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Seminar report

On

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank respected Mr…….. and Mr. ……..for giving me such a
wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me
guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my
work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized
and well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped
my work a lot to remain error-free.

Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete
my report on time.
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Preface
I have made this report file on the topic Universal Serial Bus (USB); I have tried my best to
elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the
beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful
note. I express my sincere gratitude to …………..who assisting me throughout the
preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and
most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.
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CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 6

CHAPTER 2: HISTORY 7

CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE 9

CHAPTER 4: PHYSICAL STRUCTURE 12

CHAPTER 5: FEATURES 16

CHAPTER 6: COMPARISON WITH USB 2.0 19

CHAPTER 7: APPLICATIONS 22

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION 24

CHAPTER 9: REFERENCES 25
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard to connect devices to a

host computer. The USB 3.0 is the upcoming version of the USB. The USB 3.0 is also
called super speed USB. Because the USB 3.0 support a raw throughput of 500MByte/s.
As its previous versions it also supports the plug and play capability, hot swapping etc.
USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized
interface socket. . Other convenient features include providing power to low-consumption
devices, eliminating the need for an external power supply; and allowing many devices to
be used without requiring manufacturer-specific device drivers to be installed.

There are many new features included in the new Universal Serial Bus
Specification. The most important one is the super speed data transfer itself. Then the
USB 3.0 can support more devices than the currently using specification which is USB
2.0. The bus power spec has been increased so that a unit load is 150mA (+50% over
minimum using USB 2.0). An unconfigured device can still draw only 1 unit load, but a
configured device can draw up to 6 unit loads (900mA, an 80% increase over USB 2.0 at
a registered maximum of 500mA). Minimum device operating voltage is dropped from
4.4V to 4V. When operating in SuperSpeed mode, full-duplex signaling occurs over 2
differential pairs separate from the non-SuperSpeed differential pair. This result in USB
3.0 cables containing 2 wires for power and ground, 2 wires for non-SuperSpeed data,
and 4 wires for SuperSpeed data, and a shield (not required in previous specifications).
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CHAPTER 2
HISTORY

2.1 PRERELEASES

·USB 0.7: Released in November 1994.

·USB 0.8: Released in December 1994.

·USB 0.9: Released in April 1995.

·USB 0.99: Released in August 1995.

·USB 1.0: Release Candidate: Released in November 1995.

2.2. USB 1.0

USB 1.0: Released in January 1996.Specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Speed) and
12 Mbit/s (Full-Speed). Does not allow for extension cables or pass-through monitors
(due to timing and power limitations). Few such devices actually made it to market.

USB 1.1: Released in September 1998.Fixed problems identified in 1.0, mostly relating to
hubs. Earliest revision to be widely adopted.

2.3. USB 2.0: Released in April 2000.Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s (now
called Hi-Speed). Further modifications to the USB specification have been done via
Engineering Change Notices (ECN).
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2.4. USB 3.0:

On September 18, 2007, Pat Gel singer demonstrated USB 3.0 at the Intel
Developer Forum. The USB 3.0 Promoter Group announced on November 17, 2008, that
version 1.0 of the specification has been completed and is transitioned to the USB
Implementers Forum (USB-IF), the managing body of USB specifications. This move
effectively opens the spec to hardware developers for implementation in future products.
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CHAPTER 3
ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS

3.1. HUB

The hub provide electrical interface between the USB devices and the host.
Hubs are directly responsible for supporting many of the attributes that make USB user
friendly and hide its complexity from the user. Listed below the major aspects of USB
functionality that hub support:

 Connectivity behavior

 Power management

 Device connect/disconnect detection

 Bus fault detection

 SuperSpeed and USB 2.0 (high-speed, full-speed, an low-speed) support

A USB 3.0 hub incorporates a USB 2.0 hub and a SuperSpeed hub consisting
of two principal components: the SuperSpeed Hub Repeater/Forwarder and the
SuperSpeed Hub controller. The hub repeater/forwarder is responsible for connectivity
and setup and tear-down. It also support fault detection and recovery. The Hub controller
provides the mechanism for host-hub communication. Hub-specific status and control
commands permit the host to configure hub and to monitor and control its individual
downstream port.
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3.2. HOST

There are two hosts are incorporated in a USB 3.0 host. One is SuperSpeed
host and the second one is Non-SuperSpeed host. This incorporation ensures the
backward compatibility of the USB 3.0 hub. Here the SuperSpeed hub will be supporting
the 500MB/sec data transfer rate with full duplex mode. Then the Non- SuperSpeed host
will be supporting the old data rates such as High-Speed, Full-Speed, Low-Speed. The
host here interacts with the devices by the help of a host controller. When the host is
powered off, the hub does not provide power to its downstream unless the hub supports
the charging application. When the host is powered on with SuperSpeed support enabled
on its downstream port by default the following is the typical sequence of events.

