Chapter 1 - Fundamentals of Computer - Notes PDF

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Chapter 1
SHORT AND 1-'ONG QUESTIONS

Q.1 Briefly describe the working of computer processing system.
Ans: Working of Computer processing system:
A computer is a general-purpose programmable machine.
Computer:
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from
the user and processes it under the controi of set of instructions (called program),
gives the result (output), and saves it for the future use.
Function of Computer:
Computer has the ability to store, retrieve and process data. II processes
data at very high speed according to the instructions given to it and pr0duces
accurate results.
Computer program:
The instruciions given to a computer to periorm a particular task is known as
computer program. Computer processing system is shown in Fig.
Computer
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Computer processing system

Q.2 Highlight various stages in evolution of computers.
Ans: Evolution of Computer:
Evolution o·f computers means how the cornpL1ters evolved from the first
mechanical device, ab::icus, to electromechanical and ttien to the modern electronic
digital computers.
Q.3 What are the tasks performed by Abacus?
Ans: Abacus:
Abacus was the earliest calculating device most probably invented in China.
Construction:
Abacus consisted of a wooden frame having parallel rods as shown in Fig.
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Chapter 1
Abacus
These rods had a number of wooden beads which could slide freely along the
length of rods. While performing calculations. beads were moved up and down with
fingers.
Tasks performed by Abacus:
Abacus was used to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It
has been used 1n China and some other Asian countries till the end of 20th century.
Titbits
Abacus is still seen at some toy shops, made of plastic or wood for small children.
Q.4 What are the tasks performed by Pascaline?
Ans: Pascaline:
Bla ise Pascal, a French mathematician invented a calculating machine called
Pascaline in 1642 when he was only 19 years old.
Construction:
Pascaline used rotating wheels. Each wheel had ten parts having digits from 0
to 9. Calculations were performed by the rotation of wheels. When one wheel
completes a rotaticn. the nex1 wheel moves by one digit It had a number of small
slots for displaying the result
Tasks performed by Pasoaline:
Pascaline could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers.
SIOIS 10 dhplay Result�
Pascallne
Q.S Differentiate between Difference Engine and Analytical Engine.
Ans: Difference Engine:
In 1822, the English mathematician Charles Babbage started working on
a big calculating machine about the size of a room. He called it Difference
Engine.
Analytical Engine:
Babbage worked for many years on Difference Engine but he could not
complete it Latel', he came up with idea of Analytical Engine. He could not complete
it because the technology was not advanced enough but he laid the foundation
stone of modern digital computers
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Chapter 1
Today's modern digital computers are based on the •deo 0f analytical engine.
Father of modern digital computers:
Charles Babbage· is known as the father of modern dig1tc1I computers.
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Q.6 Write a note on Hollerith desk.
Ans: Hollerith Desk:
In 1890. Herman Hollerith built a tabulating machlne called Hollerith Des!<..
This machine was invented to help wi!h the census of 1890 in America.
Construction:
Hollerith Desk consisted ot a card reader which sensed the holes in the
cards, a gear driven mechanism which could count and a large set of dial indicatcrs
to display the results
After building Hollerith Desk. Hollerith started a company by the name of
Tabulating Machine Company. Eventually this company changed its name to
International Business Machines <IBM).
Hollcrilh Desk
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Q.7 What are the various tasks performed by Mark-I ?
Ans. Mark-I:
The next (after the invention of Hollerith Desk) successfu 1 computing
machine invented was a digital computer known as Maik-1. It vtas invented by
Howard Aiken in 1944.
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Tdsks performed by Mark-I:

M_arK-1 could add three numbers ha\lmg eight digits in one second. It could
P�1nt out its results on punched cards or
on an electric typewriter.
S:ze of Mark-I:
Mark-I was 50 feet !ong, 8 feet high and weighed about 5 tons
Technology used in Mark-I:
It used 3, 000 electric switches.
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Q.8 Justify the statement that computer evolution is a continuous
process.
Ans: Since computer evolution is a continuous process, it has not stopped in the
modern era. New systems are being developed to provide voice recognition and /··,
understand natural languages.
High performance computing (HPC):
High performance computing (HPC } is being used in today's data centers for
fast data processing High-performance compu ting ( HPC ) is the use of parallel
processing for running advanced application programs efficiently. reliably and fast.
Cloud Computing:
The concept of "Cloud Computing" has been introduced. In the simplest
terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over the
Internet instead of computer's hard driv�.
Current advancements:
The current advancements in computer technology are likely to transform
p
com uter into intelligent machine having thinking power. The evolution of computers
will probably continue till their processing capabilities have become equal to human
intelligence or even beyond that.
Q.9 List history and generations of computer.
Ans: History and Generations of Computer: ;
History of computers is a chain that runs from the ancient abacus and the
analytical engine of the nineteenth century, through the modern computers of
present age. It is generally divided into five generations. Each generation of
computers is characterized by major technological develo pments of that time.
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Chapter 1
Q.10 Write a short note on the second generation of computer and the
technolog•;- used in it. Also write down the names of model used in
second generation of computers?
OR
Write a note on invention of transistor and second-generation of
computers?
Ans: Second Generation Computers (1956 - 1963):
In 194 7, three scientists, William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
Brattain invented transistor.
Transistor:
Transistor functions like a vacuum tube it replaced the vacuum tubes in the
--------..
second generation computers. Transistor was taster, more rei1able, smaller and
much cheaper than vacuum tube.
Transistor
Characteristics/Features of second generation computers:
The following are the characteristics of second generation computers.
i. Transistors were used instead of vacuum tubes.
ii. Transistors reduced the size of computers and increased the speed and
memory capacity.
iii. Computers became more reliable and cheaper.
iv. Second generation computers used punch card readers. magnetic tapes.
magnetic disks and printers.
v. Assembly language was used in these computers.
vi. High level programming languages, FORTRAN and COBOL were introduced
in this generation of computers.
Models/examples:
Examples of second generation computers are UNIVAC II, IBM 7030, 7780
and 7090, NCR 300 series, General Electric GE 635 and Control Data Corporation's
CDC 1604 com puters.
Q.11 Write a short note on the Fourth generation of computer and the
technology used in it. Also write do_wn the names of model used in
fourth generation of computers?
OR
Write a note on invention of Microprocessor and Fourth -generation
of computers?
Ans: Fourth Generation Computers (1971- Present):
In this generation of computers LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very
Large Scale lntegratfon) chips having millions of transistors were developed.
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Chapter 1
Microprocessor was also developed ,n fourth generation of computers. A

microprocessor is a single chip that can handle all the pror.essing of a computer. A
microprocessor is shown in Fig.
Microprocessor
Characteristics/features of fourth generation computers:
The following are the characteristics of fourth generation of computers.
1. Microprocessor was developed which resulted in the development of
microcomputers.
ii. Fourth generation computers are very ftist have large storage capacity and
use advanced inpuVoutput devices.
iii. Microcomputers are very small in size, very reliable, consume less power
and are affordable.
iv. Large variety of software is a11ailable for use in microcomputers.
v. Operating system having Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed in
this generation.
vi. These computers support multimedia software that combines text, image.
sound and video.
vii. These computers support modern programming languages such as Visual
Basic, C++, Java and Python for developing powerful software.
viii. Fourth generation computers support a large variety of portable and wireless
input/output devices.
Examples of microprocessors:
Some examples of microprocessors developed in fourth generation of
computers are Intel Pentium series, Dual Core, Core2 Duo, Core i3, i5, i7 and AMD
Athlon.
Examples of fourth generation computers:
·
Some examples of fourth generation computers are IBM Think Pad series,
HP Pavilion series, Dell lnspiron series and Apple's MacBook Pro and MacBook Air
series.
Do You Know?
Intel invented the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 in November, 1971.
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Chapter 1
Q.12 i"!rite a short note on the fifth generation of computer and the
technology used in it. Also write down the names of model used in
fifth generation of computers?
OR
Write a note on Artificial Intelligence and fifth -generation of
computers?
Ans: Fifth Generation Computers:
The goal of fifth generation of computers is to develop devices that can
understand natural languages and have thinking power. This is a big challenge for
computer developers and programmers to design such systems and software for
them
Characteristics/features of fifth generation computers:
The following are the characteristics of f1f1t1 generation of computers.
i. Fifth generation computes are based on Artificial Intelligence (Al).
11. In the fifth generation of computers. Artificial Intelligence (Al) ,viii minimize
the need to write programs.
iii. These computers will allow users to give commands in any natural language
such as English.
Examples of fifth generation computers:
Examples of fifth generation computers are robots and expert systems.
For Your Information

