First Term Topics of Class 9:

1. Indices
2. Standard Form
3. Pythagoras Theorem
4. Trigonometry
5. Triangles
6. Variation
7. Volume and Surface Area
8. Area and Perimeter
9. Mensuration
10.Expansion of Algebraic Expressions
11.Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
12.Radians
13.Numbers
14.Significant Figures and Decimal Places
 Indices
 am where a is base and m is index
 am x an = am+n
 am ÷ an = am-n
 (am)n = amn
 a0 = 1
𝟏
 a-n =
𝒂^𝒏
 (a x b)m = am x bm
𝒂 𝒂^𝒎
 ( )m =
𝒃 𝒃^𝒎
 (√
𝒏
𝒂)m
= am/n
 √𝒂 x √𝒃 = √𝒂 × 𝒃
𝒂 √𝒂
 √ =
𝒃 √𝒃
 (√𝒂)2 = a
 Standard Form
 a3 = a x a x a
 104 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10000
𝟏
 10-4 = = 0.0001
𝟏𝟎^𝟒
 1.66 x 103 = 1660 (Decimal will move forward the number of times the
index)
 1.66 x 10-3 = 0.00166 (Decimal will move backward the number of
times the index)
 Pythagoras Theorem

 The square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of

the square of base and height
 A2 + B 2 = C2
 Only applicable to right angled triangles
 The hypotenuse is always bigger than the base or
height
 C > A and B
 Trignometry
𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆
 Sinθ =
𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕
 Cosθ =
𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆
 Tanθ =
𝑨𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕
 Mnemonic to remember:
SOH CAH TOA
 Only applicable to right angled triangles
 For finding angle or θ, inversion method will be used
𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆
1. Sinθ =
𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
−𝟏 𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆
2. θ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
 When seeing something above
eye level, an angle of elevation
is formed
 When seeing something below
eye level, an angle of
depression is formed
 Triangles
 An Isosceles Triangle has two same sides and two same angles

 An Equilateral Triangle has three same sides and three same angles

 A Scalene Triangle has no equal sides and no equal angles

 A Right Angled Triangle has one 90° angle

 Sum of angles in a triangle is equal to 180°

 Variation
 Direct variation means that if one thing increases, the other also
increase and vice versa
 y ∝ x. This means that y is directly proportional to x
 y = Kx where K is the constant
𝒚 𝒚
 𝟏= 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
 Graph must have a straight line that passes
through the origin

 Inverse variation means that if one thing decreases, the other

increases and vice versa
𝟏
 y∝ This means that y is inversely proportional to x
𝒙
𝑲
 y=
𝒙
 x1y1 = x2y2
 Graph will have a curved line that does not pass
through the origin
Volume and Surface Area
 Mensuration

𝟏
 A quadrant is a part of a circle that has a 90° angle
𝟒
 A sector has two radii and one arc
𝛉
 Area of sector = × 𝝅 × 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝛉
 Length of arc = × (𝟐 × 𝝅 × 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔)
𝟑𝟔𝟎
 Radius is half of the diameter
 Expansion of Algebraic Expressions
 a (b + c) = ab + ac
 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
 a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
 (a + b ) (c + d + e) = ac + ad + ae + bc + bd + be
 a2b2 = (ab)2
 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
 201 x 199 = (200 + 1) (200 – 1)
 7972 = (800 – 3)2
 392 + 78 + 1 = 392 + 2(39)(1) + 12
 2 + 6x = 2(1 + 3x)
 (x + 2) (x – 2) = 0
1. x + 2 = 0
2. x – 2 = 0
 x2 + 2x – 63
1. x2 + 9x -7x – 63
2. x (x + 9) -7(x + 9)
3. (x – 7) (x + 9)
 x -2 - x
2

