Some MCQ's i remember from my MES paper of Electrical engineering.

Sheets are provided in cable from preventing the moisture entering the cable.
Coloumb's law for the force between electric charge closely resemble with Newton's law of
gravitation.
A pointer of an instrument once deflected returns to zero position when the current is
removed due to controlling torque.
Which of the following is not an integrating instrument? Voltmeter
Which of the following types of instrument can be used for DC only? Permanent magnet
type
Which of the following types of instrument cannot be used for DC ? Induction type
A thyristor is basically PNPN device
A UJT has three terminals called emitter, base 1 and base2.
The time constant of a capacitive circuit is defined as the time during which the voltage
rises to 63.2% of its final steady state value.
Inside a hollow electric spherical conductor electric field is zero.
Which of the following gases has been used as insulating medium in electrical
appliances? Sulphur hexafluoride
A merz-price protection is suitable for transmission lines.
The current drawn by line due to corona losses is non-sinusoidal.
Between two supports due to sag the conductor takes the form of catenary.
A single phase motor has zero starting torque.
Quiz # 1 10 Marks Power System Operation

1. What is the purpose of Operating Reserves? 5

2. What are 3 types of Operating Reserves? 5

Quiz # 2 10 Marks Power System Operation

1. What is the relation between scheduling power and actual power?

2. What is the primary contributor to unscheduled flows?

3. Is it better to generate close to load or far away?

Quiz # 3 10 Marks Power System Operation

1. How does the power system protect itself when the frequency is moving too far away from
the target?
2. How do different types of generation respond to AGC?
3. Why Balancing Authorities Are Needed?
4. What is Scheduled Interchange?
5. How Do We Do Interchange?
Quiz # 4 10 Marks Power System Operation

1. Why is power systems interconnected?

2. What is the concept of reliability?
3. Why is it more economical to interconnect a power system?
4. Identifying the major elements of a practical interconnected power system?
Assignment #1 10 Marks Power System Operation

1. Draw the block diagram of load frequency control of a two-area control

system.
2. What is area control error? What are the control strategies?
3. What is load frequency control in a two-area power system? Why is it
essential to maintain constant frequency in an inter-connected power
system?
4. Two power stations A, B are interconnected by a tie-line and an increase in
load of 250 MW on system B causes a power transfer of 150 MW from A to
B. When the tie-line is open, the frequency of System A is 50 c/s and that of
system B is 49.5 c/s. Determine the value of KA and KB, which are the power
frequency constants of the two generators.
Assignment #2 10 Marks Power System Operation

1. A power system consists of two 100MW units whose input cost data are
represented by the equations:
C1 = 0.04P12 + 22P1 + 800Rs/hour
C2 = 0.45P22 + 15P2 + 1000Rs/hour

2. If the total received power PR = 150 MW, determine the load division between the
units for the most economic operation.
 Explain with a diagram the physical interpretation of the co-ordination
equation.
 Give the various uses of the general loss formula and state the assumptions
made for calculating Bmn coefficients.
3. 150MW, 220MW and 220MW are the ratings of three units located in a thermal
power station. I their respective incremental costs are given by the following
equations:
dc1/dP1 = Rs(0.11P1 + 12)
dc3/dP3 = Rs(0.1P3 + 13)
 Assignment #3 10 Marks
Power System Operation

A generating station has the following daily load cycle : (10)

Time (Hours) 0-6 6-10 10-12 12-16 16-20 20-24

Load (MW) 20 25 30 25 35 20

Draw the load curve and calculate

(1) Maximum demand

(2) Units generated per day
(3) Average load
(4) Load factor.

Explain the injection of reactive power by switched capacitors to maintain acceptable voltage profile
and to minimize transmission loss in a power system.

Derive the relations between voltage, power and reactive power at a node for applications in power
system control.

Explain the operation of static VAR compensator and state its advantages over other methods of
voltage control.

State the unit commitment problem. With the help of a flowchart explain forward dynamic
programming solution method of unit commitment problem.

Develop an iterative algorithm for solving the optimum dispatch equation of an 'n' bus power system
taking into account the effects of system losses.
Assignment #4 10 Marks Power System Operation

Sketch the heat rate curve and cost curve of thermal power plants and explain the significance of them.

Explain the procedure for optimal generation allocation between the thermal generators in a thermal
plant.

Derive the transmission line loss formula and explain its importance.

Discuss the merits and demerits of a method in which optimal generation allocation of a thermal plant
including losses are considered.

