SQL Database Lab Page 1

Worksheet for SQL

This lab introduces some common SQL commands with examples. The exercises use
the World database, which is available free from MySQL.

Required Software
1. mysql command line client. This is included in the mysql-essentials package or MySQL
Community Edition from www.mysql.com.
2. (Optional) Visual query tool for MySQL. The free MySQL Workbench (requires Visual C++
redistribution pack and .Net 4.0) or MySQL GUI Tools (does not require C++) are GUI tools for
accessing MySQL.
2. World database. You will use the database on se.cpe.ku.ac.th (nothing to install.) But,
if you want your own World database, see separate instructions for how to install.

The World Database

World is a sample database provided by MySQL. The data is from the 1990s, but it's still useful.
There are three tables in the database. It's not a great database design: the Continent attribute is
an enumeration of Strings, the Region is a String, and Language is a String.

Format of Exercises
Write the SQL command you use to get the data. If the result is requested, write that, too.

1 What Tables are in the Database?

Connect to the world database. What tables are in the database?
sql> use world;
sql> SHOW TABLES;
Answer:

+-----------------+
| Tables_in_world |
+-----------------+
| city |
| country |
| countrylanguage |
+-----------------|

2 What columns are in the City table?

There are two commands to show the columns in a table. Show both:
sql> SELECT * FROM city;
sql> DESCRIBE city;
SQL Database Lab Page 2
Table: City
Complete the table. For "INT(n)" just write "integer", for FLOAT(n) just write "float".
Field Name Type Can be Null? Key? Default
ID integer NO PRIMARY NULL
Name character NO
CountryCode character NO MULTIPLE
District character NO
Population integer NO
Table: Country
Field Name Type Can be Null? Key? Default
Code char(3) NO PRIMARY
Name char(52) NO
Continent enum NO ‘Asia’
Region char(26) NO
SurfaceArea float(10,2) NO 0.00
IndepYear Smallint(6) YES NULL
Population Integer(11) NO 0
LifeExpectancy Float(3,1) YES NULL
GNP Float(10,2) YES NULL
LocalName char(45) NO
GovernmentForm char(45) NO
Capital integer YES NULL
Code2 char(2) NO
Table: CountryLanguage
Field Name Type Can be Null? Key? Default
CountryCode Char(3) NO PRIMARY
Language Char(30) NO PRIMARY
IsOfficial Enum(‘T’,’F’) NO 'F'
Percentage float(4,1) NO 0.0

2.1 Are SQL commands case sensitive?

select * from tablename
SELECT * FROM tablename
Answer: SQL commands are not case-sensitive

2.2 In MySQL are names case sensitive?

Write the answer that you experimentally observe.
Database names? World
Table names? CITY, COUNTRY, COUNTRYLANGUAGE
Field (column) names? Name,CountryCode,ID,District,Population
Note: The answer for Database and Table names depends on the operating system and
configuration of MySQL. It may be case sensitive or not. Write what you observe using our
server.
SQL Database Lab Page 3
3 Querying Data
The SELECT command returns data from tables.
SELECT * FROM tablename
SELECT * FROM tablename LIMIT n (only return n results)
SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM tablename WHERE condition [ LIMIT n ]
SELECT fields FROM tablename WHERE condition ORDER BY field [ASC|DESC]

3.1 What are the first 3 Cities in Database?

sql> SELECT Name FROM city LIMIT 3;
Answer:
+-----------+
| Name |
+-----------+
| Kabul |
| Qandahar |
| Herat |
+-----------+

3.2 What are the 3 most populous countries in the World?

SELECT ... ORDER BY fieldname ASC (ascending)
SELECT ... ORDER BY fieldname DESC (descending - largest value first))
What are the 3 most populous countries in the world? Write their name and population.
sql> SELECT Name,Population FROM city ORDER BY Population DESC
LIMIT 3;
Answer:

+-----------------+------------+
| Name | Population |
+-----------------+------------+
| Mumbai (Bombay) | 10500000 |
| Seoul | 9981619 |
| São Paulo | 9968485 |
+-----------------+------------+

What is the smallest country in the world?

