Communication Notes 2nd Sem

COMMUNICATION

Communication is an important requirement of every business. A businessman participates in

the process of communication in many ways. For instance, he informs the consumer about his
product, he motivate them to do the work or collects information about the progress of
business etc.

Meaning of Communication :-

The term communication is derived from the latin word “communis” or “communicare” which
means to make common. Thus communication means to make common facts, information’s,
Thoughts and requirements. Communication therefore is the exchange of thoughts, message,
Information etc. by way of speech, signal or in writing.

In order to understand further, many scholars has define the term such as

“Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between individuals

And/or organization so that an understanding response results”.

- By Peter Little

“Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more

Persons”.

- By W.H. New man and C.F. summer Jr.

But the definition given by William Scott, appears comprehensive and touches all aspects
Of communication process.

“Administrative communication is a process which involves the transmission and

Accurate replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting actions, which will
Accomplish organizational goals.”

Business Communication:-

Every business firm whether a sole proprietorship, partnership or company

Undertakes business with the objectives to earn profit. During the course of this process, a
Businessmen consults sellers, buyers, accountant and other people; he collects information and
Also exchanges facts. The specific communication undertaken by the business firm is known as
Business communication. In fact, business communication is a special type of communication
Undertaken to meet the need of the organization.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Communication Process:-

Communication is effective when a concise and clear message is delivered well, received
Successfully and understand fully. The process of communication has the following distinct
Components:

Idea Sender Message Encoding

Message

Noise

Understanding Decoding Medium and

Receiver
Idea Message Channel

1). Idea: - Idea is the simplification and abstraction of reality filtered through the individuals
Mind. Every message weather oral or written begins with an idea. Every business has its own
Convention for processing and communicating information.

2). Sender: - Person sending the information is called sender. He is also known as encoder. The
Process of communication begins when an idea occurs in his mind. The sender wants to send
That idea to another person/organization to achieve some objective. The sender must have a
Clear picture in his mind about what he wants to communicate.

3). Message: - The idea, emotion or opinion transmitted by the sender is called message.
Message is an idea transformed into words. The message can be expressed in different ways
Depending on the subjects, purpose, audience, personal style and cultural background of the
Sender.

4). Encoding: - The method by which a message is expressed is called encoding. Message arises
In the mind in the form of an idea. That idea is transmitted by the sender to the receiver in the
Form of words, symbols, picture etc. If not encoded, it may not be possible for the receiver to
Understand it.

5). Medium and Channel: - The method and means by which a message is transmitted by a
Sender to the receiver. For instance, letters is a medium and postal or courier service a channel.
If message is communicated by telephone, than oral message is a medium and telephone a
Channel.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

6).Receiver:- The receiver is a person/organization that receives the message. He is the

Destination of the message. In the absence, the process of communication is incomplete. He not
Only receives the message but also understands what is implied in it. He may be a listener,
Reader or viewer of the message.

7). Decoding: - Decoding is the mental process by which the receiver draws meaning from the
Word, symbols or picture of the message. Receiver decodes the message send by sender, that’s
Why he is also known as decoder.

8). Feedback: - Feedback is the receiver’s response to the message. Feedback is the final ink in
The communication process. Feedback tells the source/sender, how the receiver has interpreted
The message. The effective communication is always sensitive to feedback.

Need for business Communication: -

In present times, business communication has become vital for survival of any
Organization. Following are the points that highlights the need for business communication:

To know consumers attitude and perception toward the company and its
Product.

To conveys company image to target audience.

To communicate companies goals, objectives and policy to the concerned parties.

To deals with the internal and external stakeholder of the company.

To maintain and sustain relations with media and various other organizations.

Purpose of business Communication: -

Business communication is required to perform two main functions. These functions

Are: -

1). Internal functions. 2). External functions.

1). internal function: -

All the communication that occurs in conducting work with in a business is

Called internal function. It helps increase job satisfaction, safety, productivity, profits and
Decrease in grievances, turnover and absenteeism. Main internal functions of business
Communication are:

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

A). Information to management: - Business communication makes relevant information, facts

And other information available to the management. It is on the basis of these information and
Facts the management takes decision, necessary for the growth & progress.

b). Improvement to employees: - Business communication provides relevant information to the

Employees such as, how a particular task is to be performed, how the employees will be
Rewarded etc.

c). Improvement in morale: - By providing detailed information regarding all tasks and
Individual issues to employees. Business communication helps in improving the morale of the
Employee.

d). Promotes Spirit of understanding and co-operation: - If effective communication take place
Between management and employees, it helps to bring an atmosphere of mutual trust and
Confidence.

2). External function: -

The work related communicating that a business does with people and
Groups outside the business is called external functions. In today’s complete business world,
Business depends on each other in the production and distribution of gods and services. The
Following are important external functions of business communication.

A). to make relations with the suppliers: - Business communication establishes relations with
Outside suppliers. It is through communication that suppliers are informed about which raw
Material is required and when; in what quantity and of what quality.

b). Report to government agencies & departments: -Business communication is required to

Deal with different government agencies such as licensing authorities, foreign trade, and
customs
Etc. and provide necessary reports and render various returns as per the law.

c). Sale of Goods & Services: - A business approaches the prospective customer equipped with
Information regarding his product, quality etc., all through communication.

d). Report to owner – share holders: - Share holders are the owners of the business and must
Be informed about each and every information of the business. The function is performed
Efficiently & conveniently through business communication.

Business forms of communication: -

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

In today world communication is possible through vast variety of Medias,

But from communication to be effective, the communication has to be very careful and
Judicious in the choice of media, which will depend on various factors like the urgency of the
Message, time available, expenditure involved, intellectual and emotional level of receiver etc.
So to understand communication better, communication is derived into different forms. These
Basic forms are also known as methods, channels or medium of communication.

Communication Forms

Non Verbal Communication Verbal Communication

Sign Language Body Language Oral Written

Visual Signs Audio Signs

Nonverbal communication: -

The most basic form of communication is non-verbal. Long before human

Beings used words to communicate, our ancestors communicate with each other by using body
Languages such as gritting of teeth for anger, smile and touch to show affection. Thus one can
Easily say that nonverbal communication is the communication without words.

As human beings evolved over a period of time, the use of this form of communication
Has not diminished but has widen in scope. The two effective means of communication are
Firstly, nonverbal communication is the form of sign language such as traffic lights, blowing of
Siren, telephone ring, traffic maps, etc. ‘Secondly’ Communication through body language,
Which include kinesics, para language, and proxemics.

Meaning of:

Kinesics: - is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures (body
Movement).

Para language: - refers to the non- verbal elements of communication used to modify meaning
And convey emotion.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Proxemics: - is a subcategory of the study of non-verbal communication along with

Haptic (touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalic (para languages).

Verbal communication: -

Verbal communication involves the use of symbols that generally have universal meanings
For all who are taking part in the communication process. It may be oral or written.

Oral communication: -

It is that channel of communication in which message is transmitted in spoken form.

The term oral means ‘anything pertaining to the mouth’. These are two components of oral
Communication; they are words and the manner in which words are pronounced. In oral
Communication sender and receiver exchange their ideas through speech either face or through
Some mechanical or electrical device such as voice mail, telephone, computer etc.

Forms of oral communication: -

1). Face to face conversation 6). Social and cultural affairs

2). Lectures 7). Seminars

3). Meetings and conferences 8). Radio

4). Interviews 9). Telephone

5). Telephonic conversation 10). Grapevine

Written Communication:-

Written or printed communication is generally considered the second basic

Form of communicating. It is that form of communication in which information is exchanged in
The written or printed form. It is the most formal of all type of communication. With the
Advancement technology, the scope of written communication has also widened. It now covers
Electronic means like e-mail, fax apart from the traditional forms such as letters, circulars,
Memos, telegrams, report, forms, manuals etc.