Artif1c1al Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with
making computer behave like humans
Q.13. List the TYPES/classification OF COMPUTERS.
Ans: Types of Computers:
On the basis of data representation, processing, Input and Output,
Computers can be classified into the following three types.
i. Analog Computers
11. Digital Computers
111. Hybrid Computers
Q.14 Describe some of the features of Hybrid Computers/ Vital Sign
Monitoring Unit.
Ans: Hybrid Computers/Vital Sign Monitoring Unit:
Hybrid computers are the combination of analog and digital computers. They
combine the characteristics of both analog and digital computers.
Uses of Hybrid Compuiers:
Hybrid computers are mainly used for scientific applications. These
computers are used in spaceships, missile systems. scientific research, hospitals
and for controlling industrial processes.
Vital Sign Monitoring Unit:
A hybrid computer known as Vital Sign Monitoring Unit is shown in Fig. It is
used 1n hospitals to monitor p::itient's important data such as blood pressure,
temperature, respiration and heartbeat.
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Chapter 1
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Q.15 List the classification of digital computers.
Ans: Classification of Digital Computers:
Digital computers ·are classified into mainframe, minicomputer anq
microcomputer based on their size, speed, storage capacity and the number of
users they can support.
Q.16 List the use/Role of computers in education.
Ans: Education:
Role of computers in education has been given a lot of importance in the
recent years Computer technology eases the process . of learning. Many programs
are available for students to learn the subjects of Physics. Mathematics, Chemistry,
Biology, etc.
Multimedia software makes the process of learning interactive and
interesting. It combines text. graphics, sound and video for effective learning.
Internet has enormous information on a wide variety of subjects.
Students can refer to Internet to find information on any topic
Multimedia projectors:
Nowadays computers with multimedia projectors are being used in
classrooms for effective teaching. All the activities related to examinations are also
being controlled using computers. Therefore, it.plays an important role in education.
Today. computer education is a part of curricula from elementary to university level.
Q.17 Discuss the use/Role of computers in education.
Ans: Business:
Compu ters are used in all types of busine sses, to improv e
produc tivity. They help in running business activitie s efficiently. They are
used to prepa re business docum ents, repor ts, charts, prese ntatio ns.
invoices. etc. They help in staying in contac t with emplo yees and custom ers.
Important business areas where computers are used:
The following are some impo rtant b usiness areas where c o mput ers
are used.
i. Computer technology has revolutionized the banking business. Deposits and
withdrawals _are instantly logged into a customer's account.
ii. Accur ate monthly bank statements are generated with the help of computer.
Computer networks allow amount of bill to be transferred from customer's
bank account to the store.
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iii. Automated Teller Machine (ATM):

People can obtain cash nny time anywhere through Automated Teller
Machine (ATM)
iv. �ar code readers:
Computers are used in retail stores. Bar code readers are linked to computer
system that are used lo read the bar code printed on each product sold to
prepare the bill. \/\11th the use of computers at retail stores, the checkout
process is faster and the bill produced 1s accurate.
v. Electro nic commerce/f-Commerce:
Electronic commerce. also known as e-commerce allows to sell products
and services by means of computer networks such as Internet.
vi. Computers are very helpful 1n running many other types of businesses that
include hotel, hospital. school, travel agency, real est.ile, stock exchange. etc.
Q.18 List the Use/Role of Computers in Defense.
Ans: Use/Role of computers in defense:
There are various applications of computer technnlogy in defense.
Computers are used in tanks, planes and ships to target enemy forces. They help in
tracking missiles and destroying them Modern defense weapons and other
equipment are controlled by computers.
Computers are used for designing ar.d testing of weapons Computers are
also �ed in communication systems ,n defense.
Q.19 List the Use/Role of Computers ir. Media.
Ans: Use/Role of Computer s in Media:
Computers have lot of applications in print and electronic media. Print media
refers to mass communication through printed material.
Computer technology helps in preparation and production of newspapers.
magazines, booklets and brochures, flyers, press releases and books.
Electror.ic media refers to broadcast media that includes radio broadcast,
cable and satellite television broadcast and the new-age media like Internet and
mobile devices. Computer is used for television broadcasting.
Q.:ZO List the Use/Role of Computers in Manufacturing Industry.
Ans: Use/Role of computers in manuf acturing industry:
Now days, computer technology is widely used in manufacturing industry. It
has improved the accuracy, quality and speed of manufacturing.
Computers are used !or product design _and automation of manufacturing
.
process 1n factories. This 1s known as Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Computer-Aided Design (CAD):
CAO involves the use of computer hardware and graphics software to create
product designs.
Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM):
CAM involves the use of computer in planning and management of
production operation. It helps in automatically producing finished products.
CAD/CAM technology has been applied in many industries, including automobile,
electronics, machine components. textiles, fashion, etc.
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Chapter 1
Q.21 Elaborate the scope of the careers in the field of information

technology.
Ans: Careers in Information Techno_logy (IT):
Software Engineer:
Software engineer is a highly skilled person in the field of IT whose
responsibilities involve the analysis. design. implementation and maintenance of
computer sofiware. Software engineer can be further classifi ed into programmer and
system analyst.
• Programmer:
Computer progra111mers are IT professionals who have extensive knowledge
and expe111se in programming languages. They program the computer by writing step
by-step instructions that tell the computer ,vhat to do. Computer programmers write
programs to solve problems related with business. education, engineering, government
offices, hospitals. entertainment. etc.
• System Analyst:
System analysts analyze the data processing requirements of o,ganizations
and develop information syste:ns to implement them. They investigate problems,
plan solutions. ar,d recommend the type of hardware and software required for
implementing the solution. They also coordinate with the programmers and
database administrators in developing information systems.
Hardware Engineer:
Hardware engineers design and manufacture computer hardware. Their
work also involves repair an'd maintenance of computer hardware. They have in
depth knowledge of internal working of computers, processors, circuit boards and
other electron ic equipment.
Network Administrator:
Network administrators are responsible for installation, configuration and
maintenance of computer networks in organizations. They are in charge of
maintenance of computer hardware and software that make up a computer network.
They assign passwords to network users so !hat unauthorized people do not have
access to network
Database Administrator:
Database administrator is a person who is respons ible for the design,
implementation and maintenance of a database in an organization. He is also
responsible for maintaining security an·d monitoring the performance of database.
Web Designer:
I.Neb designer is a person whose job is IQ plan and create websites. He
designs web pages that include text. images, sound, video clips and make the
website interactive. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the most commonly
used language for creating websites.
Multimedia Designer:
Multimedia designers are people who organ ize and present information in an
easy to understand and attractive manner. They combine text, graphics, animation,
audio and video. Multimedia designers create digital images and arrange them in
sequence for animation using computer software. They have the skills to edit and
manipulate audio/video files. They usually work in film/TV industry, computer
software companies and advertising companies.
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Chapter 1
Information Security Analyst:

