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Lab 1 PDF

This document introduces Linux and operating systems. It discusses the startup process including POST, BIOS, and bootstrap loader. It then defines the core functions of an operating system like process management and describes common operating systems including Linux, Windows, and Mac. Linux is introduced as a free, open source, multi-user operating system. Key Linux components like the shell, kernel, and hardware are outlined. Common Linux commands and the file system structure are also reviewed.

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Muddassir Ahmed
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122 views6 pages

Lab 1 PDF

This document introduces Linux and operating systems. It discusses the startup process including POST, BIOS, and bootstrap loader. It then defines the core functions of an operating system like process management and describes common operating systems including Linux, Windows, and Mac. Linux is introduced as a free, open source, multi-user operating system. Key Linux components like the shell, kernel, and hardware are outlined. Common Linux commands and the file system structure are also reviewed.

Uploaded by

Muddassir Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT 1

Introduction to OS and LINUX

On Computer Startup:

 Power-on self-test (POST) checks for errors


 CPU
 Memory
 Basic input-output systems (BIOS)
 BIOS/firmware
 Activates the computer’s hard disk drives
 Bootstrap loader
 First piece of the operating system
 Has a single function to load the operating system into the memory.

Operating System:
 What is Operating System?
Supports computer’s basic functions
 What tasks an OS Perform?
 Processor management
 Memory management
 Device management
 Storage management
 Application interface
 User interface
 Types
 Linux
 Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista, XP
 Mac
What is LINUX?
 A fully-networked 32/64-Bit Unix-like Operating System
 Compilers Like C, C++
 Multi-user, Multitasking
 Coexists with other Operating Systems
 Includes the Source Code
 Open Source

Why is it Significant?
 Growing popularity
 Powerful
 Runs on multiple hardware platforms
 Users like its speed and stability
 No requirement for latest hardware
 It is free
 Licensed under GPL (General Public License)

System Structure:

Applications

Shell

Kernel

Hardware
The Linux System:

Linux Command Basics:

 To execute a command, type its name and arguments at the command line
 <command_name> <space> <options> <space> <arguments>

ls -l /etc

Command name Arguments

Options
(flags)

Editors:
Several Choices available:
 vi Standard UNIX editor
 the XEDIT like editor
 xedit X windows text editor
 emacs Extensible, Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor
 pico Simple display-oriented text editor
 nedit X windows Motif text editor
The File system:

/dev /etc /usr /bin UNIX /home /tmp

/var
/mydir

manual book

Special Files:

 /home - all users’ home directories are stored here


 /bin, /usr/bin - system commands
 /etc - all sorts of configuration files
 /var - logs, spool directories etc
 /dev - device files
 /proc - special system files

Windows LINUX
 The directories in MS-DOS path are  Paths are separated by ‘/’.
separated by ‘\’  File names are case sensitive.
 File names are case insensitive.  There is only a single hierarchal
 Where DOS/Windows had various directory structure (resembles a tree).
partitions and then directories under Everything starts from the root
those partitions. directory, represented by '/', and then
 An executable is one with an extension  expands into sub-directories.
of .exe, .com or .bat.  Any file whose execute permission is
 You can set attributes to make file read turned on is executable
only, hidden  You can set permissions on a file
Virtual Machine:

 What is virtual Machine?


 VirtualBox and VMWare
 ISO files – Ubunto ISO file
 Ubunto installation on VirtualBox or VMware

Installation of Linux in Virtual Machine:


a. Install VMware on your Machines.
b. Get Latest ISO file of Ubuntu distribution according to your system architecture (32bit or
64bit) from following link http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop.
c. Install Ubuntu from this ISO image file as guest Operating system in VMware.

Some Commands for Beginners:

 Clear the console


 clear
 Changing working Directory
 cd Desktop
 cd Home
 List all files in directory
 ls
 Copy all files of a directory within the current work directory
 cp dir/*
 Copy a directory within the current work directory
 cp -a tmp/dir1
 Look what these commands do
 cp -a dir1 dir2
 cp filename1 filename2
 To make archive of existing folder or files
 tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/
 tar cvf alldocs.tar *.txt
 Extract from an existing tar archive
 tar xvf archive_name.tar
 View an existing tar archive
 tar tvf archive_name.tar

Some more Commands:


 ls show files in current position
 cd change directory
 cp copy file or directory
 mv move file or directory
 rm remove file or directory
 pwd show current position
 mkdir create directory
 rmdir remove directory
 less, more, cat display file contents
 man read the online manual page for a command
 whatis give brief description of a command
 su switch user
 passwd change password
 useradd create new user account
 userdel delete user account
 mount mount file system
 umount unmount file system
 df show disk space usage
 shutdown reboot or turn off machine

Post Lab Questions:

1. Provide details about the following commands?


 apt-get
 yum
 wget
 gzip tar
 rar

2. Find and Execute following commands in Linux Shell?


 show architecture of machine
 show CPU info
 show version of the kernel
 show system date
 set date and time
 show details of files and directory
 show hidden files
 show files and directory containing numbers
 create a directory called 'dir1’
 create two directories simultaneously
 show the path of work directory
 delete file called 'file1’
 remove a directory called 'dir1' and contents recursively
 delete directory called 'dir1’
 modify timestamp of a file or directory

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