Different Communication models: -

There are different ways to understand the principles and processes that
Define communication. The convenient and easy ways from these is through models, as they act

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

As a descriptive tools to approximate things, which otherwise would have trouble seeing,
Imagining or describing.

Over the years, numerous models have been offered as representations of what is
Involved when human communicate. Different scholars have put forward different models of
Communication, main among them are: -

1). Shannon- Weaver Model

In the year 1949 Clouded Shannon, an electrical engineer and Warren

Weaver propounded a mathematical model of communication. This model particularly explains
Electronic communication in a simple linear way which is easily understandable.

Information Transmitter Noise Receiver Destination

Source Source

Message Signal Signal Received Message

A). Information Source: - It is the beginning of the process. It represents some purpose on the
Part of sender.

b). Message: - It is the information passing between sender and receiver in the communication
Process.

c). Transmitter: - The sender of message is an encoded form is known as

transmitter.
d). Noise Source: - The model recognizes the potential of noise in distorting the message.

e). Receiver: - He is the person to whom information is send. He decodes the information.

f). Destination: - It is the end of the communication process.

2). Murphy’s Model: -

This communication process model is propounded by three writers. According to

This model; there are six components of communication process: -

A). Context: - Context is a broad field that includes country, culture, organization, internal &
External cause of action and every message weather oral or written begins with context.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

b). Sender-Encoder: - The second- encoder used symbols, usually words, to express the
Message and create desired response.

c). Message: - The message is the core idea the sender wishes to communicate. It consists of
Both verbal and non-verbal symbols.

d). medium: - It is the channel through which a message is communicated. It can be printed
Word, e - mail, sound or gesture.

e). Receiver- decoder: - The receiver/listener is the person who receives the message and
Decodes it.

f). Feedback: - It can be oral or written. It can be an action such as receiving an ordered item.
Sender needs feedback in order to determine the success or failure of the communication.

Stimuli

Sender-Encoder
Message Receiver-decoder
Perception
Medium Perception
Idea Encoding
Symbol decision Verbal/nonverbal
Idea Decoding
Sending Mechanism
Idea Interpretation

Feedback

Verbal/Non-verbal

3). Thrill and Bovey Model: -

According to Thrill and Bovey communication model, business

Communication is more than a single act. It is a chain of events consisting of five phases linking
Sender and receiver.

Message
Idea Sender Receiver
Physical

Transmission

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Feedback

A). Idea: - The sender has an idea. In the process of conceiving an idea about the real world,
the
Sender leaves out many things but assumes some things. This means idea in the mind of sender
Is a simplification of the real world?

b). Message: - The idea in the mind of sender is transformed into words and thus becomes a
Message. The message may be expressed in many ways.

c). Message is transmitted: - The 3rd step in the process is physical transmission of the
message
Through verbal or non-verbal channel, from sender to receiver.

d). Receiver gets Message: - For communication to occur, the receiver has to get the message,
And understand the message and store the message mentally.

e). Feedback: - The receiver reacts after receiving the message and sends feedback. Feedback is
A key element in the communication process because it enables the sender to evaluate the
Effectiveness of the message. Then the process is repeated until both parties have finished
Expressing themselves.

Barriers of communication: -

Communication is a process of transmitting information. If the

Information, as it is present in the mind of the transmitter, is transferred unchanged into the
Mind of the receiver, we say that a perfect act of communication has taken pace. But if some
Miscommunication occurs either at the level of sender, or at the medium or at the receiver end,
Communication process is hampered. These miscommunication is refer as a ‘barrier’ to
Communication.

Some of the major communication barrier are: -

1). Semantic barrier: - This barrier is associated with inter personal language. The reasons
For this barrier are:-

A). Interpretation of words: - Most of the communication is carried through words whether
Spoken or written. But words are capable of communicating a variety of meanings e.g.
‘Radium is a valuable metal “. In this value can mean either price or utility or both.

b). by passed instructions: - By passing is said to have occurred if the sender and the
Receiver of the message attribute different meanings to the same word or use different

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Words for the same meaning. Thus, half heard or understood message leads to
Miscommunication.

c). Denotation and connotations: - Words have two type of meanings: denotation (direct
Meaning) and connotation (secondary meaning or expression in addition to its primary
Meaning). There exists a large number of words that have a favorable connotation in
Certain context and unfavorable in other e.g. “cheap”. It is because of these words that
Sometimes compliment are interpreted as an insult.

2). Socio psychological barrier: - This barrier is associated with inter personal
Communication. The reason for this barrier are: -

A). Attitude and opinions: - Personal attitude and opinions after act as a barrier to effective
Communication. If the information agree/ similar with our opinions and attitude, we tend to
Receive it favorably otherwise we tends to (receive it favor) run contrary to our accepted
Beliefs.

b). Emotion: - Emotional state of mind plays an important role in the act of communication.
If the sender is perplexed, worried afraid, exited, nervous, his thinking will be buffered and
Will not be able to organize his message properly. In the same way, emotions of the receiver
Also affects the process.

c). Closed mind: -A person with the closed mind is very difficult to control with. He is deeply
Ingrained in his prejudices and is placed in front of him.

d). Status Consciousness: - This exists in every organization and is one of the major barriers
Of effective communication. Sub ordinates are afraid of communicating with senior as either
They are too conscious of their status or too afraid at being scrubbed. Supervisor thinks that
Consulting their junior would be compromising their dignity.

e). in attentiveness: -People after become in attentive while receiving a message in

Particular, if the message contains new idea, as adult mind resists change because change
Leads to insecurity, instability and uncertain things. Sometimes, a person also becomes in
Attentive because of some distractions such as framing reply after receiving half information
Or guessing next part of message.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

3). Physical Barriers: -

This communication barriers is associated with the surrounding

Environment where communication is taking place. The reason for this type of barrier are:

A). Noise: -It refers to all kinds of physical interferences that acts as a hurdle in
Communicating process. Noise is of different type such as physical noise (any unwanted
Sound), Visual noise (too attractive thing), written noise (poor hand written, smudged
Copies).

b). Time and Distance: - Time and distance also act as a barrier in smooth flow of
Communication. Distance between the sender and receiver act as a hurdle. Although this
Barrier have been overcome by technology but still in case of breakdown, this exists.
Different timing of shifts at workplace also act as barriers in imparting/passing on vital
Information.

4). Organizational Barriers: -

This communication barrier is associated with the choice of

Medium and rules followed in an organization. The reasons for this type of barriers are: -

A). Rules & Regulation: - Rules may prescribe h communication should be made/more from
One level to another. Due to this movement, this can be loss of information, delay in passing
Information.

b). Wrong choice of medium: - Choice of channel/medium depends upon the nature of the
Nature of the message and to whom it is targeted. If wrong medium is chosen to
Communicate, proper communication will not take place e.g. employee distinguish
Performance compliment is send through peon in memo. This act transmits different
Meaning as memo is used to ask explanation for a particular act.

Overcoming Communication Barriers: -

Following points should be kept in mind in order to overcome

Different communication barriers: -

1). Constructive environment should be created for expression of ideas.

2). Proper communication channel should be used to transfer idea/information.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

3). One should try to maintain a positive attitude while communicating by being open
Minded.

4). One should use direct, simple language and avoid words that have more than one
Meaning.