Information security analyst 1s a person whose job is to protect information
and information systems from unauthorized access, use, modification, recording or
destruction. He implements procedures and policies to ensure information security
within the organization
Computer Teacher:
Computer teacher teaches the subject of computer science to students to
make them computer literate He conducts lessons on how to operate computers
and the working princip les and concepts of computer hardware. He also teaches
how to develop computer programs using various programming languages.
Q.22 Define Computer.
Ans: Computer:
A computer is an electronic data processing device It reads data processing
it and produces results accurately at a very high speed.
Q.23 Define Computer system.
Ans: Computer system:
A computer along with a number of units attached to it (such as keyboard.
monitor, disk drives etc) is known as a computer system
Q.24 Differentiate between hardware and software of a c.omputer.
Ans: Difference between computer hardware and software:
Hardware:
Hardware is a physical device something that you're able to touch and see.
Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer
system.
Example:
The computer monitor you'_re viewing the text on or the mouse you're using
to navigate is considered computer hardware. RAM, ROM. motherboard, modem,
wireless chip CPU/Hard Disk etc.
Software:
Computer software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do
and how to do
Software is code and instructions that tell a computer or hardware how to
operate. This code can be viewed and executed using a computer or other
hardware device'.
However. without any hardware software would not exist.
Example:
An example of software is Microsoft Windows, an operating system that
allows you to control your computer and other programs that run on it.
Another example of software is the Internet browser. Operating system
(Windows, Linux) games or applications. word processing /Internet Explorer or
Firefox etc. are the examples of software.
Q.25 Write the names of three major units of computer system?
Ans: Major units of computer system:
Generally a computer system consists of the following three major units:
i. System unit
ii. Input units (A keyboard, mouse etc.}
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iii. Output units (A monitor, printer etc)

Q.26 Write the names of hardware components of a computer system?
Ans: Hardware Components of Computer:
Hardware componer.ts of a computer system are classified into input
devices, system unit. storage devices, output devices and memory.
Q.27 What is the function of input devices.
Ans. Input devices:
All the devices used to feed data into the computer are known as input
devices
Function of input devices:
Input devices allow us to communicate with the computer.
Examples:
Some commonly used input devices are keyboard. mouse,
microphone, scanner, barcode reader, digital camera and touch screen.
Q.28 Describe the division of keyboard and its functions?
Ans: Keyboard:
It is the main input pevice to communi:;ate with the computer.
Division of a Keyboard:
It allows the computer user to enter letters, numbers and special symbols
into the computer.
Functions of a Keyboard:
A keyboard may be divided into four general areas:-
i. Alptianumenc keypad. ii. Numeric keypad.
ii'I, Function k evoad . keys
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Point To Ponder
Why the keys on keyboard are not arranged in alphabetical order?
Ans: In fact, the QWERTY layout was designed to let people type as quickly as
possible without jamming a mechanical typewriter. As it happens. this same layout
is nearly optimal for pure speed, as it tends to cause the fingers and hands to
alternate
OR (Second Answer)
The QWERTY keyboard layout was designed so that successive keystrokes
would alternate sides of the keyboard so as to avoid jams in manual typewriters. Is
frequently said that the design was also created to make people type slower.
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Chapter 1
F 1rst desi gns of manuo1I typewriters usir. g Keyt.Jo:Jrds with !ett�rs ,:;n
aiphabetical order could not l<ee;:i up with the s peed cf f<Jst typist and th� Q\/JE:RTY
keyboard layout was designed to reduce Jamming.
Q.29 Describe the working and functions of mouse?
Ans: Mouse:
It is a har,d-held devic;e used to control the mo v ement c,f c;.irscr or p-:i,r.:cr on
the screer.. It has two or three buttons at the front that allow<; th e co�pu ter user Io
make selection in menu, d�aw graph1e,s or open filE:s, fciders anc.i progr&m: A
mouse is shown 1s Fi g
Mouse
Q.30 Describe the working and functions of n1icrophone?
Ans: Microphone:
It is a device that allows computer user to in put audio irit0 tr.e cor;1 puter .
It changes audio signa!s into electricol sign3 ;s which ar e £.-.
transiated into digital form by Iha sour1d card for processin g in thP \·: --:-/'
computer. A micropho11e is shown ;n Fig < ,,.
Q.31 Describe the working and functions cf scanner?
Ans: Scanner:
It is a device that captures im2.yes from photogriij::hS. mogazines, Qooks etc.
and stores them in com puter in dig;tal form. These images can be Gdi:ed, c'is playcd
on the screen or inserted in documents A scanner is :;;hown in Fig
Scanner
Q.32 Describe the working and functions of barcode reader?
Ans: Barcode Reader:
It ;•; a device that reads the barcode pr:nted on products t!.at
represents product code. description z�d price. This infcrrnation is us ed by the
com puter :o print bill for the customer. A t:arcode reader is shown i:-i Fig.
llarcodc Re;u!ecr
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Q.33 Highlight the working and functions of digital camera.

Ans: Digital Camera:
It is a device used to capture pictures and store them in digital form.
1 t1ese pictures can be downloaded to com puter for editing, viewing or
insertinl:J in documents. A digital camera is shown 1n Fig.
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Q.34 Highlight the working and functions of touch screen.
Ans: Touch Screen:
It 1s a pressure-sensitive display screen that is used to .interact with the
computer by touching pictures or words wit11 finger Touch screen is more commonly
used with mobi!e phone and tablet. A touch screen is shown in Fig
Touch Screen
Q.35 Write the names of three major parts of SYSTEM UNIT ?
Ans: System Unit:
System unit 1s the main part of computer. It includes motherboard, power
su ly and drives (such as DVD and hard disk} inside the computer casing. All the
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in put/output devices of a computer are connected to system unit through the ports.
Q.36 Describe the working and structure of motherboard.
Ans. Motherboard:
Motherboard 1s the main circuit board inside the system unit. It contains
m;croprocessor. main merncry. expansion cards, man y IC chips, connectors and
otner electronic components.
It has many buses {electric pathways} printed on it. These are used to transmit
1nforrna11on between various components of tt1e computer. All the mpuVoutput devices
are connectec1 to the motherboard. A motherboard 1s shown m Fig.
Expansion slots
Ports for connecting

input/output devices
Motherboard
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Q.37 Describe the working and structure of Microprocessor.

Ans: Microprocessor:
A microprocessor 1s the main chip on lhe motherboard that controls all the
activities of the computer. It :s also known as Central Processing Unit (CPU) or
simply processor.
It contains Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and register$. A
microprocessor and the block diagram of CPU are shown in Fig.
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ALU:
ALU 1s the part of the computer that performs all the calculations and
comparisons II consi�ts of arithmetic unit and logic unit.
Arithmetic Unit:
Arithmetic unit performs all the anthmehc operations such as add ition.
subtraction. mult1plication and division.
Logic Unit:
Logic unit performs logical operations which include comparisons of
numbers or alphabets.
functions of Control Unit:
Control unit controls the operations of all the components of the. computer. It
controls the working of all the input/output devices, storage devic1:s and ALU. CU
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Chapter 1
!oc,ds pI ograrns mto memory and executes them. It consists of very complicated
circuits.
Q.38 Briefly write about Registers.
Ans: Registers:
Registers are smc1II memory units inside the microprocessor used to
temporc1r:ly store some information during the execution of a program. Some
\:omr .icnly u�ed registers are Instruction Register. Accumulator Register, Data
Registe; and Memory Address Register
Q.39 Briefly write about storage devices.
Ans: Storage Devices:
Storage devices are used to store programs and data that are not currently
used by tile computer. They have huge storage capacity. Therefore. they are also
kn0wn as !J:lli.S'> s:cr.::qc devices or secondary memory.
Hard disk Is the most commonly used storage device that is fixed inside the
system urnt. Portable storage devices are CD, DVD, memory cards and u�s flash
drive.
Portable storage devices have less storage capacity than hard disk but they
are cheap and easy to carry.
Q.40 Briefly write about hard disk.
Ans: Hard disk:
A hard disk Is a magnetic storage device used to store computer data. It has
stcroge capacity of hundreds of Gigabyte (GB). It 1s fixed inside the computer
casing. Portable hard disk rs also available that is attached to USS port.
Q.41 Briefly write about CD/Compact Disk.
Ans: CD/ Compact Disk:
CD �tands for Compact Disk. It is a portable optical storage device with a
storage capacity of ?JO Megabytes (MB}. A CD is 1.2 millimeter thick with a
diameter if 120 millimeters. CD drive is used to read data from or write data to a CD.
Q.42 Briefly write about DVD/Digital Versatile Disk.
Ans: DVD/ Digital Versatile Disk:
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disk. It has the same thickness and
dra:neter as CD but has more storage capacity. Its storage capacity is in the range
of 4 to 16 GB. A DVD writer is installed in the computer to read data from or write
data to a DVD A CD can also be used in a DVD writer.
Q.43 Briefly write about Memory card.
Ans: Memory Card:
Memory card is a small storage device having storage
capacity of few Gigabytes It . is available in different sizes and
storc1ge capacities
Memory cards are generally used in laptop computers and portable devices
such as mobile phone and digital camera for storing pictures, audio and video. A
memory card 1s shown in Fig ..
Q.44 Briefly write about USB flash drive.
Ans: USB Flash Drive/USS memory:
USB flash drive is a small portable drive that is connected to computer
through USB port. It is also known as USB memory
16
Chapter 1
USB flash drive