1. Multiply x 1 x add
both pairs x -2 -2x
x2 -2 -x

2. (x + 1) (x – 2)
 Radians
 Radians (short form rad) is an SI unit for measuring angles
𝒔
 =θ
𝒓
𝟏
 Area of sector = × 𝒓𝟐 × 𝛉
𝟐
 πrad=180°
 When arc length will be equal to the radius,
then θ will be 1 rad
𝛑
 To convert degrees into radians, multiply degrees by
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟖𝟎
 To convert radians into degrees, multiply radians by
𝛑
 Numbers
 Natural numbers are positive integers e.g.1,2,3,4,5…
 Whole Numbers are natural numbers including 0 e.g. 0,1,2,3…
 Integers are positive or negative whole numbers e.g. -2,-1,0,1,2
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
 A rational number is a negative or positive fraction e.g. − , and the
𝟕 𝟕
exact value can be written
 Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as fractions e.g. π,√𝟐 and the
exact value cannot be written
 Terminating decimals stop after a small number e.g. 2.14,5.43
 Recurring decimals keep repeating e.g. 3.13131313...
 Even numbers are divisible by 2 e.g. 2,4,6,8,20
 Odd numbers are not divisible by 2 e.g. 3,5,7,21
 Real numbers are found on the number line
 Prime numbers are divisible only by itself and one e.g. 2,3,5,7,11
 A square number is a number multiplying by itself e.g. 22 = 2 x 2
 A cube number is a number multiplying by itself thrice e.g. 23 = 2 x 2 x 2
 B O D M A S Rule
Brackets Powers Of Divide Multiply Add Subtract
 Significant Figures and Decimal Places

 The method for rounding a number is as follows:

1. For the number of decimal places stated, count that

number of digits to the right of the decimal and underline
it
2. The next number to its right is called the ‘rounder decider’
3. If the ‘rounder decider’ is 5 or more, then round the
previous digit up by 1
4. If the ‘rounder decider’ is 4 or less then keep the previous
digit the same

 Here are the golden rules that you must learn and apply in significant
figures:

1. All non-zero digits are significant e.g. 324.342

2. Zeros sandwiched between non-zero digits are
significant e.g. 2305
3. Zeros that come before all non-zero digits are not
significant e.g. 0.32
4. Zeros after non-zero digits within a number without
decimals are not significant e.g. 3400
5. Zeros after non-zero digits within a number with
decimals are significant e.g. 34.00

 The method for rounding a number to a specific number of significant

figures is as follows:

1. Identify the significant figures in that

number using the rules above
2. Count from the first significant figure to the
specified number
3. Underline that number and use the next
number as the ‘rounder decider’
4. If the decider is 5 or above, increase the
previous value by 1
5. Fill any gaps between the last significant
figure and a subsequent decimal place with
zeros!
Second Term Topics of Class 9
1. Quadratic Equations
2. Linear Inequalities
3. Coordinate Geometry
4. Geometrical Constructions
5. Symmetry
6. Angle Properties
7. Similarity and Congruency
8. Statistics
9. Statistical Diagrams
10.Personal and Small Business Finance
 Quadratic Equations

 Equations have = symbol. Expressions do not have it

 The power of an unknown in quadratic equations is two
 Roots are solutions of quadratic equations
 (x – y)2 – a = 0

1. x – y = ±√𝒂

 Roots: -a and b

1. x = -a , x = b
2. x + a = 0 , x – b = 0
3. (x + a) (x - b) = 0

 x2 + 2x – 15 = 0

1. x2 + 2x = 15
2. 2/2 = 1 (divide co-efficient by 2)
3. x2 + 2x + 12 = 15 + 12 (add the answer squared to both
sides)
4. (x + 1)2 = 16

 x2 + 2x – 15

1. 2/2 = 1 (divide co-efficient by 2)

2. x2 + 2x + 12 – 12 – 15
3. (x + 1)2 – 12 – 15
4. (x + 1)2 – 16

 The Quadratic Formula:

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙= (ax2 + bx + c = 0 use this to
𝟐𝒂
identify the what number is going to replace which variable in the equation)

 When there is no answer write ‘no real roots’

 Linear Inequalities

 A linear inequality involves a linear expression with relational symbols

 Relational Symbols include:

1. = equal to
2. ≠ is not equal to
3. > is greater than
4. ≥ is greater than and equal to
5. < is less than
6. ≤ is less than and equal to