5). Free flow of information should take place between different levels both vertically and
Horizontally.

6). One should try to understand the idea/information through proper listening before
Giving feedback.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION

The basic objective of human communication is trying to elicit a reaction from the person we are
trying
To communicate with. From a business or commercial angle, if we observe any small or large
business
Around us we will be able to notice that the amount of success the business has achieved mainly
relies
On its power of communication. Communication defines the level of success that the company
Following
has are a few of the main objectives of business
communication.
Attained.
1. Information: The core objective of a business is to convey information and making individuals

More up to date, e.g. - all the advertisement campaigns that we notice around us are an attempt
to
Inform and convey the information across to others, and in case of companies, this information
is
Generally regarding the product or services at offer. However, the method of communication
may be
Verbal, written, visual or any other. All companies thrive on information pertinent to their
business
Activity. They must have excellent knowledge regarding the market, their competitors, and the
government
Policies, the type of credit they can gain from; the existing economic situation etc. Pertinent
information
Is the main aspect for successful business? However, in the recent times, because of the arrival
of the
World Wide Web, there has been a swift outburst in the quantity of information that is accessible
to a
Company and it is turning out to be gradually more difficult for a company to come across
information
That is genuine, comprehensive, up-to-date and new. Furthermore, it has become very
important for any
2. Motivation: Communication in business is moreover essential to boost the workers'
Company to get hold of that information. Moreover, this demand for correct information has
initiated a
Motivation.
New faction Thus if thecalled
of people communication is carried
the infomederies, outdo
who correctly and any
not handle is successful in encouraging
type of goods but provide
the
Information. A company not only acquires information but furthermore provides information as
Workers
well, for and workers are sufficiently encouraged, the work gets completed easily, proficiently
and
e.g. the
- The Company has to provide factual information about profitability, quality of products,
Workers
facilities will carry out their functions by themselves without supervision. Communication should
be
Provided to the workers or services rendered towards the community.
Utilized to construct a proper working atmosphere. In order to create a strong competitive
atmosphere
Between the workers and furthermore can be acknowledged and rewarded for their
accomplishments.
Employees who work at a lower level in the chain of command of the organization should be
motivated
3.
To Raising Morale:
give ideas Another
and inputs onextremely significant
the methods objective
to improve of business
the functioning ofcommunication (internal)
an organization, this type
is
of
Maintaining a sense of high morale amongst the workers, so that they perform their tasks with
Communication brings about a feeling of involvement and connection and creates more loyalty
towards 13
The company.
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Dynamism and resilience as a team. Create a great impact on the success of a company.
However as
Morale is a psychological aspect, the condition of high morale is not a lasting feature. An
organization
Could have a sense of high morale between the workers for following phase. Therefore, to keep
the
Sense of high morale amongst the employees, an organization has to constantly put in their
efforts in
That course.
4. Order and It can be managed
instructions: by maintaining
An order is an oral or an open rule
written doorinfluencing
policy, keeping tabs end
the start, on the
or gossip
and not
Permittingan
Adjusting destructive rumors
activity. This formtoofspread among employees.
communication is internal and is executed within a company.
Order
May be in written or verbal form. Written orders are given when the type of job is extremely
vital or the
Person who would carry out the task is far off. Care must be taken at the time of handing out
written
Orders; a copy of the order should always be maintained so that it is easy during the follow up.
Oral
Orders come and
5. Education into training:
play at the timedays,
These of urgency in the work
communication canand
be when the person
additionally used isinin close
proximity.
However,
Business toit enhance
is extremely vital tooffollow
the scope up in both
knowledge. The the
goalcases.
of education is attained by business
Communication on three levels (a) Management (b) employees (c) general public

a. Education for future managers: At this juncture, junior personnel in the organization are
taught to
Deal with vital assignments comprising of responsibility, so that they can achieve something
more than
Their superiors in the long run.
b. Education for newbie’s: When new personnel join an organization they are introduced by
Enlightening them in relation to the culture of the company, code of discipline, work ethos etc.
This is
Generally carried out by way of a training method to accustom the new recruits with the working
style of
The organization.
c. Educating the public: This is carried out by advertising, informative seminars, newspapers,
journals to
Notify the public regarding the product, the working style of the company and different schemes
Presented by the company.

Business Communication can be of two types:

1. Oral Communication - An oral communication can be formal or informal. Generally

Business communication is a formal means of communication, like: meetings, inter-
Views, group discussion, speeches etc. An example of Informal business communication
Would be - Grapevine.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

2. Written Communication - Written means of business communication includes - agenda,

Reports, manuals etc.

1. Organization. The views, background, approach, skills, competencies, and knowledge of

The sender have a great impact on the message. The verbal and nonverbal symbols chop-
Seen are essential in ascertaining interpretation of the message by the recipient in the
same
Terms as intended by the sender.
2. Message - Message is a key idea that the sender wants to communicate. It is a sign that
Elicits the response of recipient. Communication process begins with deciding about the
Message to be conveyed. It must be ensured that the main objective of the message is
Clear.
3. Medium - Medium is a means used to exchange / transmit the message. The sender must
Choose an appropriate medium for transmitting the message else the message might not
Be conveyed to the desired recipients. The choice of appropriate medium of communicate-
Tin is essential for making the message effective and correctly interpreted by the race-
Pint. This choice of communication medium varies depending upon the features of
Communication. For instance - Written medium is chosen when a message has to be con-
Eyed to a small group of people, while an oral medium is chosen when spontaneous
Feedback is required from the recipient as misunderstandings are cleared then and there.
4. Recipient / Decoder - Recipient / Decoder is a person for whom the message is intended
/ aimed / targeted. The degree to which the decoder understands the message is
dependent
Upon various factors such as knowledge of recipient, their responsiveness to the message,
And the reliance of encoder on decoder.
5. Feedback - Feedback is the main component of communication process as it permits the
Sender to analyze the efficacy of the message. It helps the sender in confirming the core-
Recto interpretation of message by the decoder. Feedback may be verbal (through words)
or
Non-verbal (in form of smiles, sighs, etc.). It may take written form also in form of me-
Moss, reports, etc.

Oral communication implies communication through mouth. It includes individuals

Conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic conversation. Speeches,
Presentations, discussions are all forms of oral communication. Oral communication is generally
Recommended when the communication matter is of temporary kind or where a direct
interaction
Is required. Face to face communication (meetings, lectures, conferences, interviews, etc.) is
Significant so as to build a rapport and trust.

Advantages of Oral Communication

There is high level of understanding and transparency in oral communication as it is in-

Terpersonal.
There is no element of rigidity in oral communication. There is flexibility for allowing
Changes in the decisions previously taken.
The feedback is spontaneous in case of oral communication. Thus, decisions can be
Made quickly without any delay.
Oral communication is not only time saving, but it also saves upon money and efforts.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Oral communication is best in case of problem resolution. The conflicts, disputes and
Many issues/differences can be put to an end by talking them over.
Oral communication is an essential for teamwork and group energy.
Oral communication promotes a receptive and encouraging morale among organizational
Employees.
Oral communication can be best used to transfer private and confidential informal-
Tin/matter.

Disadvantages/Limitations of Oral
Communication
Relying only on oral communication may not be sufficient as business communication is
Formal and very organized.
Oral communication is less authentic than written communication as they are informal
And not as organized as written communication.
Oral communication is time-saving as far as daily interactions are concerned, but in case
Of meetings, long speeches consume lot of time and are unproductive at times.
Oral communications are not easy to maintain and thus they are unsteady.
There may be misunderstandings as the information is not complete and may lack
Essen-
Tails.
It requires attentiveness and great receptivity on part of the receivers/audience.
Oral communication (such as speeches) is not frequently used as legal records except in
Investigation work.

