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Due Process
The RH Law does not violate the due process clause of the Constitution
as the definitions of several terms as observed by the petitioners are not
vague.
Void for vagueness exists when a statute or act lacks comprehensible
standards that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess its
meaning and differ as to its application.
There is a defect of vagueness when:
(1) it violates due process for failure to accord persons, especially

the parties targeted by it, fair notice of the conduct to avoid; and
(2) it leaves law enforcers unbridled discretion in carrying out its
provisions and becomes an arbitrary flexing of the Government
muscle.
It is a rule in statutory construction that every part of the statute must

be interpreted with reference to the context, that is, every part of it must be
construed together with the other parts and kept subservient to the general
intent of the whole enactment. In other words, in determining whether the
words used in a statute are vague, words must not only be taken in
accordance with their plain meaning alone, but also in relation to other parts
of the statute.
In the case at bar, petitioners failed to persuade that there is a defect of

vagueness.
First, on the matter of the definition of "private health service provider"

mentioned in Section 23 (a)(1) among those who may be held punishable but
does not define who is a "private health care service provider." The OSG said
that its definition must be referred to:
Section 4(n) of the RH Law which defines a “public health service

provider” as:
(n) Public health care service provider refers to: (1) public health care
institution, which is duly licensed and accredited and devoted
primarily to the maintenance and operation of facilities for health
promotion, disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of
individuals suffering from illness, disease, injury, disability or
deformity, or in need of obstetrical or other medical and nursing care;
(2) public health care professional, who is a doctor of medicine, a nurse
or a midwife; (3) public health worker engaged in the delivery of health
care services; or (4) barangay health worker who has undergone
training programs under any accredited government and NGO and
who voluntarily renders primarily health care services in the
community after having been accredited to function as such by the local
health board in accordance with the guidelines promulgated by the
Department of Health (DOH) .
Second, as to the confusion they are claiming with regards to the

“public health care institution” in Section 7 of the said law, it must not be
confused with “private health service provider” as they are used
synonymously.
Third, in the same Section 7, petitioners claim that it is also unclear that
hospitals operated by religious groups are also exempt from giving
reproductive health information under Section 23(a)(1) or from rendering
reproductive health procedures under Section 23(a)(2) if they are already
exempt from rendering reproductive health service and modern family
planning methods.
The terms “service” and “methods” are also broad enough to include
providing of information and rendering of medical procedures. Thus,
hospitals operated by religious groups are exempted from rendering
RH service and modern family planning methods (as provided for by
Section 7 of the RH Law) as well as from giving RH information and
procedures.
Lastly, as to the failure of the framers of the law to clearly define what
constitutes “incorrect information”. The RH Law defines “incorrect
information” in relation to Section 23 (a)(1), the terms “incorrect” and
“knowingly” connote a sense of malice and ill motive to mislead or
misrepresent the public as to the nature and effect of programs and services
on reproductive health as mentioned in Section 23 of the RH Law:
SEC. 23. Prohibited Acts. - The following acts are prohibited:
(a) Any health care service provider, whether public or private,
who shall:
(1) Knowingly withhold information or restrict the
dissemination thereof, and/ or intentionally provide
incorrect information regarding programs and services on
reproductive health including the right to informed choice
and access to a full range of legal, medically-safe, non-
abortifacient and effective family planning methods.
Involuntary Servitude
The petitioners also aver that the RH Law is constitutionally infirm as
it violates the constitutional prohibition against involuntary servitude. They
posit that Section 17 of the assailed legislation requiring private and non-
government health care service providers to render forty-eight (48) hours of
pro bono reproductive health services, actually amounts to involuntary
servitude because it requires medical practitioners to perform acts against
their will.
The requirement under Sec. 17 of the RH Law for private and non-
government health care service providers to render 48 hours of pro bono
RH services does not amount to involuntary servitude, for two reasons:
First, the practice of medicine is undeniably imbued with public
interest that it is both the power and a duty of the State to control and
regulate it in order to protect and promote the public welfare.
Like the legal profession, the practice of medicine is not a right but a
privileged burdened with conditions as it directly involves the very lives of
the people.
Second, Section 17 only encourages private and non-government RH
service providers to render pro bono services, there is no imposable penalty
if they do otherwise.
Private and non-government reproductive healthcare service
providers also enjoy the liberty to choose which kind of health service they
wish to provide, when, where and how to provide it or whether to provide
it all. Clearly, therefore, no compulsion, force or threat is made upon them
to render pro bono service against their will.
Therefore, there is no constitutional prohibition against involuntary
servitude. There is no compulsion, force or threat made upon them to render
pro bono service against their will. While the rendering of such service was
made a prerequisite to accreditation with PhilHealth, the Court does not
consider the same to be an unreasonable burden, but rather, a necessary
incentive imposed by Congress in the furtherance of a perceived legitimate
state interest.
Consistent with what the Court had earlier discussed, however, it
should be emphasized that conscientious objectors are exempt from this
provision as long as their religious beliefs and convictions do not allow them
to render reproductive health service, pro bona or otherwise.
Delegation of Authority to the FDA