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sql> ELECT Name,Population FROM city ORDER BY Population ASC LIMIT
1;
Answer: (name and size)

+-----------+------------+
| Name | Population |
+-----------+------------+
| Adamstown | 42 |
+-----------+------------+

3.3 Select with WHERE

SELECT field1, field2, field3 FROM table WHERE condition
Example: SELECT * FROM Country WHERE Name='Japan'
What is the CountryCode for Thailand?
sql> SELECT Code FROM country WHERE Name=’Thailand’;
Answer:
+------+
| Code |
+------+
| THA |
+------+
What cities are in Thailand, sorted by population (largest first)?
sql> SELECT Name,Population,CountryCode FROM city WHERE
CountryCode=’THA’ ORDER BY Population DESC;
Answer: (at least 3 cities)

+-------------------+------------+-------------+
| Name | Population | CountryCode |
+-------------------+------------+-------------+
| Bangkok | 6320174 | THA |
| Nonthaburi | 292100 | THA |
| Nakhon Ratchasima | 181400 | THA |
| Chiang Mai | 171100 | THA |
| Udon Thani | 158100 | THA |
| Hat Yai | 148632 | THA |
| Khon Kaen | 126500 | THA |
| Pak Kret | 126055 | THA |
| Nakhon Sawan | 123800 | THA |
| Ubon Ratchathani | 116300 | THA |
| Songkhla | 94900 | THA |
| Nakhon Pathom | 94100 | THA |
+-------------------+------------+-------------+
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3.4 SELECT using WHERE, ORDER, and LIMIT
SELECT fields FROM table
WHERE condition
ORDER BY field [ASC|DESC]
LIMIT n
What Country has the largest population in Europe? What is its population?
sql> SELECT Name,Population FROM country WHERE Continent=’Europe’
ORDER BY Population DESC LIMIT 1;
Answer:

+--------------------+------------+
| Name | Population |
+--------------------+------------+
| Russian Federation | 146934000 |
+--------------------+------------+

4 SELECT using Expressions and Functions

You can use operations like +, -, *, /, and % (modulo) almost anyplace where you can write a field
name.

4.1 What Countries have names beginning with 'Z'?

sql> SELECT Name FROM country WHERE Name LIKE ‘Z%’;
Answer:

+----------+
| Name |
+----------+
| Zambia |
| Zimbabwe |
+----------+

4.2 What is the GNP of Thailand, in unit of Million Baht?

The GNP field of Country is measured in millions of US Dollars.
What is the GNP of Thailand, measured in millions of Baht. Use 1 USD =31 Baht.
sql> SELECT Name,GNP*31 FROM country WHERE name=’Thailand’;
SQL Database Lab Page 6
Answer:

+----------+------------+
| Name | GNP*31 |
+----------+------------+
| Thailand | 3608896.00 |
+----------+------------+

Using COUNT and other Functions

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tablename
SELECT SUM(field) FROM tablename WHERE condition
SQL has many functions you can use in queries. Common functions are:
COUNT(field) or COUNT(*)
MAX(field)
MIN(field)
SUM(field)
AVG(field)
SUBSTR(field, start, length) e.g. SUBSTR(Name,1, 6)
You can apply a function to an expression, too. E.g. MIN(population/SurfaceArea).

4.3 How many Countries are in the World?

sql> SELECT COUNT(Name) FROM country;
Answer:
+-------------+
| COUNT(Name) |
+-------------+
| 239 |
+-------------+

4.4 What is the total GNP of the world (in millions USD)?
sql> SELECT SUM(GNP) FROM country;
Answer:
+-------------+
| SUM(GNP) |
+-------------+
| 29354907.90 |
+-------------+
SQL Database Lab Page 7
4.5 What are the richest countries in the world?
"Rich" means income per person, which is GNP/population. The GNP is in millions of US
Dollars, so multiply by 1,000,000 to get an answer in dollars.
What are the 2 richest countries in the world?
sql> SELECT Name, GNP*1000000/Population FROM country ORDER BY
GNP*1000000/Population DESC LIMIT 2;
Answer:
+-------------+------------------------+
| Name | GNP*1000000/Population |
+-------------+------------------------+
| Luxembourg | 37459.260959 |
| Switzerland | 36936.204681 |
+-------------+------------------------+

Use an Alias for an Expression or Field

You can assign a name (an alias) to an expression in a SELECT statement. This saves
typing and makes the output more readable.
SELECT expression AS alias FROM table WHERE ...
Example: the "density" is population per surface area. We can write:
SELECT name, population/SurfaceArea AS density FROM Country

4.6 What are the 3 most crowded countries in Asia?

Query to find the 3 most crowded nations in Asia and their population density (people/sq.km.).
sql> SELECT Name,Population/SurfaceArea AS density FROM country
WHERE continent=’Asia’ ORDER BY density DESC LIMIT 3;
Answer:
+-----------+--------------+
| Name | density |
+-----------+--------------+
| Macao | 26277.777778 |
| Hong Kong | 6308.837209 |
| Singapore | 5771.844660 |
+-----------+--------------+