Written communication has great significance in today’s business world. It is

An innovative activity of the mind. Effective written communication is essential for pre-
Paring worthy promotional materials for business development. Speech came before writ-
In. But writing is more unique and formal than speech. Effective writing involves care-
Full choice of words, their organization in correct order in sentences formation as well as
Cohesive composition of sentences. Also, writing is more valid and reliable than speech.
But while speech is spontaneous, writing causes delay and takes time as feedback is not
Immediate.

Advantages of Written Communication

Written communication helps in laying down apparent principles, policies and rules for
Running of an organization.

It is a permanent means of communication. Thus, it is useful where record

maintenance
Is required.
It assists in proper delegation of responsibilities. While in case of oral communication, it
Is impossible to fix and delegate responsibilities on the grounds of speech as it can be
Taken back by the speaker or he may refuse to acknowledge.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Written communication is more precise and explicit.

Effective written communication develops and enhances an organization’s image.

It provides ready records and references.

Legal defenses can depend upon written communication as it provides valid records.

Disadvantages of Written Communication

Written communication does not save upon the costs. It costs huge in terms of
stationery
And the manpower employed in writing/typing and delivering letters.
Also, if the receivers of the written message are separated by distance and if they need
to
Clear their doubts, the response is not spontaneous.
Written communication is time-consuming as the feedback is not immediate. The
Encoding and sending of message takes time.

Effective written communication requires great skills and competencies in language and
Vocabulary use. Poor writing skills and quality have a negative impact on organizations
Reputation.

Too much paper work and e-mails burden is involved.

Non Verbal Communication - Actions Speak Louder than Words

What is Non Verbal Communication?

It is communication of feelings, emotions, attitudes, and thoughts through body movements

/
Gestures / eye contact, etc.

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 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

The components of Non Verbal Communication are:

Kinesics: It is the study of facial expressions, postures & gestures. Did you know that
while in AR-?
Gentian to raise a fist in the air with knuckles pointing outwards expresses victory, in
Lebanon,
Raising a closed fist is considered rude?
Oculesics: It is the study of the role of eye contact in nonverbal communication. Did you
know?
That in the first 90 sec - 4 min you decide that you are interested in someone or not.
Studies re-
Veal that 50% of this first impression comes from non-verbal communication which
includes occur-
Less. Only 7% of comes from words - that we actually say.
Haptic: It is the study of touching. Did you know that acceptable level of touching vary
from one?
Culture to another? In Thailand, touching someone's head may be considered as rude.
Proxemics: It is the study of measurable distance between people as they interact. Did
you know?
That the amount of personal space when having an informal conversation should vary
between
18 inches - 4 feet while, the personal distance needed when speaking to a crowd of
people
Should be around 10-12 feet?
Chromatics: It is the study of use of time in nonverbal communication. Have you ever
observed?
That while AN employee will not worry about running a few minutes late to meet a
colleague, a
Remember, “What
Manager who wehas
say” is less important
a meeting than “how
with the CEO, a latewe say it”
arrival willasbewords are only
considered as 7% of our
a nonverbal
Communication.
cue Understand and enjoy nonverbal communication as it helps forming better first
Impressions. Good luck!
That he / she does not give adequate respect to his superior?
Paralinguistic: It is the study of variations in pitch, speed, volume, and pauses to convey
mean-
In.or
Kinesics interestingly,
body language when the speaker is making a presentation and is looking for a
response, he
Since bodily movement, gestures etc. are important for communication, they are being
Will pause.
Systematically However,
studies when
as a sub areanoof
response is desired,
nonverbal he will talk
communication and faster withtermed
language minimalaspause.
Physical
kinesis that Appearance: Your physical appearance always contributes towards how people
perceive
Literally means body language/body movement. It stands for the way the body communicates
withoutYou. Neatly combed hair, ironed clothes and a lively smile will always carry more weight
Words than
and through various movements of its parts such as nodding of head, blinking of eyes,
wavingWords.
Hand, shrugging shoulders and various other ways.
Just as language uses sets of symbol to convey meaning or body, consciously as well as
unconsciously,
Carries message, attitudes, status relationship, mood, and warmth/indifference,
Positive/negative feeling
And soon. It only depends upon the receiver how to infer these meanings from body symbol.
Parts of kinesics movement
There are different parts of the movement as explained earlier such
as

18
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

1) Facial expression
AS popular saying says “the face is the index of the heart” whatever we feel deep within
ourselves.
It is at once reflected in the face. It is very important in any face to face communication. We
convey more
Than we convey by our words e.g. facial expression generally associated with happiness,
surprise, fear,
Anger, sadness can be easily identified by
Facial expression.
2) Eye Contact
Everyone is well aware that eyes contact is of paramount importance in all face to face
Communication when we look at somebody’s face we focus primarily on his eyes and try to
understand
What he mean i.e. raised eyes brows and eyelids combined with dilated pupils conveys that the
person is
Exited, surprised or frightened. On the other hand, eyebrows with upper and lower eyelids
closed
Combined with constricted pupils tells us that the person is angry or in pain.
Along with the eye patterns, eye contact and eye movements are also meaningful such as brief
eye
Contact indicates nervousness or embarrassment, whereas looking at a person for a long time
shows the
Intensity
3) Gestures of interest.
In addition to facial expressions and eye contacts, other parts of our body move in a
very
Meaningful manner. These movements are called gestures i.e. the physical movement of
arms, legs,
Hands, torso and head. They play very important role in conveying meaning without using
words i.e.
Pounding of fist on table, shows anger, arms spread
Apart conveys the meaning of wide, shuffling from one leg to another means nervous and
on slightly
It is also important to note that gestures are not used individually but in relation to another
Forward and erect torso is interpreted as intense.
person and
Acquire meaning at particular time and also that they can be instinctive or acquired.
4. Head, body shape and posture.

In any face to face communication/meeting/interview the way we hold our head is very
important.
Everybody is well aware of the age old saying, “Hold your head high”. The position of head
reflects
Honors and self-respect, confidence, integrity and interest in the person before us where as a
bent head
Shows modesty, politeness or diffidence depending upon the situation along with these pattern,
other
Movements such
Apart from as jerking
head, both ourof body
head shape
shows/indicates insolence,
and posture rejection
affect what or agreement
we think about yourself, how
depending
we upon
The context
Relate andand
to other personality
how othersof the person
relate to usconcerned.
or respond to our moves. Mostly we act
spontaneously but
Become self-conscious while appearing for an interview. In such situation, we try to make an
extra effort
And our posture become awkward. So we should inculcate the best habits related to19posture in
our day
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Today affair in order to make them a part of unconscious spontaneous

act.

5. Appearance
Appearance includes clothing, hair, jeweler, cosmetics etc. all these may seem unrelated to
body
Language but on having a closer look we can easily judge/find that they are very meaningfully
related to
Our face, eyes, gestures, postures etc.
A famous writer has said that a man is recognized by his “dress and address”. Dress means our
attire
And occasion has its own particular type of dress. It may be formal or informal. It is normally a
part of an
Organization work rule to have a formal suit or combination of jacket and trousers for the
working hours
Or have a uniform for all levels of workers. If one changes from formal dress to informal or
casual he is
Easily
It noticed
is not and his dressthat
just dress/clothes speaks volume about
are important his attitude
for any occasiontoward work,
but also hishair
shoes, colleagues,
style, life
and his etc.
perfume
Own fallings.
That convey meaning in nonverbal form.