 Hub detects VBUS SuperSpeed support and powers its down stream ports with
SuperSpeed enabled.

 Hub connects both as a SuperSpeed and as a High-Speed device.

 Device detects VBUS and SuperSpeed support and connects as a SuperSpeed

device.

 Host system begins hub enumeration at high-speed and SuperSpeed.

 Host system begins device enumeration at SuperSpeed.

A SuperSpeed host is a source or sink of information. It implements the

required host-end, SuperSpeed. Communications layer to accomplish information
exchanges over the bus. It owns the SuperSpeed data activity schedule and management
of the SuperSpeed bus and all devices connected to it. The host includes an
implementation number of the root downstream ports for SuperSpeed and USB 2.0.
Through these ports the host:

 Detect the attachment and removal of USB device.

 Manages control flow between the host and the USB device.

 Manages data flow between the host and the USB device.
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 Collect the status activity statistics

 Provide power to the attached USB device

3.3. DEVICE

SuperSpeed devices are sources or sink of information exchanges. They

implement the required device-end, SuperSpeed communication layers to accomplish
information exchanges between a driver on the host and a logical function on the device.
All SuperSpeed devices share their base architecture with USB 2.0.They are required to
carry information for self-identification and generic configuration. They are also required
to demonstrate behavior consistent with the defined SuperSpeed Device States.

All devices are assigned a USB address when enumerated by the host. Each
device supports one or more pipes though which the host may communicate with the
device. All devices must be support a designed pipe at endpoint zero to which the
device’s Default Control Pipe is attached. All devices support a common access
mechanism for accessing information through this control pipe. SuperSpeed inherits the
categories of information that are supported on the default pipe from the USB 2.0. The
USB 3.0 connection model allows for the discovery and configuration of the USB device
at the highest signaling speed supported by the device. The USB 3.0 supports an
increased power supply for the devices operating at the SuperSpeed. USB 3.0 devices
within a single physical package (i.e., a single peripheral) can consist of a number of
functional topologies including single function , multiple functions on a single peripheral
device (composite device), and permanently attached peripheral devices behind an
integrated hub.
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3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 3.1. Architecture of USB 3.0

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CHAPTER 4
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

4.1. CABLE STRUCTURE

USB 3.0 cables have eight primary conductors: three twisted signal pairs for
USB data paths and a power pair. In addition to the twisted signal pair for the USB 2.0
data path, two twisted signal pairs are used to provide the SuperSpeed data path, one for
the transmit path and one for the receive path. USB 3.0 receptacles (both upstream and
down stream) are backward compatible with USB 2.0 connector plug. USB 3.0 cables and
plugs are not intended to be compatible with USB 2.0 upstream receptacles. As an aid to
the user, USB 3.0 mandates standard coloring for plastic portions of USB 3.0 plugs and
receptacles. Electrical (insertion loss, return loss, cross talk etc) performance for USB 3.0
is defined with regard to raw cables, mate connectors, and mated cable assemblies, with
compliance requirements using industry test specification established for the later two
categories.

Figure 4.1. Architectural view of USB 3.0 bus

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VBUS : This cable is used to carry power.

GND : It’s the ground of the power cable.

D+ : It’s the ‘+’ data bus for the USB 3.0, which support backward

compatibility with USB 2.0

D- : It’s the ‘-’ data bus for the USB 3.0, which support backward

compatibility with 2.0

SSTX+ : It’s the ‘+’ data transmission bus of USB 3.0, which support SuperSpeed

SSTX- : It’s the ‘-’ data transmission bus of USB 3.0, which support SuperSpeed

SSRX+ : It’s the ‘+’ data reception bus of USB 3.0, which support SuperSpeed

SSRX- : It’s the ‘-’ data reception bus of USB 3.0, which support SuperSpeed

Here the USB is using a differential pair data cables. The differential pair data
cables are used to reduce the transmission error. The data to be transmitted is passed
through an OpAmp and the inverse of the data is produced. And then these two data are
passed through the +, - lines provided. In USB 3.0 both shielded and unshielded
differential pair lines are used. Shielded for the SuperSpeed transmission and the
unshielded for the non-SuperSpeed.
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4.2. CROSS SECTIONAL REVIEW

Figure 4.2. Cross sectional view of USB 3.0 cable

Cable Colours

PIN
COLOUR DISCRIPTION
NO
1 RED POWER
2 GREEN USB 3.0 DATA+
3 WHITE USB 3.0 DATA -
4 BLACK GROUND
5 ORANGE SUPER SPEED RECEIVER-
6 VIOLET SUPER SPEED RECEIVER +
7 BLACK GROUND USB 3.0
8 GREEN SUPER SPEED TRANSMITTER -
9 BLUE SUPER SPEED TRANSMITTER +
Table 4.1
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4.3. CONNECTORS

The USB 3.0 specification defines the following connectors:

 USB 3.0 standard-A plug and receptacle.