The FDA is the only government entity empowered and has the
competence to render such services and highly proficient to evaluate,
register and cover health services and methods. It should be understood that
health services and methods fall under the gamut of terms that are
associated with what is ordinarily understood as "health products."
In this connection, Section 4 of R.A. No. 3 720, as amended by R.A. No.
9711 reads:
SEC. 4. To carry out the provisions of this Act, there is hereby
created an office to be called the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) in the Department of Health (DOH). Said Administration
shall be under the Office of the Secretary and shall have the
following functions, powers and duties:
"(a) To administer the effective implementation of this Act
and of the rules and regulations issued pursuant to the
same;
"(b) To assume primary jurisdiction in the collection of
samples of health products;
"(c) To analyze and inspect health products in connection
with the implementation of this Act;
"(d) To establish analytical data to serve as basis for the
preparation of health products standards, and to
recommend standards of identity, purity, safety, efficacy,
quality and fill of container;
"(e) To issue certificates of compliance with technical
requirements to serve as basis for the issuance of
appropriate authorization and spot-check for compliance
with regulations regarding operation of manufacturers,
importers, exporters, distributors, wholesalers, drug
outlets, and other establishments and facilities of health
products, as determined by the FDA;
"x x x
"(h) To conduct appropriate tests on all applicable health
products prior to the issuance of appropriate
authorizations to ensure safety, efficacy, purity, and
quality;
"(i) To require all manufacturers, traders, distributors,
importers, exporters, wholesalers, retailers, consumers,
and non-consumer users of health products to report to the
FDA any incident that reasonably indicates that said
product has caused or contributed to the death, serious
illness or serious injury to a consumer, a patient, or any
person;
"(j) To issue cease and desist orders motu propio or upon
verified complaint for health products, whether or not
registered with the FDA Provided, That for registered
health products, the cease and desist order is valid for
thirty (30) days and may be extended for sixty ( 60) days
only after due process has been observed;
"(k) After due process, to order the ban, recall, and/or
withdrawal of any health product found to have caused
death, serious illness or serious injury to a consumer or
patient, or is found to be imminently injurious, unsafe,
dangerous, or grossly deceptive, and to require all
concerned to implement the risk management plan which
is a requirement for the issuance of the appropriate
authorization;
x x x.
Therefore, the functions, powers and duties of the FDA are specific to
enable the agency to carry out the mandates of the law. Being the country's
premiere and sole agency that ensures the safety of food and medicines
available to the public, the FDA was equipped with the necessary powers
and functions to make it effective.
Pursuant to the principle of necessary implication, the mandate by
Congress to the FDA to ensure public health and safety by permitting only
food and medicines that are safe includes "service" and "methods." From the
declared policy of the RH Law, it is clear that Congress intended that the
public be given only those medicines that are proven medically safe, legal,
non-abortifacient, and effective in accordance with scientific and evidence-
based medical research standards.
The philosophy behind the permitted delegation was explained in
Echagaray v. Secretary of Justice as follows:
The reason is the increasing complexity of the task of the government
and the growing inability of the legislature to cope directly with the
many problems demanding its attention. The growth of society has
ramified its activities and created peculiar and sophisticated problems
that the legislature cannot be expected reasonably to comprehend.
Specialization even in legislation has become necessary. To many of the
problems attendant upon present day undertakings, the legislature may
not have the competence, let alone the interest and the time, to provide
the required direct and efficacious, not to say specific solutions.

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Due Process

(1) it violates due process for failure to accord persons, especially

It is a rule in statutory construction that every part of the statute must

In the case at bar, petitioners failed to persuade that there is a defect of

First, on the matter of the definition of "private health service provider"

Section 4(n) of the RH Law which defines a “public health service

Second, as to the confusion they are claiming with regards to the

Delegation of Authority to the FDA

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