Torts and Damages
Torts and Damages
Torts and Damages
A comprehensive analysis of the law on quasi-delicts or torts, the nature, classes and extent of
damages, as provided for in the Civil Code and elaborated upon by pertinent jurisprudence.
PART ONE
TORT
A. Etymology and Meaning
B. Concept of Torts
C. Kinds of Torts
D. Tortfeasor defined
E. Tortious defined
PART TWO
Quasi-Delict
A. Article 2176 – Statutory Definition of Quasi Delict
A.1. Definition of Quasi- Delict
- Gashem Shookat Baksh vs. CA, G.R. No. 97336, February 19, 1993, 219 SCRA
115
- Coca Cola Bottlers Philippines vs. CA, G.R. No. 110295, October 18, 1993
James Fusilero
A.2. Concept
A.3. Elements
- Taylor vs. Manila Electric Company, 16 Phil. 8, March 22, 1910
- Heirs of Pedro Tayag vs. Alcantara, 98 SCRA 723
A.4. Coverage
- Elcano vs. Hill, G.R. No. L-2403, May 26, 1977
- Santos vs. Pizardo, 465 SCRA 232
Revised Penal Code – Article 100, 101
Sophia Briones-Hilot
A. Article 2177 – Civil Liability for fault or negligence separate and distinct from
negligence under the Revised Penal Code
B.1. Castillo et al. vs. CA, 176 SCRA 591 (Culpa Aquiliana is a separate legal
institution under the Civil Code)
B.2. Report of the Code Commission (p. 162, cited in Elcano vs. Hill supra)
B.3. Jarantilla vs. CA, G.R. No. 80194, March 21, 1989 (Same act or omission can
create two kinds of liability subject to the caveat of Article 2177 Civil Code)
Vladimir Tolentino
B.4. Culpa Aquiliana distinguished from Culpa Criminal
B.5. Barredo vs. Garcia, G.R. No. 48006, July 8, 1942
B.6. Rule on Recovery of Damages under the Revised Penal Code and Civil Code
of the Philippines
B.7. Rafael Reyes Trucking Corporation vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No.
129029, April 3, 2000
B.8. Casupanan vs. Laroya, G.R. No. 145391, August 26, 2002
B.9. Section 1 Rule 111
- Spouses Santos et al. vs. Pizardo, G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005
Aejay Varias
B. Article 2178 (Civil Code) – Applicability of Articles 1172 to 1174 to Quasi Delict
C.1. Article 1172 – Article 1174
C.2. Pre-existing contract generally bars Quasi- Delict
- PSBA vs. CA, 205 SCRA 729
C.3. Exceptions
- Singson vs. Bank of the Philippine Islands, 23 SCRA 1117
- Air France vs. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155
Pastor Janolo
- Coca Cola Bottlers Philippines vs. CA, G.R. No. 110295, October 18, 1993
- Light Rail Transit Authority vs. Navidad et al., 397 SCRA 75
C.4. Negligence Defined
- Philippine Bank of Commerce vs. CA, G.R. No. 97626, March 14, 1997
Faye Alcazar
C.5. Article 1173 Civil Code
- Smith Bell vs. Borja, G.R. No. 143008, June 10, 2002
C.6. Test to determine existence of Negligence
- Heddy Gan Y. Yu vs. CA, L-4264, September 10, 1988
- Vergara vs. CA, G.R. No. 77679, September 30, 1987
Reggie Lubigan
- Picart vs. Smith, 37 Phil 809; People vs. Delos Santos, G.R. No. 131588, March
27, 2001
- Civil Aeronautics Administration vs. CA, G.R. No. L-51806, September 8, 1988
C.7. Nature of the Concept of Degrees of Negligence
- US vs. Juanlilio, G.R. No. 7255, October 3, 1912
Annie Martinez
- Taylor vs. Manila Electric Company, 16 Phil. 8, March 22, 1910
- S.D. Martinez vs. Buskirk, G.R. No. L-5691,December 27, 1910
- Ylarde et al. vs. Aquino, et al., G.R. No. L-33722, July 29, 1988
Jhones Pawen
- Associated Bank (Westmont Bank vs. Tan, G.R. No. 156940, December 14,