Q.45 Write about the significance of output devices.
Ans: Output Devices:
Output devices are used to display text, graphics and images on the moni1or
or to print information on paper.
Softcopy and hardcopy/ printout:
Information ciisplayed on monitor is known as soijcopy and anything pnnted
un paper is known as nardcopy or printout.
Commonly used output devices are monitor. print&r, plotter and speaKe:r.
.
Q 46 Describe some features of different types of monitors.
Ans: Monitor:
It Is an output device that has a screen on wt1ich inf0rrnat1on is d1spl::iy�d
Types of Monitor:
It has two common types i.e. CRT {Cathode Ray Tube) momcor and LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) monitor.
CRT monitor:
CRT monitor is very similar to old television. It 1s almost ocsolctt- :.iue to :ts
big size and low display quality.
LCD monitor:
LCD monitor is slim, uses less power and has better display quality than
CRT monitor. CRT and LCD monitors are shown in Fig.
(a) CRT Monitor (b) LCD Monitor

Q.47 What is printer. Write name of different types of printers.
Ans: Printer:
Pnnter is an output device that prints text and graphics on paper
which is
known as hardcopy
Types printers:
There are two types of printers which are impact and non-impact printers.
17
Chapter 1
For Your Information

The first high-speed printer was developed in 1953 by Remington Rand (an
early American business machines manufacturer) for use on UNIVAC computer.
Q.48 What is an impact printer? How does it work? Describe the
different features of Dot matrix printer.
Ans: Impact Printer:
Impact printer uses electro-mechanical mechanism which causes the
character shape to strike against the paper and leave an image of the character on
the paper
Features of Dot matrix printer:
Dot matrix printer is the most commonly used impact printer The printing
speed varies from 50 to 500 cps (characters per second)
Their printing is very cheap but print quality is poor. They produce lot of
noise while printing.
Uses of Dot matrix printer:
These printers are still in use for printing invoices, bank statements, utility
bills. etc A Dot matrix printer 1s shown in Fig.
Dot Matrix Printer

Q.49 What is a non- impact printer? How does it work? Describe the
different features of non-impact printer.
Ans: Non-Impact printer:
Non-Impact printer prints without striking the paper.
Types of non-Impact printers: '
There are two types of non-Impact printers which are inkjet and laser
printers.
Inkjet and laser printers:
Inkjet printer stores ink in cartridge and sprays on paper through fine noules
on the pnnt-head.
Inkjet and laser printers:
Laser printer uses technology s1m1lar to photocopying machine. Laser printer
is more expensive. faster and has very high print quality compared to inkjet printer.
Inkjet printers are used in all sectors such as homes and simple businesses.
Laser printers are perfect for large scale businesses. Inkjet and laser printers are
shown in Fig (a. b).
18
Chapter 1
(a)lnkjt'l Printer (b) Laser Printer

Q.50 What is a plotter? How does it work? Describe the different
types of plotters.
Ans: Plotter:
Plotter is an output device used for printing engineering ::lra1Nings, machine
parts. building designs. map�. charts and panaflexes etc. on large size
papers/sheets
Such large size printing is not possible on printers. I! is more expt:nsiva than pnnter
Types of plotters:
There are !wo types of plotters. that is. ink µlotter an::l pen plo:1er
Uses of plotters:
Ink plotter is used for printing images whereas pen plotter is used for printing
engineering drawings. machine pans. building designs. etc. Plotter is a slow output
device but its pnnti�Q_ quality 1s good.
'.
,1 lfi'-+
-. _j
I . %1/
-- .
Plotter
Q.51 Describe some features of Speaker.
Ans: Speaker:
Speaker 1s a device used to produce audio output. A pair of speakers 1s
attached to the sound card on the mot'.. erboard.
Speakers are commonly used with multimedia software and for playing
music and videos on computer.
Speaker
19
Chapter 1
Q.52 List some functions of memory.

Ans: Memory:
Memory ur,it stores data c1nd programs thc1t are being executed by the
,;0mputcr It also <;tores the results pr:::-duced by thP. ALU after processing the data.
Types of memories:
Tt1ere are thre?. types of memories on the motherboard which are ROM (Read
Only Memory) RAM (Random A-:;c;ess Memory) and Cache.
These an: "nown as main memory or priJTiary memory of computer.
Q.53 'I/hat is ROM? How do PROM and EPROM differ from each other?
Ans: ROM (Read Only Memory):
ROM 1s a single IC chip which 1s installed on the motherboard.
Types of memories:
It stores the Basic Input/output System (BIOS) of computer that controls
input/output devices and the start-up or boot process.
BIOS programs:
BIOS programs test ihe computer"s components when it is turned on and
then load the operating system into the RAM to make the computer ready for
operat,on
BIOS programs are permanently stored in ROM when it is manufactured.
ROM is non-volatile memory:
ROM is nor>-volat!le memory. that is, the programs stored in it are not icst
when the computer is turned off.
Types of ROM:
There are three i:omrnon t)'pes of ROM which are:
,. PROM (Prograrnrr.at-le ROM),
ii. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)
iii. Ef:PROM (Electronically Erasable Progranimable ROM).
ROM Chip
Difference between PROM and EPROM:
j .... --·(-�r:g:am:a��nl\• :::��--- · 1 (E-,�-sa-b-
le ·:d-pr09- --,�-:-:-�-b-:_R_e_ad 0...ly Mem
ory)
r i..PROM -··IS a non-permanent i. EPROM is a non-permanent memory
I mernory of a computer. It is of a computer It is programmable and
f �b.r� _r��C!�!:l�emo!}'_ ____ :rase able read only mem�------1
1_p[CJJl c!f!_1�n
I ii. PROM is the Programmable 11. EPROM (Electronic Programmable
, ROM that allows tr.e user to store Read Only Memory) chips can be erased
! data an instrument called a PROM if it needs to be updated or fixed. It can
I programmer does the stor ing by be erased electronically only These are
! 'burning in'. once the data has oeenl comparatively expensive than PROM s.
1'----··--··
burned, tile data cannot be erased.
-·-- -· -·- -·-- -·· - · ------· ---·--· - · -··-- ·-·-·-·------ ·-· .J -
20
Chapter 1
,·- ··---·- - ·- _., ___ .