Advantage of body language

1. It is most easily visible aspect of communication; therefore, it helps the receiver in
decoding the
Message.
2. It complements verbal communication, especially in face to face communication as no
message
Can be completely sent across without accompaniment of facial expression and gestures.
3. It adds intensity to the communication process.
4. It helps in improving overall atmosphere and looks of an organization.

Disadvantages of body language

1. Since it is nonverbal communication, relying on facial expression and gestures cannot take
place
Whole heartedly.
2. People belonging to different cultural background send out different body signals. They are
Therefore, liable to be misinterpreted
3. It becomes ineffective if the listener is inattentive.
4. It is non effective in large gathering and is commonly used only in case of face to face
commune-
Action.

Para Linguistics or paralanguage

Paralanguage is closest to verbal communication and almost always accompanies body
language.
It is nonverbal because it does not comprise words.
In paralanguage, Para means like hence paralanguage literally means like language and
paralinguistic is
The systematic study of how a speakers speaks, while verbal communication consists of “what
or the 20
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Content”. Paralanguage involves how or the way/ways in which speakers speaks. Paralanguage
involves.

a) Voice
The first signal we receive or use is our voice. It tells us about the speaker’s sex,
background,
Education, training and temperament.
There are different kinds of voices -clear, musical, pleasant, raucus, unpleasant
and so on.
The clear the voice, the more effective it will be in conveying the message/meaning. This is the
reason
That1.inPitch andjobs
certain volume
suchvariation- for effective
as telephone operator,and interesting
newsreader it communication, a speaker
is absolutely necessary for must
the
intro-
applicants
To haveDuce variations
a clear in pitch voice.
and pleasant while speaking. Those who specks in monotones fails to keep the
To convey
listen- the message effectively, following point should be taken care off in our
voice.Era’s attention.
2. Speaking speed- People speaks at different speed on different occasion and also while
conveying
Different parts of the message. Generally, the easy part of the message information is
conveyed
At a slower pace because it is likely to be understood easily. On the other hand, the differ-
Cult/technical or complicated part of information are conveyed at a slower pace. If we
reverse
The order, the result will be counterproductive and message will not be conveyed. It has
also
Been observed that when we are in the state of anxiety or urgency, we tends to speak fast
as
Compare to when we are relaxed.
3. Pause- the pause or speed of speaking is also accompanied by pause. We cannot and
should not
Go on speaking without pausing voluntarily or involuntarily. But the pause has to be at the
right
Moments. In correct use of pause cause problem or may change the meaning of the
sentence. It
Is therefore, very important for a speaker to carefully monitor his pauses.
4. Non fluencies- speech is not always a continuous string of meaningful words. There are
pauses
Scattered at intervals with sounds/utterances like “ah” “oh” “uh” “um” you know “ok” or
laugh-
Term, yawn or chuckles. These pauses are called “non-fluencies”. When these non-
fluencies are
Used carefully, they give the speakers time to breathe or relax and make the listeners
more alert.
But if used too frequently it irritates the listeners.
5. Volume variations- one must speak loud enough for all of our audience to hear, but not
too
Loudly. The loudness of our voice should be adjusted according to the size of space.
6. Proper word stress- every person who understand/communicates in some or other
language,
Understands that word stress is of crucial importance in communication, by putting stress
or
Emphasis on a word here or a word there in the same sentence can change the 21whole
meaning.
Emphasis on a particular word or part of spoken word (study of which is known as
phonetics) is
Especially important is conversation in which questions and answers are essentials
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Advantage of paralanguage
It is very closely allied to language. No oral message is complete without
it.
It is sufficiently dependable indicators of the speakers place on the organizations. On the
basis of his
Voice quality one can easily guess.
It tells us about the speaker’s educational background national/regional
background.
It gives useful clues regarding the speaker’s mental
status.

Disadvantage of paralanguage
It is nonverbal communication, therefore cannot be fully relied
upon.
The voice quality and pitch of the speaker may unnecessary prejudice the receivers of the
message. The
Receiver has to be very open minded and patient.
It is sometimes misguided or mislead due to the use of improper tone or bad voice
quality.

Proxemics or space language

Nonverbal communication involves not only body language and paralanguage but also the
space
Around us, time and our physical environment or surroundings.

Just as “kinesics” is the study of body language, “proxemics” is the study of how we
communicate with
The space around us. Our interaction with the people around us has a well-defined or well
understood
Spatial dimension. Conversely we can say that the spatial dimension or distance between us
and other
Placing ourselves
People tell in our
us about the center, we
relations canthe
and present
naturethe space
of our around us in the
communication withfollowing
them.
form-
1. Intimate- physical contact/touch to 18 inches.
2. Personal- 18 inches to the 4 feet
3. Social- 4 feet to 12 feet
4. Public- 12 feet to as far as we can see and hear

1. Intimate space language

Most of the body movement originates within the circle of about 18 inches around us.
Only our
Family members, close friends and selected people enter this area. Such peoples are special
to us, the
Nearer we are to the person, the closer the relationship. In this group, communication
generally take
Place in whisper or soft words and may involve eye.
2. Personal space Language
While in intimate space, we mostly speak in whispers, monotones or at a low pitch, in the
personal
22
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Space that extends from 18 inches to 4 feet, we have normal conversation with close friends,
colleagues,
Associates and visitors.
Although communication is mostly in nature, it may involve taking certain important
decision or
Spontaneous programmed talking.

3. Social space language

Extending from 4 to about 12 feet is what has very aptly been called the social space. This
is mostly
Used for formal purpose and the relationship within this circle are more official. We do most of
our work
In this area while feeling, emotion, likes and dislikes are used/shared in intimate and personal
space.
More reasons and planning’s is used in this space .It is therefore of paramount importance in
business.
4. Public space language
As this space extends from 12 feet to as far as we can see and hear, conversation is
absolutely
Formal. The attachment of the intimate and personal space is substituted by the detachment of
Perception, objectively of approach and formality in speaking. Generally we speak loudly in this,
so far to
Be heard by others in a large group.
A part from the above mentioned space languages, proxemics also concern with the use of
space by
Group of people.
The way group of people use the space assigned to them determines their respective
places and
Interaction pattern.

Importance of Communication in an Organization

Effective Communication is significant for managers in the organizations so as to perform the

Basic functions of management, i.e., Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. Commune-
Action helps managers to perform their jobs and responsibilities. Communication serves as a
Foundation for planning. All the essential information must be communicated to the managers
Who in-turn must communicate the plans so as to implement them. Organizing also requires
eve-
Fictive communication with others about their job task. Similarly leaders as managers must
Communicate effectively with their subordinates so as to achieve the team goals. Controlling is
Not possible without written and oral communication.

23
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Managers devote a great part of their time in communication. They generally devote approx.-
Mutely 6 hours per day in communicating. They spend great time on face to face or telephonic
Communication with their superiors, subordinates, colleagues, customers or suppliers.
Managers
Also use Written Communication in form of letters, reports or memos wherever oral
communicate-
Thus,
Tin is we
notcan say that “effective communication is a building block of successful organizations”.
feasible.
In other
Words, communication acts as organizational blood.