2004)
- Astudillo vs. Manila Electric Company, G.R. No. 33380, December 17, 1930
C.8. Factors to be considered
- Pangonorom et al. vs. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 143380, April 11, 2005
Howell Esguerra
- US vs. Reyes, 1 Phil. 375
- US vs. Clemente, G.R. No. 8142, January 25, 1913
- Wright vs. Manila Electric Company, G.R. No. 7760, October 1, 1914
- Syquia vs. CA, G.R. No. 98695, January 27, 1993
Christian Castillo
D.6. Damnum Absque Injuria
- Brown vs. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company, G.R. No. 6666,
October 24, 1911
D.7. Presumption of Negligence
- Article 2184,Article 2185, Article 2188
- Anonuevo vs. CA et al, G.R. 130003, October 20, 2004
- Kapalaran Busline vs. Coronado, G.R. No. 85331, August 25, 1989
2nd Round
Jexelle Pestaño
D.8. Res Ipsa Loquitur
- Layugan vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 73998,
November 14, 1988
- Africa vs. Caltex, March 31, 1966, 16 SCRA 448
- FGU Insurance Corporation vs. G.P. Sarmiento, G.R. No. 141910,
August 6, 2002
D.9. Nature of Tortfeasors
-Singapore Airlines Ltd. vs. Court of Appeals, G. R. No. 107356,
March 31, 1995
James Fusilero
E. Article 2180 (Civil Code) – Responsibilities for personal acts or omissions
-Liability of Tortfeasors
- Doctrine of Vicarious Liability
- Cangco vs. Manila Railroad Company, 38 Phil. 768
- Metro Manila Transit Corporation vs. CA., G.R. No. 104408, June 21, 1993
- Cerezo vs. Tuazon, G.R. No. 141548, March 23, 2004
Sophia Briones-Hilot
E.1. Vicarious Liability of Parents
- Article 221 of the Family Code
- Tamargo et al. vs. CA, G.R. No. 85044, June 3, 1992
- Cangco vs. Manila Railroad Company, 36 Phil. 768
- Libi vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 70890, September 18, 1992
Vladimir Tolentino
E.2. Vicarious Liability of Guardians
- Article 320 Civil Code Kinds of Guardian under the Law
E.3. Vicarious Liability of Employers
E.4. Distinction of Paragraph 4 and 5 of Article 2180
- Castilex Industrial Corporation vs. Basquez et al.,
G.R. No. 132266, December 21, 1999
Aejay Varias
- Lanuzo vs. Ping, 100 SCRA 205
- Pacific Banking vs. CA, 173 SCRA 102
- Go vs. IAC, 197 SCRA 22
- Martin vs. CA, 205 SCRA 591
Pastor Janolo
E.5. - Rationale for the Rule on Vicarious Liability
E.6. - In Quasi- Delict
- Baliuag Transit vs. CA, G.R. No. 116110, May 15, 1996
E.7. Liability of Employer
Victory Liner vs. Heirs of Malecdan, December 27, 2002
Filamer Christian Institute vs. IAC, 212 SCRA 637
Faye Alcazar
Reggie Lubigan
Annie Martinez
-Baza Marketing Corp. vs. Bolinao, 117 SCRA 156
-Equitable Leasing Corp. vs. Suyom, G.R. No. 143360, Sept. 5, 2002
-Franco vs. IAC, G.R. No. 71137, Oct. 5, 1989
-Cerezo vs. Tuazon, Mar. 23, 2004 (Quasi Delict vs. Delict)
Jhones Pawen
F. Arts. 2181, 2184 and 2186 of the Civil Code, Vicarious Liability of Employers
- Chapman vs. Underwood, G.R. No. 9010, March 28, 1914
- Duavit vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 82318, May 18, 1989
Howel Esguerra
E. Meritt vs. Government of Philippine Islands, G.R. No. 11154, March 21,
1916
-United States of America vs. Guinto, G.R. No. 76607, Feb. 26, 1990
Roy Rebusura
Christian Castillo
- St. Mary's Academy vs. Carpitanos, G.R. No. 143363, Feb. 6, 2002
- PSBA vs. C.A., G.R. No. 84698, Feb. 4, 1992, 205 SCRA 729