 3 – 2x > - 5

1. 3 + 5 > 2x
2. 8/2 > x
3. 4 > x

 –x>5

1. x < – 5

 – 3 < x – 9 < 2x

1. – 3 < x – 9 , x – 9 < 2x

 x > -2

 x≤3

 0≤x<2
 Coordinate Geometry

 Midpoint of a line AB is M which is

given by:
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
M=( , )
𝟐 𝟐

 Distance between A and B is given by:

|𝑨𝑩| = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐

 The gradient or slope of a line determines the direction and steepness

of the line
 Gradient of line AB is given by:
𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏 𝚫𝒚
or
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏 𝚫𝒙

 Parallel lines have the same gradient and straight horizontal lines have
0 gradient
 Gradient for perpendicular lines is given by:

𝒎𝟏 × 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏

where m is gradient

 Equation of a straight line is:

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

where m is gradient, c is y-intercept and x and y are two points

 x = -2 x=2

-2 2

 y=2 2

y = -2 -2
 Geometrical Constructions

 A perpendicular bisector divides a line into two

equal parts and forms a 90° angle

1. Open compass more than estimated midpoint

2. Put compass on A and draw one arc above and
one arc below the line
3. Put compass on B and do the same
4. Draw the line where the arcs intersect

 A perpendicular line only forms a 90° angle

1. Put compass on R, open it the length

of RP and draw an arc
2. Put compass on Q, open it the
length of QP and draw an arc
3. Draw a straight line passing through
P and joining the intersecting arc

 An angle bisector divides an angle into two equal parts

1. Put compass on O, open it any length and

draw an arc
2. Put compass on B and draw an arc
3. Put compass on A and draw an arc
4. Join the line passing through O and C

 Parallel lines are lines that never meet

1. Put compass on midpoint O, open it

length of OA and draw a semicircle
2. Put compass on P, open it length of
PA and draw an arc
3. Put compass on Q and draw an arc
with same compass width
4. Draw a line passing through A and B

Draw a line parallel to r

passs passing through A
 Symmetry

 A shape has line symmetry if it can

be folded along a line so that
once side fits exactly on top of
the other
 Line of symmetry is a line that
divides a shape into two identical
parts
 A shape has rotational symmetry
if it can be rotated to fit again
into its own outline
 The number of times it can be
rotated to find its original outline
is called the order of rotational
symmetry
 Angle of rotational symmetry =
𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚
 Sum of interior angles in a
polygon = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 × (𝒏 − 𝟐) where n is number of sides
 Sum of exterior angles in a polygon is equal to 360°
 3d shapes have
planes just like 2d
shapes have lines of
symmetry
 A shape is said to
tessellate if an
infinite number of
that shape can be
put together,
leaving no gaps
 Angle Properties
 An angle between 0° and 90° is called an acute angle
 An angle of 90° is a right angle
 An angle between 90° and 180° is an obtuse angle
 An angle of 180° is a straight angle
 An angle between 180° and 360° is a reflex angle
 An angle of 360° is a complete turn
 Any two angles that add up to 180° are supplementary angles
 Any two angles that add up to 90° are complementary angles


1. Lines L1 and L2 are parallel

2. Line L1 is horizontal
3. Line m is a transversal
4. 1 and 3 are vertically opposite angles which are
equal
5. 7 and 3 are corresponding angles which are
equal
6. 4 and 6 are alternate angles which are equal
7. 1 and 2 are adjacent angles which add up to
180°
8. 4 and 5 are interior angles which add up to
180°
 Similarity and Congruency
 Two shapes are congruent if they have same sides and angles
 SSS property states that three sides of a triangle are the same length as
three sides of another congruent triangle
 SAS property states that an angle between two sides of a triangle is
equal to the corresponding angle in the other triangle and the sides
 AAS property states that two angles and a side of one triangle are
equal to the corresponding two angles and side of the other triangle
 RHS property states that two right angled triangles have the same
hypotenuse and one other equal side
 △ABC ≅ △PQR
1. Triangle ABC corresponds to triangle PQR
2. Length AB is equal to PQ
3. Length BC is equal to QR
4. Length AC is equal to PR
 Similar shapes have different lengths but
same angles and the corresponding sides are
in the same ratio

 For any 2D similar figures,

 For any 3D similar figures, same will be done but instead of the square,
cube will be written

 The triangles have a common height: h

so,
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑫𝑪 𝑫𝑪
=
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑶𝑩 𝑩𝑶