The importance of communication in an organization can be summarized as follows:

1. Communication promotes motivation by informing and clarifying the employees about the
task
To be done, the manner they are performing the task, and how to improve their
performance if
It is not up to the mark.
2. Communication is a source of information to the organizational members for decision-
making
Process as it helps identifying and assessing alternative course of actions.
3. Communication also plays a crucial role in altering individual’s attitudes, i.e., a well-
informed in-
Dividable will have better attitude than a less-informed individual. Organizational
magazines,
Journals, meetings and various other forms of oral and written communication help in
molding
Employee’s attitudes.
4. Communication also helps in socializing. In today’s life the only presence of another
individual
Fosters communication. It is also said that one cannot survive without communication.
5. As discussed earlier, communication also assists in controlling process. It helps controlling
organ-
An effective and efficient communication system requires managerial proficiency in delivering
National member’s behavior in various ways. There are various levels of hierarchy and
And receiving messages. A manager must discover various barriers to communication, analyze
certain
The reasons for their occurrence and take preventive steps to avoid those barriers. Thus, the
Principles and guidelines that employees must follow in an organization. They must comply
pry-
with
Mary responsibility of a manager is to develop and maintain an effective communication system
Organizational policies, perform their job role efficiently and communicate any work
In the organization
problem
And grievance to their superiors. Thus, communication helps in controlling function of
Communication
manage- Flows in an Organization
Mint.

In an organization, communication flows in 5 main directions-

1. Downward
2. Upward
3. Lateral

24
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

4. Diagonal
5. External

1. Downward Flow of Communication: Communication that flows from a higher level in an

organic-
Nation to a lower level is a downward communication. In other words, communication
from us-
Priors to subordinates in a chain of command is a downward communication. This
communicate-
Tin flow is used by the managers to transmit work-related information to the employees at
Lower levels. Employees require this information for performing their jobs and for meeting
the
Expectations of their
Providing managers.
feedback Downwardperformance
on employees communication is used by the managers for
the fool-
Lowing purposes -
Giving job instructions

Providing a complete understanding of the employee’s job as well as to

communicate
Them how their job is related to other jobs in the organization.

Communicating the organizations mission and vision to the

employees.

Highlighting the areas of attention.

Organizational publications, circulars, letter to employees, group meetings etc. are

all
Examples of downward communication. In order to have effective and error-free
Downward communication, managers must:
Specify communication objective
Ensure that the message is accurate, specific and unambiguous.
Utilize the best communication technique to convey the message to the
receiver in-
Right form

2. Upward Flow of Communication: Communication that flows to a higher level in an

organization
Is called upward communication. It provides feedback on how well the organization is
function-
In. The subordinates use upward communication to convey their problems and
performances
The subordinates also use upward communication to tell how well they have understood
To their superiors.
The downward communication. It can also be used by the employees to share their
views
And ideas and to participate in the decision-making process.
25
26
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

5. External Communication: Communication that takes place between a manager and

external
Groups such as - suppliers, vendors, banks, financial institutes etc. For instance - To
raise capital
The Managing director would interact with the Bank Manager.
Feedback Communication

Receivers are not just passive absorbers of messages; they receive the message and respond
to
Them. This response of a receiver to sender’s message is called Feedback. Sometimes a
feedback
Could be a non-verbal smiles, sighs etc. Sometimes it is oral, as when you react to a
colleague’s
Feedback is your audience’s response; it enables you to evaluate the effectiveness of your
Ideas
mess- with questions or comments. Feedback can also be written like - replying to an e-mail,
etc.
Sage. If your audience doesn’t understand what you mean, you can tell by the response and
then
Refine the message accordingly.
Giving your audience a chance to provide feedback is crucial for maintaining an open commune-
Action climate. The manager must create an environment that encourages feedback. For
example
After explaining the job to the subordinated he must ask them whether they have understood it
or
Not. He should ask questions like “Do you understand?”, “Do you have any doubts?” etc. At the
Same time he must allow his subordinated to express their views also.
Feedback is essential in communication so as to know whether the recipient has understood
the
Message in the same terms as intended by the sender and whether he agrees to that message
or
Not.
There are lot of ways in which company takes feedback from their employees, such as: Me-
Played surveys, memos, emails, open-door policies, company newsletter etc. Employees are not
Always willing to provide feedback. The organization has to work a lot to get the accurate feed-
Back. The managers encourage feedback by asking specific questions, allowing their employees
To express general views, etc. The organization should be receptive to their employee’s
feedback.

A manger should ensure that a feedback should:

1. Focus on a particular behavior - It should be specific rather than being general.

2. Impersonal - Feedback should be job related, the manager should not criticize anyone
personal-
Lee.
3. Goal oriented - If we have something negative to say about the person, we should always
direct
It to the recipient’s goal.
4. Well timed - Feedback is most effective when there is a short gap between the recipients
beta-
Velour and the receipt of that feedback.
27
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

5. Use “I” statements - Manager should make use of statements with the words like “I”,
“However”
Etc. For example instead of saying “You were absent from work yesterday”, manager
should say “I
Was annoys when you missed your work yesterday”.
6. Ensure understanding - For feedback to be effective, the manager should make sure that
the re-
Cabinets understands the feedback properly.
7. While giving negative feedback to the recipient, the manager should not mention the
. factors
Which are not in control of the recipient.
Overcoming Communication Barriers

There are a lot of communication barriers faced these days by all. The message intended by
the
Sender is not understood by the receiver in the same terms and sense and thus
communication
Breakdown occurs. It is essential to deal and cope up with these communication barriers so as
to
Ensure smooth and effective communication.
As, in the previous section we have discussed the major barriers of communication. Let’s talk
About how to overcome these barriers of communication.
1. Eliminating differences in perception: The organization should ensure that it is recruiting
right
Individuals on the job. It’s the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure that the
interviewee
Has command over the written and spoken language. There should be proper Induction
program
So that the policies of the company are clear to all the employees. There should be proper
train-
INS conducted for required employees (for egg: Voice and Accent training).
2. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of
ambit-
Guru’s words and jargons should be avoided.
3. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication barrier which
must
Be overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the source of noise and then
eliminate
That source.
4. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between “listening”
and
“Hearing”. Active listening means hearing with proper understanding of the message that
is
Heard. By asking questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is
understood or
Not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker.
5. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body language.
He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the receiver might 28
misinterpret
The message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad
mood then
The receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good.
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

6. Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be complex. The
numb-
Beer of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be an ideal span of control
within the
Organization. Simpler the organizational structure, more effective will be the
communication.
7. Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They
Should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their
suborn-
Donates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively.
8. Give Constructive Feedback: Avoid giving negative feedback. The contents of the feedback
might
Be negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback will lead to
effective
Communication between the superior and subordinate.
9. Proper Media Selection: The managers should properly select the medium of
communication.
Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like: face to face interaction or meetings.
Use of
Written means of communication should be encouraged for delivering complex messages.
For
Seven Significant messages
C’s of Effective reminders can be given by using written means of communication
Communication
such as:
Memos, Notices etc.
10. Flexibility in meeting the targets: For effective communication in an organization the
managers
Should ensure that the individuals are meeting their targets timely without skipping the
formal
Channels of communication. There should not be much pressure on employees to meet
There are 7 C’s of effective communication which are applicable to both written as well as oral
their
Communication.
Targets. These are as follows:

1. Completeness - The communication must be complete. It should convey all facts required
by the
Audience. The sender of the message must take into consideration the receiver’s mind set
and
Convey the message accordingly. A complete communication has following features:
complete communication develops and enhances reputation of an organization.
Moreover, they are cost saving as no crucial information is missing and no additional
Cost is incurred in conveying extra message if the communication is complete.
a complete communication always gives additional information wherever required. It
Leaves no questions in the mind of receiver.
Complete communication helps in better decision-making by the au-
Dance/readers/receivers of message as they get all desired and crucial information.
It persuades the audience.