- -· ··-··--· - - ···- -· - -· ·-- -----·- .... -·•------ ---..,
1 iii. PROM (Programmable Reacl ' iii. 011 the other h:-rnd, an EPROf.A allows '
•·•
I
I Only Memory) chips are ,-:,lative!y the data to be erased by the help of uv '
I once written and to rewrite then you : ( Ultra violet) I;ghts. i.e. F: PROiv1 is uv ,
1 need to replace entire data on 1t. , light emsabl� and electncally :
[ These are_relativeJy less costly ____ I reeL_o_grarnmab!e. ____ --·-·----·-- _j
Q.54 What do you know about RAM?
Ans: Random Access Memory (RAM):
RAM 1s high speed memory ;nstal!ed en the motherboard It is READ/VVRITE:
memory Information can be read from or written into It. Program� are loaded into
RAM from secondary storage devices such as hard disk or USB flash drive for
execution by the mic1oprocessor.
Volatile memory:
RAM is volatile memory which means information sto,ed in it, is lost v/hr,n
the computer is turned off.
RAM mo�ules are installed in the memory slots on the motherh.oard. RAM
modules are shown in Fig.
· �.i][_riIiilliflf1Ti
I 1 · :· •
..·
- !· '-
!•.. !- I t: J ! . �I� I
iM
. _( ··� ·- ,
�AM Modules
Q.55 Descri� various features of Cache Memory?
Ans: Cache Memory:
Cache is a very small amount of extremely fast memory inside the
microprocessor or on the motherboard. Microproce�so,
It is faster and more expensive than RAM.
Function of cache: · L1 ,ache J
Cache Memory stores information that is most
freque:itly used by the computer.
Purpose of using cache: L2!L3 cache
The purpose of using cache 1s to improve the
pro�essing speed of computer.
Types of cache memories: Main Memory
There are three types of cache memories which are: (RAM)
Level 1{L 1), Level 2(L2) and Level 3(L3) as shown in Fig.
L 1, L2 lnd l3 Cache Memories
Location of Level l(Ll), Level 2(L2) and Level 2(L3):

L 1 cache is built inside the microprocessor whereas L2 and L3 are on the
motherboard.
Note: L 1 cache is faster than L2 and L3 cache.
Q.56 Describe the function of ports in a computer. How many types of
ports are generally present in a compute.r system?
Ans. Ports:
Port is an interface for connecting various devices to the system unit. These
are located on the motherboard and are usually seen at the back of the system unit
21
Chapter 1
Function of Port:
A port provides a direct link for external peripheral devices such as
keyboard. mouse. monitor. printer etc via cables with the computer's common
electrical bus.
Types of ports:
There are various types of ports for connecting Keyboard, mouse, moni tor,
microphone, speakers and other input/output devices as shown in Fig.
- *-- .-
2 lUSI 2.0 YGA 2 lUSI 3.0 lAH
I . '1/ Audio in
�Au(i;oout
• IIDII ••
l
•:---..Mic in
I • •
OVI HOMI 2 l VS8 2.0
Ports on motherboard
In modern computers:
.USB (Universal Serial Bus),
HDM1 (High Definition Multimedia Interface),
DVI (Digital Visual Interface),
Audio and LAN (Local Area Network) ports
are used for connecting various devices to the computer These devices
include digital camera, scanner. printer. external hard Jisk or DVD writer and USB
memory, etc
Q.57 Describe the function of expansion slots and expansion cards in a
computer.
Ans: Expansion Slots:
Expansion slots are long narrow
sockets on the motherboard used for installing
expansion cards.
Expansion Cards:
Expansion cards are small circuit
boards. These cards add new capabilities to
the computers.
Commonly used expansion cards are sound card, graphics card. modem
card and network card. In modern computers these cards are built-in on the
motherboard. A network card is shown in Fig
Q .58 What is computer software? list the main groups of computer
software?
Ans. Computer Software:
Computer programs are known as computer software. Computer program is
a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do and how to do.
Types computer Software:
It is classified into two categories. system software and application software.
22
Chapter 1
SOFT\\½RE
Syst,·111 Software Application Softwa1·c

,
I----....11 1...----
I• I I.
flu�1m:�s . '·
fatu,JIH)fl 1:
I
•,·n1--rt•1
•• : .11iu� I ru� u� -
Op r
I i-Jmnu
l'rodul"tldl)
.. ·,,,, ... ,,1
S..·n·icl' ·
, . Softw;ar..- Softw..u-c Sof1 "·�rr Software
.S,s1t.:
· m L.Jll�U,1�r Soft wan:
TrJnslllo
Q.59 What is system software? Explain the four main groups of system
software?
Ans . System Software:
System software is a collection of programs which makes the use of
computer easy and efficient Highly experienced computer programmers develop
system software
Main groups of system software:
Following are the types of system software.
• Operating system • Device drivers
• Utility programs • Language processors
I, Operating System:
An operaling system is system software that is responsible for the
management and coordination of all the activities performed by the computer.
It provides the environment in which the user can interact with the computer
hardware to operate the computer.
The most popular operating system used in microcomputers is the Windows.
Tasks performed by the operating system:
The following tasks are performed by the operating system.
i. It loads programs into memory and executes them.
ii. It controls the operation of input/output and storage devices.
iii. It manages files and folders.
iv. It allows to create password to protect computers from unauthorized use.
v. It detects hardware failures and displays messages to fix them.
ii. Device Drivers:
A device driver is system software that controls the operation of a i:;omputer
device
When users attach a device such as printer or scanner to their computer,
they should install its dnver also to make it operational. Device drivers are provided
by device manufacturers.
111. Utility Programs:
Utility programs perform specific tasks that are related to the management of
the computer.
Commonly used utility programs:
The following are some commonly used utility programs that perform specific
tasks
Windows Explorer: It is used to manage files and folders.
Backup utjlity: It is used to make backup of data.
WjnZip utjfity: It is used to compress files.
23
Chapter 1
Diagnostic utility: It Is used to detect hardware and software problems

Antivirus softwar e; It 1s used to detect and remove viruses.
,v. Language Processors:
A language processor is a system program used to translate computer
programs tnto machine language.
Machine language 1s directly understood by the computer. Therefore, all the
programs must be translated into machine language before execution by the
computer
Compiler and interpreter:
Compiler and interpreter are language processors used to translate high
level language programs into machine language.
Assembler:
A program called assembler is used to translate assembly language
programs 1rto machine language.
Q.60 What is application software? List the main groups of computer
software?
Ans. Application Software:
Application software is developed for computer users to solve their problems
such as preparing a letter. creating a presentation or managing a database.
Main groups of application software:
Commonly used applicati·on software includes productivity software,
business software, entertainment softwarn and education software.
Q.61 Elaborate open source software, shareware and freeware.
Ans. i. Open Source Software:
It is computer software that is available in the form of source code that
allows users to study, change and improve it. Open source soft\vare is free for use.
modification and distribution.
Examples of open source software:
Some examples of open source software are Linux operating system, Open
Office (office productivity software). Flight Gear (flight simulator) and Java
programming language, etc.
ii. Shareware:
Shareware is distributed free of cost for a limited period, usually one or two
months It is trial version of software given to people to decide whether they would
like to buy the full version of the software.
Some shareware is installed on new computers when they are sold.
Examples of shareware:
Examples of shareware are antivirus software and computer games, etc.
ii. Freeware:
Freeware is 9iven free of cost and it is full version of software for an
unlimited period of time. It may have some restrictions such as allowed for personal
or academic use only.
Examples of freeware:
Examples of freeware are Google Chrome. Mozilla Firefox. VLC media
player. etc.
24
r
Chapter 1
•
l{EY POINTS
Computer is a general-purpose? programmable machine that h�s the ability to
I
store, retrieve and process data that is represented in the form of Os and 1 s.
• First deneration computers used vacuum tubes and their period was from
1940 to 1956.
• Second generation computers used transistors and their period was from
1956 to 1963.
• Third generation cornputers used IC chips that were developed in early
1960s and their period is from 1963 to 1971.
• Fourth generation computers use LSI and VLSI chips and their period is
from 197 1 to present.
• Fiftt, generation of computers is concerned with development of devices that
can understand natural languages and have thinking power.
• Analog computer represents and processe5 data by measuring quantities
such as vo1tage and current to solve a problem It works on supply of
continuous signals as input and displays output simultaneously.
• Digital computer works with binary digils O and 1. Data and instructions
arc fed into digital computer through an input device such as keyboard.
The computer performs calculations 01: data according to the
instructions and displays results on monitor or prints on printer
• Hybrid computer 1s a combination of analog and digital computers. It
combines the characteristics of both analog and digital computers.
• Ma,nframe computer is a very large, very powerful and expensive computer
that can support hundreds and even thousands of users a\ the same time.
• Minicomputer is bigger than microcomputer but smaller than mainframe. It is
used in organizations that have hundreds of users.
• Microcomputer is the smallest and the low cost computer. It is the most
commonly used computer in homes and offices.
• Software engineer 1s a highly skilled per�on in the field of IT whose
responsibi lities involve the analysis, design, implementation and
maintenance of computer software.
• Computer programmer is an IT professional who -has extensive knowledge
and expertise in programming languages He programs the computer by
writing step-by-ste:p 1ns:ructions that tell the computer what to do.
• System analyst analyzes the data processing requirements of organizations
and develops information systems to implement them.
• Hardware engineer 1s an IT professional who designs and manufactures
computer hardware.
• Network engineer is a perso.1 who is responsible for installation.
configuration and maintenance of compute; networks in organizatiors.
• Database administrator is a person wi1o is responsible for the design.
implementalion and maintenance of a database in an organization.
• Web designer is a person whose job is to plan and create websites.
25
Chapter 1
• Multimedia designer 1s a person who designs multimedia software by