 USB 3.0 standard-B plug and receptacle.

 USB 3.0 powered-B plug and receptacle.

 USB 3.0 micro-B plug and receptacle.

 USB 3.0 micro-A plug.

 USB 3.0 micro-AB receptacle

4.4. STANDARD A TYPE CONNECTOR

USB3_RX : +/- data bus for reception USB 3.0

USB3_TX : +/- data bus for transmission

USB 3.0 -D/+D : +/- data bus for USB 2.0

BUS : Carry power

GND : Ground
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Figure 4.3. USB 2.0 Receptors

Figure 4.4. USB 2.0 Standard A Type Receptor

Figure 4.5. USB 3.0 Standard A Type Receptor

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CHAPTER 5
FEATURES

5.1. TRANSFER RATES

A USB supports following data rates:

 A low speed rate of 1.5 Mbit/s (187.5 kB/s) is defined by USB 1.0. It is very
similar to full speed operation except each bit takes 8 times as long to transmit. It
is intended primarily to save cost in low-bandwidth human interface devices
(HID) such as keyboards, mice, and joysticks.

 The full speed rate of 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) is the basic USB data rate defined by
USB 1.1. All USB hubs support full speed.

 A high-speed (USB 2.0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) was introduced in 2001.
All high-speed devices are capable of falling back to full-speed operation if
necessary.

 A SuperSpeed (USB 3.0) rate of 5.0 Gbit/s (625 MB/s). The USB 3.0
specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008

5.2. BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY

To accommodate the additional pins for SuperSpeed mode, the physical form
factors for USB 3.0 plugs and receptacles have been modified from those used in
previous versions. Standard-A cables have extended heads where the SuperSpeed
connectors extend beyond and slightly above the legacy connectors. Similarly, the
Standard-A receptacle is deeper to accept these new connectors. A legacy Standard-A
cable will operate as intended and will never interact with the SuperSpeed connectors,
ensuring backward compatibility. The Standard-B modifications could not be made as
elegantly; the SuperSpeed connectors had to be placed on top of the existing form factor,
making legacy Standard-B plugs workable on SuperSpeed Standard-B receptacles, but
not vice versa.
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5.3. POWER SPECIFICATIONS

The bus power spec has been increased so that a unit load is 150mA (+50%
over minimum using USB 2.0). An unconfigured device can still draw only 1 unit load,
but a configured device can draw up to 6 unit loads (900mA, an 80% increase over USB
2.0 at a registered maximum of 500mA). Minimum device operating voltage is dropped
from 4.4V to 4V.

5.4. CABLE LENGTH

USB 3.0 does not define cable assembly lengths, except that it can be of any
length as long as it meets all the requirements defined in the specification. However,
electronicdesign.com estimates cables will be limited to 3 m at SuperSpeed.

5.5. TRANSFER MODE

When operating in SuperSpeed mode, full-duplex signaling occurs over 2

differential pairs separate from the non-SuperSpeed differential pair. Full-duplex means
that the data can be transferred in two directions simultaneously.

5.6. OTHER FEATURES

 New power management features include support of idle, sleep and suspend
states, as well as Link-, Device-, and Function-level power management.

 USB 3.0 extends the bulk transfer type in SuperSpeed with Streams. This
extension allows a host and device to create and transfer multiple streams of data
through a single bulk pipe

 SuperSpeed establishes a communications pipe between the host and each device,
in a host-directed protocol. In contrast, USB 2.0 broadcasts packet traffic to all
devices.

 As its ancestors USB 3.0 support hot swapping. That is the USB cables can be
connected and operated without rebooting the computer.

 As its ancestors USB 3.0 networks use a tiered-star topology

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 Unlike most other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits
to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to
prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to its size. Compliant devices
must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable
which does.

 The connectors are designed to be robust. Many previous connector designs were
fragile, with pins or other delicate components prone to bending or breaking, even
with the application of only very modest force. The electrical contacts in a USB
connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting
assembly is usually further protected by an enclosing metal sheath. As a result
USB connectors can safely be handled, inserted, and removed, even by a child.