2. Conciseness - Conciseness means wordiness, i.e., communicating what you want to

convey in
Least possible words without forgoing the other C’s of communication. Conciseness is a
necessity
For effective communication. Concise communication has following features:
It is both time-saving as well as cost-saving. 29
 It underlines and highlights the main message as it avoids using excessive and
needless Communication Notes 2nd Seem
Words.
Concise communication provides short and essential message in limited words to
the
Audience.
Concise message is more appealing and comprehensible to the audience.
concise message is non-repetitive in nature.
Consideration - Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”. Effective
communicate-
Tin must take the audience into consideration, i.e., the audience’s view points,
3. background,
Mind-set, education level, etc. Make an attempt to envisage your audience, their
requirements,
Emotions as well as problems. Ensure that the self-respect of the audience is maintained
and
Their emotions are not at harm. Modify your words in message to suit the audience’s
needs
While making your message complete. Features of considerate communication are as
follows:
Emphasize on “you” approach.
Empathize with the audience and exhibit interest in the audience. This will stimulate
a
Positive reaction from the audience.
4. Show optimism towards your audience. Emphasize on “what is possible” rather than
“What is impossible”? Lay stress on positive words such as jovial, committed,
thanks,
Warm, healthy, help, etc.
Clarity - Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time, rather than
5. trying to
Achieve too much at once. Clarity in communication has following features:
It makes understanding easier.
Complete clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of message.
Clear message makes use of exact, appropriate and concrete words.
Concreteness - Concrete communication implies being particular and clear rather than
6. fuzzy and
General. Concreteness strengthens the confidence. Concrete message has following
features:
It is supported with specific facts and figures.
It makes use of words that are clear and that build the reputation.
Concrete messages are not misinterpreted.
Courtesy - Courtesy in message implies the message should show the sender’s
expression as
7. well as should respect the receiver. The sender of the message should be sincerely polite,
judi-
Cious, reflective and enthusiastic. Courteous message has following features:
Courtesy implies taking into consideration both viewpoints as well as feelings of the
re-
Cleaver of the message.
Courteous message is positive and focused at the audience.
It makes use of terms showing respect for the receiver of message.
It is not at all biased.
Awareness of these-7Correctness
Correctness C‟s of communication makes you
in communication an effective
implies communicator.
that there are no grammatical errors
in
communication. Correct communication has following features:
The message is exact, correct and well-timed.
If the communication is correct, it boosts up the confidence level. 30
Correct message has greater impact on the audience/ readers.
It checks for the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used in the
message.
It makes use of appropriate and correct language in the message.
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Guidelines for Effective Communication

Effective communication is a part and parcel of any successful organization. A communication

should be free from barriers so as to be effective. Communication is a two way process where
the
1. Clarity
message sentofbyPurpose: Theshould
the sender message to be delivered
be interpreted must
in the be terms
same clear in
bythe
themind of sender.
recipient. The The
person
charac-
to whom
teristics it is targeted
of effective and the are
communication aimasoffollows
the message
: should be clear in the mind of the
sender.
2. Completeness: The message delivered should not be incomplete. It should be supported
by facts
And observations. It should be well planned and organized. No assumptions should be
made by
The receiver.
3. Conciseness: The message should be concise. It should not include any unnecessary
details. It
Should be short and complete.
4. Feedback: Whether the message sent by the sender is understood in same terms by the
receiver
Or not can be judged by the feedback received. The feedback should be timely and in
personal. It
Should be specific rather than general.
5. Empathy: Empathy with the listeners is essential for effective verbal communication. The
speak-
Err should step into the shoes of the listener and be sensitive to their needs and emotions.
This
Way he can understand things from their perspective and make communication more
effective.
6. Modify the message according to the audience: The information requirement by different
People in the organization differs according to their needs. What is relevant to the middle
level?
Management might not be relevant to the top level of management. Use of jargons should
be
Minimized because it might lead to misunderstanding and misinterpretations. The message
Should be modified according to the needs and requirements of the targeted audience.
7. Multiple Channels of communication: For effective communication multiple channels
should be
Used as it increases the chances of clarity of message. The message is reinforced by using
differ-
Net channels and there are less chances of deformation of message.
8. Make effective use of Grapevine (informal channel of communication): The employees and
Managers should not always discourage grapevine. They should make effective use of
grapevine. 31
The managers can use grapevine to deliver formal messages and for identification of issues
Which are significant for the employees. The managers can get to know the problems
faced by
The employees and can work upon it.
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Important Terms in Communication

1. Communication: “Communication is the process by which information is transmitted

Between individuals and/or organization so that an understanding response results”.
“Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.

2. Silence: Silence is the lack of audible sound or presence of sounds of very low intensity. By
Analogy, the word silence can also refer to any absence of communication, including in media
Other than speech. Silence is also used as total communication, in reference to non-verbal
Communication and spiritual connection. Silence also refers to no sounds uttered by anybody in
a
Room or area. Silence is an important factor in many cultural spectacles, as in rituals.

3. Circular Letter: Circular letter is also a kind of a letter that is issued for a number of people.
It is a kind of notice that is sent as a letter aimed at a large number of people.

4. Bio-Data: Bio data is a commonly used term in industrial and organizational psychology for
Biographical data. Bio data is defined as “...factual kinds of questions about life and work
Experiences, as well as to items involving opinions, values, beliefs, and attitudes that reflect a
Historical perspective. BIO-DATA. Name. : Age & DOB. : Religion & Caste. : Sex. : Marital
Status. : Father's name. : Mother's name. : Telephone Number. : Home (with STD code)
mobile
No. etc.

5. Memo: Memo is short for memorandum, a document or other communication. A

Memorandum may have any format, or it may have a format specific to an office or institution.
In
Law specifically, a memorandum is a record of the terms of a transaction or contract, such as a
Policy memo, memorandum of understanding, memorandum of agreement, or memorandum of
Association.

6. D.O. -D.O. letter means Demi official where one departmental head or institutional head
Address the other institutional head by name. It’s an official letter with a personal touch.

7. Notice: Written or formal information, notification, or warning about a fact, required to be

Made in law or imparted by an operation of law. The act of noting, remarking, or observing;
Observation by the senses or intellect; cognizance; note.

8. Facial Communication: A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of

The muscles beneath the skin of the face. These movements convey the emotional state of an
Individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a
Primary means of conveying social information between humans, but they also occur in most
Other mammals and some other animal species.

9. Heading: The title, subtitle, or topic that stands at the top or beginning, as of a paragraph,

32
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Letter, or chapter. A title at the head of a page or section of a book: "chapter headings". A
division
Or section of a subject; a class or category.
1. 10. Salutation: A gesture or utterance made as a greeting or acknowledgment of another's
Arrival or departure. A standard formula of words used in a letter to address the person being
Written to.
11. Enclosures: Autonomous items or records accompanying, or attached to, a formal letter or
Official document (and listed therein) in order for it to accomplish its purpose.

12. Grapevine: Grapevine is an informal channel of business communication. It is called so

Because it stretches throughout the organization in all directions irrespective of the authority
Levels. Man as we know is a social animal. Despite existence of formal channels in an
Organization, the informal channels tend to develop when he interacts with other people in
Organization. It exists more at lower levels of organization.

13. Feedback: - Feedback is the receiver’s response to the message. Feedback is the final ink in
The communication process. Feedback tells the source/sender, how the receiver has interpreted
The message. The effective communication is always sensitive to feedback.

14. Nonverbal communication: - The most basic form of communication is non-verbal. Long
Before human beings used words to communicate, our ancestors communicate with each other
by
Using body languages such as gritting of teeth for anger, smile and touch to show affection.
Thus
One can easily say that nonverbal communication is the communication without words.
15. Kinesics: - is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures
(Body movement).

