the Caribbean need financial stability and regeneration to bring profit and
happiness for themselves and ourselves.
o Execution/implementation:
- Subsidies were given to shipping, public works, mining and construction companies that wished to invest in the
Caribbean or Latin America.
- The USA helped plantations by placing high customs duties on sugar, banana, coffee, and other crops that did not come
from areas where Americans had investments.
o In 1914, war broke out in Europe. The USA was concerned that European powers would seize positions in the Americas
as naval bases or for supplies of raw materials and food.
Dollar diplomacy in Haiti:
o Haiti took many loans from big countries
- Two especially significant loans were from French banks— one to pay back an indemnity France had demanded for loss
of land and slaves after the colony broke free, and a second loan to pay back the excessive commissions of the first.
o 1900 to 1915 US bankers took control of the National bank, railways, public utilities and custom houses. They
transferred $11 Million in gold to the National Bank of New York City.
o When WW1 broke out German interests had interests in Haiti: Germans were eager to establish a supply base in Haiti;
Germans had integrated into Haitian society: intermarriage; German threatened to take control of Haiti due to debts.
o US reasons for intervention:
- Economic interests: wanted Haiti’s natural resources
- US wanted to establish a base in Haiti’s northern port of Mole Saint-Nicholas
- Monroe Doctrine: against European interference in the new world
- Jim Crow ideology: Free Blacks could not govern themselves
o US intervention happened on July 28th 1915 in Port Au Prince led by Admiral Caperton who set up an office to manage
Haiti’s affairs
- Found a puppet president though whom he could rule
- Sudre Dartinguenave was elected and forced to sign a 10year occupation treaty.
US-Haiti treaty:
- Gave the US total power over Haiti’s financial System through the customs houses and state treasury
- Authorized the USA to create a new Haitian military
- Prohibited Haiti from selling or renting land to another foreign power
o Marine Control of Haiti
o Many pro-US presidents came after and Charlemagne Peralte posed a considerable threat to the US marines and was
assassinated in 1919
oResistance combined with a change of US ideology (respect the rights of others) to end occupation
Marines go home:
oThe USA dominated Cuba, Puerto Rico, Panama, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic.
o Strategic military bases had been established in Panama, Cuba and Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.
-Tourism in Cuba: 1919 to 1930s the gambling business flourished there was a rise in hotels, nightclubs, and casinos.
-US intervention: In 1905 Estrada Palma tried to prolong his term and liberals revolted forcing US intervention. Marines
ensured that US supported candidates won elections from 1906 to 1921.
oWhen necessary, they provided the Cuban president with an US military advisorlike General Crowder. General Crowder
ran Cuba between 1923 and 1925 on behalf of the officially elected Cuban president, Alfredo Zayas.
-The Rise of Gerardo Machado: the US retreated in the 1920s. After their retreat Geraldo Machado established a dictator-
ship: he terrorized his own people.
o During this period FD Roosevelt cancelled the Platt Amendment so that the US government had no position in Cuban
politics. Officially, all the Americans had left was the naval base at Guantanamo.
- Eventually, Fulgencio Batista defeated him in 1933 to 1934.
oSergeant Fulgencio Batista quietly took power through the military. With the army firmly under his control, Batista was
willing to rule Cuba behind the scenes. He chose not to risk facing election himself but he and his loyal henchmen fixed
the election of seven Cuban presidents in 7 years.
Batista imposed presidents supported by the USA and even retired in 1944 when a communist group controlled Cuba.
However, in 1952 he won the election with US and Cuban military support.
British Guiana
oIn 1953, Dr. Chedhi Jagan and the PP came to power in elections in British Guiana. The new government intended to
take over all foreign businesses to one of the steps toward independence.
oThe USA feared the Guyanese socialist ideas would spread to other countries.
oThe US Put pressure on the British to suspend the constitution and remove Jagan. The British sent warships and troops
after Jagan was in power for only 133 days.
oAfter the socialist decline, the US funds were used to influence trade unions, to back the opposition United Force Party
and to change opinion through the Christian Anti-Communist crusade and the Moral rearmament
Multilateralism
oIn the 1960s and 1970s, the Caribbean countries became independent.
oThe military and economic conditions had changed
oThe USA began to make greater use of the international bodies such as the UN, the OAS, and, later, CARICOM (formed
in 1972 for English speaking Caribbean countries to work together in education, trade, banking, transport etc) to gain
support for its policies
oThe new US multilateral approach (connected with many sides of partners) often meant the independent Caribbean stats
were drawn into international meetings. For the first time, they were expected to put forward their foreign policies.
Aid and the independent governments: the Peace Corps and USAID
o The USA had failed to stop Fidel Castro taking Cuba into the communist bloc and this led their governments to
consider ways of strengthening her position in the English-speaking Caribbean.
o As well as trade and investment by US companies, the 1960s saw a series of US aid schemes that aimed to
ensure that the new Caribbean states were not tempted to follow the Cuban Communist path to economic and political
development.
o The Corps is made up of volunteers while the USA government provides funds for their living expenses and for
development projects.
o The first country to receive the corps aid was St. Lucia in 1980.
o The USA hoped that direct action by the Peace Corps aid programmes would create greater social and political
stability while highlighting US ideals of democracy and regional cooperation.
o The corps initially focused on improving education and ensuring that basic health services.
- USAID, the United States Agency for International Development
o Supported and promoted US influence throughout the Caribbean region during the last years of the 20th century
and the first years of the 21st years.
o The Caribbean program was divided into three main areas: good governance, health and education, and small
business creation.
o In 2005, USAID invested 61 million dollars into diverse Caribbean programs aimed at making small loans
available to private entrepreneurs, streamlining government bureaucracy, launching anti-corruption campaigns and
promoting public awareness os such social issues as HIV and narcotic drug abuse.