- Soliman, Jr. vs. Hon. Tuazon, G.R. No. 66207, May 18, 1992
- U.E. vs. Jader, G.R. No. 132344, Feb. 17, 2000
3rd Round
Jexelle Pestano
Sophia Hilot
D. Assumption of Risk
Menchavez, et. al. vs. Teves, Jr., G.R. No. 153201, Jan. 26, 2005 (Principle of Volenti non Fit
Injuria Neques Dolus)
Nikko Hotel Manila Garden, et. al. vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 154259, Feb. 28, 2005 (Doctrine of
Volenti non Fit Injuria)
Culion Ice, Fish and Electric Co. vs. Phil. Motors Corp., 55 Phils.129, 133
Fernando, et. al. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 92087, May 8, 1992
65 CJS 301
Vladimir Tolentino
D.1. Exeptions
Ilocos Norte Electric Co. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 53401, Nov. 6, 1989
Aejay Varias
LBC Air Cargo vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 101683, Feb. 23, 1995
Pantranco North Express, Inc. vs. Baesa, 179 SCRA 384
Glan People's Hardware vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, 173 SCRA 464
F. Emergency Rule
Gan vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. L-44264, Sept. 19, 1988
Mckee vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 68102, July 16, 1992, 211 SCRA 517
Pastor Janolo
Valenzuela vs. Court of Appeals, G. R. No. 115024 & 117944 Feb. 7, 1996 253 SCRA 303
Delsan Transport Lines, Inc. vs. C & A Construction, Inc., G.R. No. 156034 Oct. 1, 2003
H. Diligence (Art. 2180 Civil Code & Art. 219 (Family Code)
Franco vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 71137, Oct. 5, 1989
Faye Alcazar
Wild Valley Shipping Co. vs. Court of Appeals, et. al. G.R. No. 119602, Oct. 6, 2000
Metro Manila Transit Corp. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 104408, June 21, 1993
Secosa vs. Francisco, G.R. No. 160039, June 29, 2004
Cangco vs. Manila Railroad, Supra.
Reggie Lubigan
I. Partial Defense: Doctrine of Contributory Negligence (Art. 2179, Civil Code)
Rakes vs. Atlantic, G.R. No. 1719, Jan. 23, 1907
Syki vs. Bigasa, G.R. No. 149149, Oct. 23, 2003
- Jarco Marketing Corp. vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. 129792, Dec. 21, 1999
PCIB vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 121413, Jan. 29, 2001
Genobiagon vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 40452, Oct. 12, 1989
Jhones Pawen
L. Enforcement of Liability
a. Available Remedies
Santos vs. Pizardo, et. al., G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005
LG Foods Corporation vs. Hon. Philadelfa B. Pagapong-Agraviador
Howell Esguerra
c. Rule 111, Section 3, Rules of Court
DMPI Employees Credit Cooperative vs. Hon. Velez, G.R. No. 129282, Nov. 29, 2001
Cojuangco, Jr. vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 37404, Nov. 18, 1991
Castillo vs. CA, G.R. No. 48541, August 21, 1989
d. Nature of Liability
Hernandez vs. Dolor, G.R. No. 160286, July 30, 2004
Roy Rebusura
Christian Castillo
b. Standards in the Exercise of Rights (Art. 19 Civil Code)
Globe Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 81262, Aug.
25, 1989
c. Abuse of Right
Sea Commercial Company vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122823, Nov. 25, 1999
Jexelle Pestano
f. Article 21 (Civil Code)
Manila Electric Company vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-39019, Jan. 22, 1988
MVRS Publications, et. al. vs. Islamic Da'wah Council of the Philippines, G.R. No. 135306, Jan.