combining text. graphics. animation, audio and video
• Information security analyst is a person whose job is to protect
,nformat1on and information systems from unauthorized access. use.
modification, recording and destruction.
• Computer teacher is a person who teaches the subject of computer science
to students
• Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a
computer system
• Computer software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do
and how to do.
• System software 1s a collecuon of programs which makes the use of
computer easy and efficient.
• Operating system 1s system software that is responsible for the management
and coordination of all the activities performed by the computer.
• Application software is developed to solve the problems of computer users
such as writing letter. creating presentation or managing a database.
• Open source software 1s a program that is freely available in the form of
source code that allows users to study. change and improve it.
• Shareware is trial version of software that is distributed free of cost for a
limited period, usually one or two months
• Freeware is software given free of cost for an unlimited period of time.
EXERCISE
Ql. Select the best answer for the following MCQs.
i. Who invented logarithm?
A. Blaise Pascal B. John Napeir
C. Charles Babbage D. Herman Hollerith
ii. Which generation of computer used transistor?
A. 1 st Generation of Computers B. 2nd Generation of Computers
C. 3'" Generation of Computers D. 4'" Generation of Computers
iii. In which generation of computer microprocessor was introduced?
A. 1 't Generation of Computers B. 2"� Generation of Computers
th
C 3'° Generation of Computers D. 4 Generation of Computers
,v. Which of the following computer supports thousands of users at
the same time?
A. Microcomputer B. Minicomputer
C. Mainframe computer C. Laptop computer
v. Who is responsible for protecting information and information
systems from unauthorized people in an organization?
'A. System Analyst 8. Information Security Analyst
C Network Administrator D. Hardware Engineer
vi. Which of the following is the fastest memory?
A. USS flash dove B. RAM
Chapter 1
• Multimedia designer 1s a person who designs multimedia software by

combining text. graphics. animation, audio and video
• Information security analyst is a person whose job is to protect
,nformat1on and information systems from unauthorized access. use.
modification, recording and destruction.
• Computer teacher is a person who teaches the subject of computer science
to students
• Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a
computer system
• Computer software is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do
and how to do.
• System software 1s a collecuon of programs which makes the use of
computer easy and efficient.
• Operating system 1s system software that is responsible for the management
and coordination of all the activities performed by the computer.
• Application software is developed to solve the problems of computer users
such as writing letter. creating presentation or managing a database.
• Open source software 1s a program that is freely available in the form of
source code that allows users to study. change and improve it.
• Shareware is trial version of software that is distributed free of cost for a
limited period, usually one or two months
• Freeware is software given free of cost for an unlimited period of time.
EXERCISE
Ql. Select the best answer for the following MCQs.
i. Who invented logarithm?
A. Blaise Pascal B. John Napeir
C. Charles Babbage D. Herman Hollerith
ii. Which generation of computer used transistor?
A. 1 st Generation of Computers B. 2nd Generation of Computers
C. 3'" Generation of Computers D. 4'" Generation of Computers
iii. In which generation of computer microprocessor was introduced?
A. 1 't Generation of Computers B. 2"� Generation of Computers
th
C 3'° Generation of Computers D. 4 Generation of Computers
,v. Which of the following computer supports thousands of users at
the same time?
A. Microcomputer B. Minicomputer
C. Mainframe computer C. Laptop computer
v. Who is responsible for protecting information and information
systems from unauthorized people in an organization?
'A. System Analyst 8. Information Security Analyst
C Network Administrator D. Hardware Engineer
vi. Which of the following is the fastest memory?
A. USS flash dove B. RAM
Chapter 1
B. ROM D. Cache
VII. What type of software a device driver is?
A. Application software B. Business software
C. System software D. Productivity software
viii. Which of the following is volatile memory?
A RAM 8. ROM
C USS flash drive D. Hard disk
ix. Which software is distributed free of cost for a limited period as a
trial version?
A Open source software 8. Shareware
C Freeware D. Productivity software
x. When were IC chips developed?
A. Early 1960s 8. Early 1970s
D .
-
C 1980s 1990s
A
i. 8 ii. B iii. D iv. C v.B
vi. D vii. C viii. A ix.B x.A
Q2. Write short answers of the following questions.
I. Describe Napier's Bone and Slide Rule.
Ans: Napier's Bone:
John Napier. a Scottish mathematician invented a calculating device called
Napier"s Bone in 1614.
Construction:
It consisted of a wooden box containing rotating cylinders each of which had
the digits from O to 9.
Function:
It could multiply, divide and find square roots of numbers by using simple
- -· -·-.... .
addition and subtraction _His biggest achievement was the invention of logarithm.
I; . , X
I
I 2 3 ..
C-'•""t- ...... ,. •..,., ••-·• ,.-...,,,,. ,,,,.,,.,_,
•.' •, •• •.• •5• 6 7

..
•• ' 0
'i{
••,
q
0
,
• • , ,• ,r
" •
0 0 0 0
2
I I
r
,, , ,• ,'
'•
1 1
,
3
0
• 0 0
, I 1
• ' •,
y 1
• r • " • r
••
0 I
4 1 1 J
' '• •"· . ,• •

1
,.
• • •' '·. "•
0 1
5 s s
• • • ,., •r ••
0 0
6
,
I I
,r ••
• • •" •• •
7 ' • '·'
l
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,
f{ I �,', • •
, • • > ••
q ..." r ' ' •• • •
O · I 1
, '• • •,
:
.
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;
Napier's Bone
Slide Rule:
Based on the idea of logarithm. English mathematician. William Oughtred
developed a device called Shd Rule in 1920s
2
Chapter 1
Function:
it w3s vi;,ry useful for solving problems that involved multiplications and
d;V1$!C'nS
Construction:
,: has three p;.rts. slide rule and a transparent sl iding cursor as shown in Fig.
-_J;_::��-"'.��..,
. ' ◄
�--- Ru!e
� -•I;...,,,, � • �
Slid�
. ; ·-�
• .. ��- -·
. ·•' � ··•:"':::.
" l •;. ..,_:..:-1
-- ' ,••,•••• 'JJ ,}, • ,,. • • :
\l.(J�:t:.':�
Cursor
Slide l{ulc
T
Do ) ou K.110,v?
Slide rule was replaced by electronic pocket calc..i!ator in the early i 970s.
11. Compare 1 st and 3' 0 generation computers.
Ans: First Generation Computers (l.940 - 1956):
Technol;:,gy used:
Vacuum t;.ibe:s w,�re used 1n the kst generation computers.
Problf"ms arising from the use of computers Vacuum tubes:
Vocuurn :ube,- genP-rated sc rnuch heat that they had to be cooled by air
conaitioner. Vacuum tubes hurnt out very often and it was difficult to repair and
rnainta;n the computers of f1�'>t g.eneration
1 - Clo.. &,.. _.o,...,.