5 Adding A New City

Example: Bangsaen is in Chonburi province with a population of 30,000, except during Songkran
the population is 500,000. To add Bangsaen to the database, use:
SQL Database Lab Page 8
INSERT into City (name, district, population)
VALUES ('Bangsaen', 'Chonburi', 30000);
Exercise: Add your home town (or another city in Thailand) to the database:
sql> INSERT INTO city(ID,Name,CountryCode,District,Population)
VALUES(4081,’Pattaya’,’THA’,’Bang Lamung’,8081);
What is the ID of the City you just added it?
Write the SQL statement to find the city you just added:
sql> SELECT Name FROM city WHERE ID=4081;

6 Modifying a Record
To change some values, use:
UPDATE tablename SET field1=value1, field2=value2 WHERE condition
Example: The "head of state" in the U.S.A. is now Barrack Obama.
UPDATE Country SET HeadOfState='Barrack Obama' WHERE code='USA';

Be Careful! UPDATE is Immediate and No "undo"

If you forget the WHERE clause or WHERE matches more than one record, it will change all
matching records!
UPDATE Country SET HeadOfState='Barrack Obama';
Now Obama is head of the Entire World!!
Exercise:
6.1 What is the SQL to change the population of your city, using City and Country name to select
your city?
sql> UPDATE city SET Population=900 WHERE Name=’Pattaya’;

6.2 What is the SQL to change the population of your City, using the City primary key?
sql> UPDATE city SET Population=900 WHERE ID=4081;

7 Deleting Data
DELETE FROM tablename WHERE condition
Example: delete all cities in Thailand named "Bangsaen":
DELETE FROM City WHERE name='Bangsaen' AND countrycode='THA';
7.1 What is the command to delete the City that you added to the database?
sql> DELETE FROM city WHERE Name=’Pattaya’ AND ID=4081;

7.2 What does this statement do?

DELETE FROM City WHERE name='Bangsaen' OR countrycode='THA';
Answer: remove all cities that have a name ‘Bangsaen’ or have a country code ‘THA’.
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8 Using More Than One Table with WHERE
In a database, you can relate tables and query them together.
To do this, you must find a field or expression that the tables have in common.
Examples "what is the capital city of Denmark" (join County and City tables)
"what Countries speak Thai?" (join Country and CountryLanguage tables)
To connect tables using "WHERE" use:
SELECT field1, field2, ...
FROM table1, table2
WHERE table1.field1 = table2.field2
Example: Print the city names and country names for mega-cities
SELECT City.Name, Country.Name
FROM City, Country
WHERE City.countrycode = Country.code
AND City.population > 1000000

8.1 What Cities are in Laos?

sql> SELECT City.Name, Country.Name
FROM City, Country
WHERE City.countrycode = country.code
AND country.Name=’Laos’;

9 JOIN Tables
A more semantic way of combining tables is to use JOIN
SELECT field1, field2, ...
FROM table1
JOIN table2
ON table1.field = table2.field
WHERE ... ORDER BY ...
You can assign an alias to table names to reduce typing. You can assign an alias to fields or
expressions, too.
Example: Print the capital city of the countries in Europe:
SELECT c.Name, co.Name AS CountryName, co.Region
FROM Country co
JOIN City c
ON co.Capital = c.ID
WHERE co.Continent = 'Europe'

9.1 What Countries have a City named "Kingston"?

sql> SELECT c.Name, co.Name
SQL Database Lab Page 10
FROM Country co
JOIN City c
ON co.Name=c.ID
WHERE co.Name=’Kingston’
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SQL Data Types

SQL has many data types, and some are not recognized by all databases. For example, every SQL
datatype recognizes "INTEGER" and "SMALLINT", but may not allow "INT(11)".
Data Type Description Data Type Description
INTEGER 4 byte signed integer FLOAT 4-byte floating point
BIGINT 8 bytes (like Java long) DOUBLE 8-byte floating point
SMALLINT 2 bytes: -32768 to DECIMAL base 10, exact precision
32767
TINYINT 1 byte: -128 to 127 FLOAT 4-byte floating point
INT(n) integer with n-digits, FLOAT(6) float w/ 6-digit
actual size may be FLOAT(6, 2) precision,
larger 6 digits, 2 decimal
places
BOOLEAN true or false or DECIMAL(8, 2) 8 digits, 2 decimal
undefined places e.g. 123456.78
DATE Date as yyyy-mm-dd TIME Time as hh:mm:ss
DATETIME Date & time as TIMESTAMP date and time, with
yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss timezone info
CHAR(m) fixed length string of VARCHAR(m) variable length string,
size m, 1 <= m <= 255 1 <= m <= 65,535
BLOB binary large object, for CLOB character large object,
BLOB(length) binary data like images CLOB(length) for large strings
ENUM('apple','grape'...) enumerated type.
MysQL has it, but not
standard.