28, 2003
Breach of promise to marry, seduction, sexual assault
Wassmer vs. Velez 12 SCRA 648
Tanjanco vs. Santos, 18 SCRA 994
James Fusilero
- Bunag vs. CA, 211 SCRA 441
Pe, et. al. vs. Pe, 5 SCRA 200
Hermosisima vs. CA 109 SCRA 629
g. Article 22 (Civil Code)
Obana vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-36249, March 29, 1985
Sophia Hilot
h. Article 23 (Civil Code)
Vladimir Tolentino
- So Ping Bun vs. CA, 373 Phils. 532
St. Louis Realty vs. Court of Appeals, 133 SCRA 179
l. Article 27 (Civil Code)
Zulueta vs. Nicolas, 102 Phils. 945
Ledesma vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 54598, April. 15, 1988
Aejay Varias
Pastor Janolo
O. Other kinds of Torts
d. Evidential Rule
e. Liability of Hospital
Ramos vs. CA, G.R. 124354, Dec. 29, 1999
Faye Alcazar
PART FOUR
1. Damages Defined
2. Concept of Damages
3. Purpose of the Award of Damages
4. Applicability on the Law of Damages (Art. 2195 of the Civil Code)
5. Article 2196 (Civil Code)
6. Kinds of Damages, Art. 2197 (Civil Code)
7. Amount of Damages must be Proved (Art. 2199 of the Civil Code)
Ribo vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. NO. 50911, March 12, 1986
8. Damages to property of a person are either or special and general
9. Actual Damages
Albenson vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 88694, Jan. 11, 1993
Algarra vs. Sandejas, G.R. 8385, March 24, 1914
MV Transit and Taxi Company vs. CA, G.R. No. L-23882, Feb. 17, 1968
Reggie Lubigan
Requirements for the grant of actual damages
Guilatco vs. City of Dagupan, G.R. No. 61516, March 21, 1989
People vs. Degoma, G.R. No. 89404 to 405, May 22, 1992
Oarde vs. CA, G.R. No. 104774-75, Oct. 8, 1997
Burden of Proof
Salas vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 86500, Nov. 21, 1990
Annie Martinez
GQ Garments Inc., vs. Miranda, G.R. No. 161722, July 20, 2006
Baliwag Transit vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 116110, May 15, 1996
David vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 111168 to 69, June 17, 1998
Jhones Pawen
Actual Damages in Contracts and Quasi Delict
Sulpicio Lines vs. CA, G.R. No. 113578, July 14, 1995
Marikina Autoline Transport Corp. vs. People, G.R. No. 152040, March 31, 2006
Howell Esguerra
People vs. Degoma & Taborada, 209 SCRA 266
People vs. Jalosjos, G.R. No. 132875 to 76, Nov. 16, 2001
People vs. Plana, G.R. No. 128285, Nov. 27, 2001
Roy Rebusura
Exception
People vs. Duban, G.R. No. 141217, Sept. 26, 2003
People vs. Mallari, G.R. No. 145993, June 17, 2003
People vs. Caraig, G.R. No. 116224 to 227, March 28, 2003
Christian Castillo
Attorney's Fees (Art. 2208, Civil Code)
Citytrust Banking Corp. vs. Villanueva, G.R. No. 141011 & 141028, July 19, 2001
Lacson, et. al. vs. Reyes, et. al., G.R. No. 86250, Feb. 26, 1990
Quirante vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No. 73886, Jan. 31, 1989
Sps. Samatra vs. De Parinas, G.R. No. 142958, April 24, 2002
Subrogatory Right of Insurer (Art. 2007, Civil Code)
4th Round
Jexelle Pestano
10. Moral Damages (Art. 2217, Civil Code)
Del Mundo vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 104576, Jan. 20, 1995
PT & T vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 139268, Se3pt. 3, 2002
Makabali vs. Court of Appeals, 157 SCRA 253, 260, Jan. 22, 1988
Lamis vs. Ong, G.R. No. 148923, Aug. 11, 2005
James Fusilero