2 ·• �,�1 S,h,OMd
,4 - <..it1d N<a,, :) (.!..,pp--�)
5- C.;d Ho. 2 {S,,;:r..1t)
6 - v-tJ ""°- I l<.Ol"uol C-ofid)
7- Cn1ho,d.e
e -· tt.o,.,
9 - t...i-.o.... , Tip
10 . G,.,lt.,
11 - S.pmet �•Id Heodoef
l 2 - 1.....i01#1; Spocet'
1 3 - !.f:loc.,. Shield
14 - '"-'•·PW'I 5.N.W
l .S - G�w a...�1.-.$,e,at
l6- le-Gd WWe
17 - lo,• pi,.
18 - Gol-...Jo-M•rol Seal
Vacuum Tube
Features/ charac.teristics of first generation computers:
The following are the charncteristics of fast generation computers
• First gcnerat,on computer:; used vacuum tubes.
• Speed wm, slow and memory wa:;, '/P.ry smal!.
3
Chapter 1
• They were huge in size taking up entire room.

• First generation computers were very expensive and unreliable.
• They consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat.
• Input was based on punched cards.
• Output was obtained on printouts through electric typewriter.
• Machine language was used in these computers.
Examples of first generation computers:
Some examples of first generation Mini/Mainframe computers are ENIAC,
UNIVAC I, IBM 604, Mark-I and EDSAC.
Third Generation Computers (1963 - 1971):
Technology used:
Integrated Circuits (!Cs}, also known as semiconductor chips were used 1n
third generation of computers instead of transistors IC chips were developed in
early 1960s.
IC chip: _
A single IC chip contains a large number of transistors. IC chips increased
the power and decreased the cost of computers. Invention of IC chips was a great
breakthrough in advancing computer technology. IC chips are shown in Fig.
QFP PLCC
DIP
IC Chips
Features/ characteristics of third generation computers:
The following are the characteristics of third generation of computers.
• Third generation computers used IC chips.
• IC chips improved the speed and memory of.computers.
• Computers consumed less electricity, ,became smaller, cheaper and more
reliable than second generation computers.
• Keyboard and monitor were used with the computer.
• These computers could run different application programs at the same time.
Examples of third generation computers:
Some examples of third generation computers are Burroughs 6700, IBM
Sys!em/360, System 3 and Control Data Corporation's 3300 and 6600 computers.
ill. Differentiate between analog and digital computers.
Ans: Analog Computers:
Analog computers represent and process data by measuring quantities such
as voltage and current to solve a problem.
They work on supply of continuous signals as input and display output
simultaneously. Analog computers are special purpose devices, designed to
perform single specific task.
Mostly these devices are used in engineering and scientific applications.
Features/ characteristics of Analog Computers:
The accuracy of analog computers is tow but they are faster in speed as
compared to digital computers.
4
Chapter 1
Construction:
They mainly consist of electrical devices such as resisters, capacitors,
transistors. etc. An analog computer with volt meter is shown in Fig.
Analog Computer
Digital Computer:
Digital computer works with digits. Everything in a digital computer is
represented with binary digits Os and 1 s . It manipulates them at very fast speed.
Data and instructions are fed into the digital computer through an input device in the
form of Os and 1s.
Features/ characteristics of Digital Computer:
□
The computer performs calculations on data according to the instructions
given in a computer program The results of caiculations are displayed on monitor or
printed on printer. A digital computer is shown in Fig
_-.a-_.._+
Digital Computer
Digital computers can store and process large amount of information at high
speed. The resul. ts produced by digital computers are reliable and accurate. Digital
computers are general-purpose computers, used in various fields.
OR (Second Answer)
Ans. Difference between an anal and a di ital com uter:
Anal
i- An analog computer accepts data i- A digital computer accepts data in the
in continuous or physical form. form of digits represents it in terms of
represents it in a suitable form to discrete numbers and processes
perform scientific operations. numbers using various Arithmetic and
lo ic o erations.
ii- These are special purpose ii- These are general purpose
com uters com uters.
iii-These computers have no iii-These computers have only two
o rational state. states On O and off 1
iv- Low processing speed as compare to
anal com uters.
5
Chapter 1
v- Accuracy 1s less as compare to v- These computers are more accurate

digital computers .. as compare to digital computers.
vi- These computers have small vi- The memory capacity is huge.
memorv size.
vii- These computers are used in vii- These computers are used in
complex scientific and mathe:-natical scientific and technical research,
calculations. business, education, healthcare,
supermarkets, factories, banking,
transportation, space exploration, art
and music etc.
Examples: Heath Kit EC-1 an Examples:
educational analog computer by IBM PCs. Apple Macintosh computers.
USA in 1960.
IV. Ahmed, a class IX student is asking his father to replace his home
computer CRT monitor with LCD monitor. How will you justify his
demand?
Ans: Justification of his demand:
LCDs are f•ee from geometric image distortions a! the screen edges
because they are a flat matrix display where every pixel is active.
, LCDs have uniform screen brightness and the screen is covered with a
flexible surface that is substantially less prone to specular glare compared to a
glass covered CRT monitor screen.
LCDs are flicker free, which should reduce the risks of headaches and
eyestrain.
Because LCDs are smaller than CRT monitor, LCDs required little space
than CRT monitor
LCD also require lassE;r energy than CRT Monitors.
v. What will happen if storage devices. are removed from a computer?
Ans: Storage devices are core function and fundamental component
of computers. The Purpose of the memory device is to store the information and for
the information retrieval. If storage devices are rnmoved from a computer then it will
not possible to store the information and information retrieval
vi. Differentiate between systems software and application software.
Ans: System Sofware:
System software is a collection of programs which makes the use of
computer easy and efficient Highly experienced computer programmers develop
system software.
Following are the types of system software.
I. Operating system ii. Device drivers
111. Utility programs iv. Language processors
Application Software:
Application software is developed for computer users to solve the;, problems
such as preparing a letter. creating a presentation or managing a database
Commonly used application software includes productivity software, business
software, entertainment software and education software.
6
Chapter 1
vii. . How a student can use computer to improve academic performance?

Ans:
• Using computer applications increases the students· motivation for learning
Management.
• Using of computer catch the attention of the students and increase their
interest for learning Management.
• Using computer applications lead to the development of students· skills.
• Using computer applications develops the students' process of thinking
critically.
• Using computer applications creates the opportunity for students to be active
in class, and not passive.
• Using computer applications creates the opportunity for students to solve
different case studies,
' to change the variables in these case studies and to
see the results of these changes.
• Using computer applications prepares the students for the knowledge-based
society and economy which cannot be understood nowadays without
computers in our day-to-day life.
• Using computer applications contributes to the students· engagement in the
process of learning Management.
viii. Give any three uses of computers in a. school library.
Ans: Uses of computers in a school library:
• Access to large amounts of information to users wherever they are and
whenever they need it.
• Access to primary information.sources.
• Network accessibility on Intranet and Internet.,
• User-friendly interface
• Advanced search and retrieval.
• Multiple access/ Universal accessibility.
• Integration with other digital libraries.
ix. Name few house hold appliances in which microprocessor is used.
Ans: Today, microprocessor is not only used in microcomputers, they are also
used in the devices including mobile phones, microwave ovens. cameras, washing
machines, televisions, etc.
x. What are the tasks performed by operating system?
Ans: The following tasks are performed by the operating system.
i. It loads programs into memory and executes them.
ii. It controls the operation of input/output and storage devices.
iii. It manages files and folders
1v. It allows to create password to protect computers from unauthorized use.
v. It detects hardware failures and displays messages to fix them.
Q3. Write long answers of the following questions.
i. Describe the five generations of computers.
Ans: See Q#lO Page 9, Q#l 1 Page 9, Q#12 Page 11, Q#2 (ii) 32.
ii. Write a note on mainframe, minicomputer and microcomputer.
Ans: Mainframe Computer:
Mainframe computers were developed in early 1940s.
7
Chapter 1
A mainframe computer is a very large, very powerful and expensive