 It is difficult to attach a USB connector incorrectly. Connectors cannot be plugged

in upside down, and it is clear from the appearance and kinesthetic sensation of
making a connection when the plug and socket are correctly mated. However, it is
not obvious at a glance to the inexperienced user (or to a user without sight of the
installation) which way around the connector goes, thus it is often necessary to try
both ways. More often than not, however, the side of the connector with the
trident logo should be on top or towards the user.
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CHAPTER 6
COMPARISON WITH USB 2.0

As we know the USB 3.0 is the next version of the USB series. So we can’t
expect anything other than advantages from USB 3.0 over 2.0. Still we perform a comparison
to find out what are advantages which we can expect from the new SuperSpeed USB (USB
3.0).

 The new spec will support data transfers at 4.8 gigabits per second, or Gbps,
nearly 10 times faster than the current standard’s 480 megabits per second and six
times faster than FireWire 800. It’s also 400 times faster than the 12 Mbps offered
by the original spec, USB 1.0. ·USB 2.0 is also known as "Hi-Speed USB," while
USB 3.0 will have the confusingly similar moniker "SuperSpeed USB."

 The new USB 3.0 connectors and devices will be compatible with older USB
ports (on devices using USB 2.0 and 1.0) but they will be limited to the older
ports’ slower speeds. The latest SuperSpeed USB-enabled devices connecting to
older PCs running USB 2.0 or lower will experience data transfer rates that are
much slower.

 It also has better power output, 900 milliamps compared to 100 milliamps with
USB 2.0. That means up to four devices can be charged from a single USB port
and charged faster.

 When we look to the architecture of the USB 3.0, unlike the USB 2.0, USB 3.0
support 9 pins instead of 5 pins.

 The USB 3.0 support full-duplex data transfer. The full duplex means you can
send data in either direction (bi-directionally) simultaneously. But USB 2.0 was
supporting half-duplex transmission that you can transmit the data in either
direction but not simultaneously.

 Since the USB 3.0 is supporting more cables than USB 2.0 the cable will be
appeared a little much thick for the users.
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CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS

The USB ports are used for a number of applications. The USB ports get the
popularity because of its simplicity as well the easiness in use. The main application of
USB 3.0 is listed below.

 USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the
USB mass storage device class (referred to as MSC or UMS). This was initially
intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives, but has been extended to
support a wide variety of devices, particularly flash drives. This generality is
because many systems can be controlled with the familiar idiom of file
manipulation within directories (The process of making a novel device look like a
familiar device is also known as extension)

 USB 3.0 can also support portable hard disk drives. The earlier versions of USBs
were not supporting the 3.5 inch hard disk drives. Originally conceived and still
used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), a
number of manufacturers offer external portable USB hard drives, or empty
enclosures for drives, that offer performance comparable to internal drives
[citation needed]. These external drives usually contain a translating device that
interfaces a drive of conventional technology (IDE, ATA, SATA, ATAPI, or even
SCSI) to a USB port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user just like an
internal drive.

 These are used to provide power for low power consuming devises. These can be
used for charging the mobile phones.
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 Though most new computers are capable of booting off USB Mass Storage
devices, USB is not intended to be a primary bus for a computer's internal storage:
buses such as ATA (IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), and SCSI fulfill that role.
However, USB has one important advantage in that it is possible to install and
remove devices without opening the computer case, making it useful for external
drives.

 Mice and keyboards are frequently fitted with USB connectors, but because most
PC motherboards still retain PS/2 connectors for the keyboard and mouse as of
2007, they are often supplied with a small USB-to-PS/2 adaptor, allowing usage
with either USB or PS/2 interface. There is no logic inside these adaptors: they
make use of the fact that such HID interfaces are equipped with controllers that
are capable of serving both the USB and the PS/2 protocol, and automatically
detect which type of port they are plugged into. Joysticks, keypads, tablets and
other human-interface devices are also progressively migrating from PC game
port, and PS/2 connectors to USB.

 It can also support Ethernet adapter, modem, serial port adapter etc

 It can support Full speed hub, hi-speed hub, and SuperSpeed hub.
It can supportUSB smart card reader, USB compliance testing devices, Wi-Fi adapter,
Bluetooth adapter, ActiveSync device, Force feedback joystick.
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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

The high-rate of SuperSpeed adoption illustrates that USB 3.0 is a

thriving and advanced ecosystem. It is already driving and creating a new
generation of devices and components. The new standard is allowing OEMs to
manufacture a fresh wave of devices that take advantage of SuperSpeed's
minimized wait time and optimized power efficiency. I would also like to note
that USB 3.0 uses only 1/3 of the power compared to USB 2 - and of course, the
standard is fully backwards compatible.

USB 3.0 SuperSpeed protocol is very promising high speed

communication protocol. With success of earlier versions of USB and
backward compatibility of USB 3.0 is going to be very useful for quick
migration. High data rate of USB 3.0 is very tempting to adapt the technology
for many high end video streaming applications.
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Reference
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
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