Requirements for the grant of moral damages
R & B Surety & Insurance Co., vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, 129 SCRA 736
Siasat vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, 139 SCRA 238
Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 126363,
June 26, 1998
Kierulf, et. al. vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 99301, March 13, 1997
Sophia Hilot
People vs. Egala, G.R. No. 129292-93, June 20, 2001
People vs. Hate, G.R. No. 145712, Sept. 4, 2002
People vs. Caballes, et. al., G.R. Nos. 102723-24, June 19, 1997
Gregorio, et. al. vs. Angeles, et. al., G.R. No. 85847, Dec. 21, 1989
Vladimir Tolentino
Filinvest Credit Corporation vs. IAC, 166 SCRA 155
Instances where moral damages may be recovered
Seduction
Hermosisima vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. L-14628, Sept. 30, 1960
Quasi Delict
Quezon City Gov., et. al. vs. Dacara, G.R. No. 150304, June 15, 2005
Rape
People vs. Gregorio Corpuz Y Espiritu, G.R. No. 168101, February 13, 2006, en banc
Aejay Varias
Defamation
Brillante vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 118757 & 121571, Oct. 19, 2004
MVRS Publications, et. al. vs. Islamic Da'wa Council of the Philippines, et. al., G.R. No. 135306,
Jan. 28, 2003
del Mundo vs. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 104576, January 20, 1995
Pastor Janolo
GMA Network (formerly known as “Republic Broadcasting System, Inc”) and Rey Vidal vs. Bustos,
et. al., G.R. No. 146848, Oct. 17, 2008
Doctrine of fair comment
Borjal vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 126466, Jan. 14, 1999
Filipinas Broadcasting Network vs. Ago Medical and Educ. Center- Bicol Christian College of
Medicine, et. al., G.R. No. 141994, Jan. 17, 2005
Faye Alcazar
Public figure
Ayer Production Pty, Ltd. vs. Capulong, G.r. Nos. 82380 and 82398, 29 April 1988, 160 SCRA 861
U.S. vs. Bustos, 37 Phil. 731, 1918
Phil. Journalists, Inc., et. al. vs. Thoenen, G.R. No. 143372, Dec. 13, 2005
Reggie Lubigan
Group Libel
Occena vs. Icamina, et. al., G.R. No. 82146, Jan. 22, 1990
Ponce vs. Legaspi, G.R. No. 79184, May 6, 1992
Annie Martinez
Malicious Prosecution
Espiritu vs. Court of Appeals, 137 SCRA 50
Jhones Pawen
Analogue Cases
Lazatin vs. Twaño, L-12736, July 31, 1961
Moral Damages in favor of corporation, general rule
Mamburao Lumber Co. vs. PNP, 130 Phil 366
Exception
11. Nominal Damages
Nature and concept
Instances where nominal damages are adjudicated
Agabon vs. NLRC, et. al., G.R. No. 158693, Nov. 17, 2004
Howell Esguerra
12. Temperate Damages
Nature and Concept
Instances where temperate damages are adjudicated
People vs. Orbes, G.R. No. 132743, Nov. 22, 2001
13. Liquidated Damages
Liquidated Damages defined
- HL Carlos Construction vs. Marina Properties Corp., G.R. No. 147614, Jan. 29, 2004
Rationale
Lopez, et. al. vs. Pan American World Airways, 16 SCRA 431
Roy Rebusura
Instances where exemplary damages are adjudicated
PNB vs. Gen. Acceptance an Finance Corp., 161 SCRA 449
Guiding principle
del Rosario vs. Court of Appeals, et. al., G.R. No. 118325, Jan. 29, 1997
In crimes
People vs. Catubig, G.R. No. 137842, Aug. 23, 2001
In quasi delicts
Art. 2214, Civil Code
Christian Castillo
Good faith not a defense in action for damages for damages founded on violation of constitutional
rights
Lim, et. al. vs. de Leon, et. al., G.R. No. L-22554, Aug. 29, 1975