computer that can support hundreds and even thousands of users at the same time.
Therefore, these computers are used in large organizations.
The modern mainframe computers that use cutting edge technology are
the foundation of today's business in banking, insurance, education, air travel,
research, health care, government and many other public and private
organization. These computers can execute more than trillion instructions per
second (TIPS). Some examples of mainframe computers are IBM's zEnterprise
EC12, EC 196, HP 16500 Series and HP Integrity Superdome. A mainframe is
shown in Fig.
Mainframe computer
Minicomputer:
Minicomputer was introduced in the 1960s when IC chips were introduced. A
minicomputer is bigger than a microcomputer but smaller than a mainframe. These
computers can execute billior:is of instructions per second (SIPS). Therefore, they
can process more data than microcomputers. Today, minicomputers with cutting
edge technology are playing an important role in business organizations for their
data processing requirements. These are used in organizations that have hundreds
of users such as PIA, NADRA, police departments, hospitals, etc. A minicomputer is
shown in Fig. Examples of minicomputers are IBM System/36 and HP 3000.
--
Minicomputer
Microcomputer:
Microcomputers are the smallest and the low cost computers. These
computers are most commonly used in homes and offices. Microcomputer was
introduced in 1970s when microprocessor was developed. A microprocessor is a
single chip that controls the operations of the entire computer system. Modern
microcomputers have large storage capacity and they can execute millions of
8
Chapter 1
instructions per second (MIPS) A variety of sofuvare is available for use in these
computers
Microcomputers are available in various forms such as desktop. laptop and
tablet as shown in Fig.
Microcomputer: (a)Desktop (b)l.aptop (c)Tablet Microcomputer

Some popular companies that manufacture microcomputers are IBM, Dell,
HP, Toshiba and Acer. A microcomputer is also known as Personal Computer or
PC.IBM Lenovo series, Dell XPS series and HP Envy series are some popular
microcomputers.
iii. Explain the basic operations of a computer.
Ans: Basic Operations of a Computer:
The following four basic operations are· performed by computers which are
shown in Fig
STORAGE I
Basic operations of a computer
• Input operation • Processing operation
• Storage operation • Output operation
l11put Operation:
A computer is a data processing machine. Users enter data and instructions
into the computer through keyboard or mouse. It can also be provided to the
computer from a storage device such as hard disk. CD or USB memory The input
data/instructions are stored in memory for further processing.
Processing Operation:
Microprocessor processes the data according to the instruction given to it. The
microprocessor fetches the data/instructions from the memory and stores it in
instruction register. The control unit then decodes the instruction to find out which
operation is to be performed .. After decoding the instruction, rt sends signals to other
parts of the computer to execute it.
Storage Operation:
The results produced after processing are stored in rr>P,�::-y before they are
sent to the output device or permanent storage device like hard disk.
Output Operation:
The results of data processing stored in memory must be output so that they
can be seen by the user. The control unit displays the results on the monitor or
9
Chapter 1
prints it on the printer Results can also be saved in a storage device such as hard
disk for use in the future.
1v. Write.short note on the following.
a. Hardware Engineer b. · · Network Administrator
c. Database Administrator d. , Web Designer
e. Multimedia Designer
Ans: a. Hardware Engineer:
Hardware engineers design and manufacture computer hardware. Their
work also involves repair and maintenance of co�puter hardware They have in
depth knowledge of internal working of computers, processors, circuit boards and
other electronic equipment
b. Network Administrator:
Network administrators are responsible for installation, configuration and
maintenance of computer networks in organizations. They are in charge of
maintenance of computer hardware and software that make up a computer network.
They assign passwords to network users so that unauthorized people do not have
access to network.
c. Database Administrator:
Database administrator is a person who is responsible for the design,
implementation and maintenance of a database in an organization. He is also
responsible for maintaining security and monitoring the performance of database.
d. Web Designer:
Web designer is a person whose job is to plan and create websites. He
designs web pages that include text, images, sound, video clips and make the
website interactive HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the most commonly
used language for creating websites.
e. Multimedia Designer:
Multimedia designers are people who organize and present information in an
easy to understand and attractive manner. They combine text, graphics, animation,
audio and video. Multimedia designers create digital images and arrange them in
sequence for animation using computer software. They have the skills to edit and
manipulate audio/Video files. They usually work in filmfrV industry, computer
software companies and advertising companies.
v. Describe the following types of application software.
a. Productivity software
b. Business software
c. Entertainment software
d. Education software
OR
Identify the use of productivity, business, entertainment
and
education software.
Ans: a. Productivity software:
Productivity software includes word-processing, spreadsheet and database
management software packages. These software packages are used by individuals
to speed up their daily routine tasks by doing their work in an organized and efficient
way.
10
Chapter 1
b. Business software:
Any software that helps in running business in a more efficient way to
improve productivity is known as business software. Some examples of commonly
used business software are accounting. sales and marketing, inventory control,
project management and payroll software.
c. Entertainment software:
Software developed to entertain people is known as entertainment software.
Video games are one of the most popular forms of entertainment software. Many
games are lot of fun to play but sometimes they can also help to improve skills such
as typing or reading. The term edutainment merges games and education soft\vare
into single software. Edutainment software is used mainly for entertainment but it
educates as well.
d. Education software:
Software developed for educationc1I purpose is known as education software.
A large variety of education software has been developed. Education software
includes typing tutor. spelling tutor, language learning, medical and healthcare,
driving test and flight simulation software, etc.
Lab Activities
Activity 1:
Demonstrate how input/output devices are connected to the
system unit of the computer.
Activity 2:
Students should be shown components of computer such as RAM,
ROM, microprocessor, ports, expansion slots and power supply
attached to the computer system.
11

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SHORT AND 1-'ONG QUESTIONS

Computer processing system

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Tdsks performed by Mark-I:

Microprocessor was also developed ,n fourth generation of computers. A

For Your Information

A Hybrid Computer (Vital Sign Monitoring Unit)

iii. Automated Teller Machine (ATM):

Q.21 Elaborate the scope of the careers in the field of information

Information Security Analyst:

iii. Output units (A monitor, printer etc)

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shift l I z I XII Cl vi Bl NI M : I . ' I shift l

Ctrl � IAlt space bar Alt f� I� ICtr\

Q.33 Highlight the working and functions of digital camera.

Ports for connecting

PCI Slot (><5 /

20-p,n ATX Power

Q.37 Describe the working and structure of Microprocessor.

(a) Microprocessor (b) Rlock diagram of microprocC'ssor

USB flash drive

(a) CRT Monitor (b) LCD Monitor

For Your Information

Dot Matrix Printer

(a)lnkjt'l Printer (b) Laser Printer

Q.52 List some functions of memory.

,·- ··---·- - ·- _., ___ .

Location of Level l(Ll), Level 2(L2) and Level 2(L3):

Syst,·111 Software Application Softwa1·c

Diagnostic utility: It Is used to detect hardware and software problems

• Multimedia designer 1s a person who designs multimedia software by

• Multimedia designer 1s a person who designs multimedia software by

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• They were huge in size taking up entire room.

v- Accuracy 1s less as compare to v- These computers are more accurate

vii. . How a student can use computer to improve academic performance?

A mainframe computer is a very large, very powerful and expensive

Microcomputer: (a)Desktop (b)l.aptop (c)Tablet Microcomputer

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