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Experiment Number 1

The document describes the working of a 3-point starter for DC motors. A 3-point starter is used to limit excessive starting current in DC motors by adding resistance to the armature winding during startup. As the starter lever is moved, resistance in the armature circuit is gradually reduced. Initially, full resistance is added, which then decreases to zero as the lever reaches the last position, directly connecting the armature to the power supply. This controls the starting current and prevents damage to the motor.

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68 views7 pages

Experiment Number 1

The document describes the working of a 3-point starter for DC motors. A 3-point starter is used to limit excessive starting current in DC motors by adding resistance to the armature winding during startup. As the starter lever is moved, resistance in the armature circuit is gradually reduced. Initially, full resistance is added, which then decreases to zero as the lever reaches the last position, directly connecting the armature to the power supply. This controls the starting current and prevents damage to the motor.

Uploaded by

sakshammahajan24303
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1

Aim- To analyse the current and response of a DC motor .

Theory-

As in PMDC motor the field is produced by permanent magnet, there is no need of


drawing field coils in the equivalent circuit of permanent magnet DC motor.
The supply voltage to the armature will have armature resistance drop and rest of
the supply voltage is countered by back emf of the motor. Hence voltage equation
of the motor is given by,

Where, I is armature current and R is armature resistance of the motor.

Eb is the back emf and V is the supply voltage.

Circuit diagram-
Theory:-

Basic operational voltage equation of a DC motor is given as


E = Eb + IaRa and hence, Ia = (E - Eb) / Ra
Now, when the motor is at rest, obviously, the back emf Eb = 0. Hence, armature current at the
moment of starting can be given as Ia = E / Ra. In practical DC machines, armature resistance is
basically very low, generally about 0.5 Ω. Therefore, a large current flows through the armature
during starting. This current is large enough to damage the armature circuit.
Due to this excessive starting current -

1. the fuses may blow out and the armature winding and/or commutator brush arrangement may
get damaged.
2. very high starting torque will be produced (as torque is directly proportional to the armature
current), and this high starting torque may cause huge centrifugal force which may throw off
the armature winding.
3. other loads connected to the same source may experience a dip in the terminal voltage.
A large DC motor will pick up speed rather slowly due to its large rotor inertia. Hence, building up
the back emf slowly causing the level of high starting current maintained for quite some time. This
may cause severe damage. To avoid this, a suitable DC motor starter must be used. Very small dc
motors, however, may be started directly by connecting them to the supply with the help of a
contactor or a switch. It does not result in any harm because they gather speed quickly due to small
rotor inertia. In this case, the large starting current will die down quickly because of the fast rise in
the back emf.

DC Motor Starters
To avoid the above dangers while starting a DC motor, it is necessary to limit the starting current.
So, a DC motor is started by using a starter. There are various types of dc motor starters, such as 3
point starter, 4 point starter, no-load release coil starter, thyristor controller starter etc.
The basic concept behind every DC motor starter is adding external resistance to the armature
winding during starting.
From the followings, 3 point starters and 4 point starters are used for starting shunt wound motors
and compound wound motors.

3 Point Starter
The internal wiring of a 3 point starter is as shown in
the figure.
When the connected dc motor is to be started, the lever is turned gradually to the right. When the
lever touches point 1, the field winding gets directly connected across the supply, and the armature
winding gets connected with resistances R1 to R5 in series. During starting, full resistance is added in
series with the armature winding. Then, as the lever is moved further, the resistance is gradually is
cut out from the armature circuit. Now, as the lever reaches to position 6, all the resistance is cut
out from the armature circuit and armature gets directly connected across the supply. The
electromagnet 'E' (no voltage coil) holds the lever at this position. This electromagnet releases the
lever when there is no (or low) supply voltage.
It can be seen that, when the arm is moved from the position 1 to the last position, the starter
resistance gets added in series with the field winding. But, as the value of starter resistance is very
small as compared to the shunt resistance, the decrease in shunt field current may be negligible.
However, to overcome this drawback a brass or copper arc may be employed within a 3 point starter
which makes a connection between the moving arm and the field winding, as shown in the figure of
4 point starter below.
When the motor is overloaded beyond a predefined value, 'overcurrent release electromagnet' D
gets activated, which short-circuits electromagnet E and, hence, releases the lever and the motor is
turned off.

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