Discuss the procedure for optimal allocation of generation among the hydrothermal systems.

Discuss the demerits of hydrothermal coordination in optimal generation scheduling.

 Course Description and outline
Exploitation characteristics of electric power system. Operational
system states (normal, transient, emergency, critical, restorative).
Daily electric power system load curve. System load curve
approximation. Load curves: weekly, monthly and annually. System
operation planning (daily, monthly and annually). Analytical functions
for system operation planning. Analysis and checking of realized
system operation. Load Forecasting (parable method, second order
polynomial method, xpotentially method, logarithm parable method,
Gompertz method, logistic method, empiric equation). Unit scheduling.
Midterm unit commitment. Load following. Energy imbalance. System
reserve (ready-import, spinning, stand by quick start, stand by slow
start). Interconnection. Power and energy exchange between
systems. System island operation. System blackout and restoration.
Analysis of recently system blackouts. Grid code.

General Competencies
Understanding of electric power operation. The knowledge about the
important functions and issues involved in different activities
associated with power system operation and planning.

Learning Outcomes
1. describe exploitation characteristics of electric power system
2. define and describe electric power system states
3. identify electric power system real time control function
4. generate system load curve (piece-wise linear approximations)
5. recognize ancillary services in the system
6. predict future system load by using independent methods
7. calculate transmission capacities of interconnected lines
8. plan of hydro-thermo scheduling in the system
Forms of Teaching
Lectures

Three hours weekly.

Exams

Continuously: one writing exam, final exam (writing and oral

examination) and three short tests. Classical Exam: writing and oral
examination at the end of semester. Results of three short tests are
included.
Exercises

One hour per week.

Other Forms of Group and Self Study

Four home works

Four quizzes

Grading Method
Continuous Assessment Exam

Percent of Percent
Type Threshold Grade Threshold of Grade

Quizzes 0% 6% 0% 10 %
 Continuous Assessment Exam

Percent of Percent
Type Threshold Grade Threshold of Grade

Assignment 50 % 30 % 0% 10

Mid Term Exam: Written 50 % 30 % 20

Final Exam: Written 25 % 60

 Calendar of Course contents to be covered during semester

Course : Power System Operation

Lecture Plan Topics
Week Wise
1 Introduction about power system operation
2-3 Exploitation characteristics of electric power
system
Electric power quality
4 load curve
load curve division
5-6 System operation planning
Periodical reports. System disturbances and
failures analysis
7 Control functions. Data acquisition and recording
8-9 Analytical functions for system operation
planning. Load Forecasting
11-12 Maintenance scheduling. Unit scheduling.
Midterm unit commitment
13-14 UCTE system
15-16 Analysis of recently system blackouts.
Basic data about Croatian electric power systems.
Exploitation project studies. Off line
investigations.
Grid code.
1. Exploitation characteristics of electric power system.
Operational system states (normal, transient, emergency,
critical, restorative). Efficiency operation of electric power
system. Electric power quality (insuring constant voltage,
frequency and wave forms). Secure operation of electric
power system.

2. Daily electric power system load curve. Daily electric power

system load curve division. System load curve
approximation. Load curves: weekly, monthly and annually.

3. System operation planning (daily, monthly and annually).

Operation preparation. Real time control. Analysis and
checking of realized system operation. Periodical reports.
System disturbances and failures analysis. System
operator reaction and procedures analysis.

4. Control functions. Data acquisition and recording. System

topology control. System limitation and alarms control.
Frequency and active power control. Voltage and reactive
power control. Operational statistic.

5. Analytical functions for system operation planning. Load

Forecasting (parable method, second order polynomial
method, potentially method, logarithm parable method,
Gompers method, logistic method, empiric equation).

6. Maintenance scheduling. Unit scheduling. Midterm unit

commitment (based on producers requirements).

7. Load following. Energy imbalance. System reserve (ready-

import, spinning, stand by quick start, stand by slow start).
System reserve calculation.

8. Interconnection. Power and energy exchange between

systems. Basic facts about UCTE system.
9. System island operation.

10. Electric power system secures operations.

Operational system states (normal, transient, emergency,
critical, restorative). Consumption limitations. Operational
limitations. Secure limitations.

11. Causes of system blackout. Methods and procedures

during system restoration. Requirements on power plants.

12. Analysis of recently system blackouts.

13. Exploitation project studies. Off line investigations.

14. Grid code.

15. Basic data about Croatian electric power systems.