16. Para language: - refers to the non- verbal elements of communication used to modify
Meaning and convey emotion.

17. Proxemics: - is a subcategory of the study of non-verbal communication along with haptic
(Touch), kinesics (body movement), vocalic (para languages).

18. Oral communication: - It is that channel of communication in which message is

Transmitted in spoken form. The term oral means „anything pertaining to the mouth‟.

19. Written Communication: - Written or printed communication is generally considered the

Second basic form of communicating. It is that form of communication in which information is
Exchanged in the written or printed form. It is the most formal of all type of communication.

20. Message: - It is the information passing between sender and receiver in the communication
Process.

21. Transmitter: - The sender of message is an encoded form is known as transmitter.

33
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

22. Noise Source: - The model recognizes the potential of noise in distorting the message.

23. Receiver: - He is the person to whom information is send. He decodes the information.

24. Destination: - It is the end of the communication process.

25. Medium: - It is the channel through which a message is communicated. It can be printed
Word, e - mail, sound or gesture.

26. Idea: - The sender has an idea. In the process of conceiving an idea about the real world,
the
Sender leaves out many things but assumes some things. This means idea in the mind of
sender is
A simplification of the real world.
27. Letters: A letter is a written or printed personal or business message that is usually sent by
a
Mail in an envelope.
28. Memos: Memos are intra-organization correspondence written among different departments
In the same location or in different locations, factories and offices. Before word processing and
Other forms of electronic communication became popular, memos carried bulk of the load of
Written communication within a firm.
29. Official letters: These are letters written to Government, semi-government and other
statute-
Rye authorities and are addressed formally.
30: Demi-official (DO) letters: These are also official letters but are addressed to a person by
Name. DO letters are written if matter:
requires personal attention of the addressee
is of confidential nature
is urgent requiring immediate disposal / response

31. Internal letters: These take the form of memos written among different functions and de-
Apartments within an organization. They are eminently suitable for internal communication.
32. Personnel letters: These are letters emanating from personnel / human resource
department:

calling for preliminary interviews

calling for written tests
33. Purchasing letters: These letters cover the correspondence for purchasing and other allied
Functions in materials management, supply chain functions etc.:

cing orders for supplies and contracts for services & materials
34. Sales letters: These are letters pertaining to the marketing and sales activities of the firm:

omers and competitors

35. Accounting and finance letters: These letters may relate to:

34
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

g
etc.
36. Facial expression: AS popular saying says “the face is the index of the heart” what ever
We feel deep within ourselves. It is at once reflected in the face. It is very important in any face
to
Face communication.
37. Eye Contact: Everyone is well aware that eyes contact is of paramount importance in all
Face to face communication when we look at somebody’s face we focus primarily on his eyes
And try to understand what he mean i.e. raised eyes brows and eyelids combined with dilated
Pupils conveys that the person is exited, surprised or frightened.
38. Gestures: In addition to facial expressions and eye contacts, other parts of our body move in
A very meaningful manner. These movements are called gestures i.e. the physical movement of
Arms, legs, hands, torso and head.

39. Appearance: Appearance includes clothing, hair, jeweler, cosmetics etc. all these may
Seem unrelated to body language but on having a closer look we can easily judge/find that
they
Are very meaningfully related to our face, eyes, gestures, postures etc.
40. Voice: The first signal we receive or use is our voice. It tells us about the speaker’s sex,
Background, education, training and temperament. There are different kinds of voices -
clear,
Musical, pleasant, raucous, unpleasant and so on.

Four S‟s of communication

Besides the above, following four principles have become popular:

(I) Shortness
Shortness „economizes‟ on words. Message should be as brief as possible. Good rules are:
words
do not use complex words, phrases and ideas

(ii) Simplicity
Simplicity impresses. There is a famous „KISS‟ principle in communication – it says that the
Message should be kept short and simple. A few golden hints are:

35
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

(iii) Strength
Strength of message „convinces‟ receivers about the desirability of the idea(s). Messages
should
Deliver the conviction of the teller. Guidelines are:
Half-hearted statements add a touch of falsehood to the message

(iv) Sincerity
The quality of sincerity „appeals‟ to everyone especially the receivers of messages. If receivers‟
Keen sense of observation senses a situation of make-believe, the entire process of
communicate-
Tin would fall through. Adopting the following rules will go a long way:
a sincere approach becomes evident to receivers

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
Effective listening requires both deliberate efforts and a keen mind. Effective listeners appreciate
Flow of new ideas and information. Organizations that follow the principles of effective listening
are
Always informed timely, updated with the changes and implementations, and are always out of
crisis
Situation.
To improveEffective listening promotes
your communication skills, organizational
you must learnrelationships, encourages
to listen effectively. product
Effective delivery
listening
and
gives you
Innovation,
An advantage as and
wellmakes
as helps
youorganization to dealwhen
more impressive with you
the diversity
speak. It in employees
also and customers
boosts your
it serves.
Effective Listening Skills
performance.

1. Discover your interests‟ field.

2. Grasp and understand the matter/content.
3. Remain calm. Do not lose your temper. Anger hampers and inhibits communication. Angry
People jam their minds to the words of others.
4. be open to accept new ideas and information.
5. Jot down and take a note of important points.
6. Work upon listening. Analyze and evaluate the speech in spare time.
7. Rephrase and summarize the speaker’s ideas.
8. Keep on asking questions. This demonstrates that how well you understand the speaker’s
ideas
And also that you are listening.
9. Avoid distractions.
10. “Step into the shoes of others”, i.e., put yourself in the position of the speaker and
observe things
From his view point. This will help creating an atmosphere of mutual understanding and
improve
The exchange of ideas in communication process.
36
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Characteristics of Good and Effective Listener

Good and effective listener tries to give maximum amount of thought to the speaker’s ideas
being
Communicated, leaving a minimum amount of time for mental exercises to go off track. A good
listener:
1. is attentive- Good listener must pay attention to the key points. He should be alert. He
should
Avoid any kind of distraction.
2. Do not assume- Good listener does not ignore the information he considers is
unnecessary. He
Should always summarize the speaker’s ideas so that there is no misunderstanding of
thoughts of
Speakers. He avoids premature judgments about the speaker’s message.
3. Listen for feelings and facts- Good listener deliberately listens for the feelings of the
speaker.
He concentrates totally on the facts. He evaluates the facts objectively. His listening is
sympathetic-
Ice, active and alert. He keenly observes the gestures, facial expression and body
language of the
Speaker. In short, a good listener should be projective (i.e. one who tries to understand
the views
Of the speaker) and empathic (i.e. one who concentrates not only on the surface meaning
of the
Messageeffective
To conclude, but trieslistening
to probeenhances
the feelings
the and emotions of quality.
communication the speaker).
It makes all attentive. It
4. Concentrate
encourages on the other speakers kindly and generously- A good listener makes
deliberate
Optimistic attitude, healthy relations and more participation. It leads to better decision- making
in an Efforts to give a chance to other speakers also to express their thoughts and views. He
tries to
Organization. Effective listening is directly related to our ability to do team work. It must be
notedLearn
that from every speaker. He evaluates the speaker’s ideas in spare time. He focuses on
“Wethe
Here con-
listen
are some
at about
guidelines
an efficiency
for active
ratelistening:
of 25 percent maximum, and we remember only about 50
percent of of the speaker’s message and not on the speaker’s personality and looks.
Tent
What5. isOpportunists-
deliveredrelaxedA good
during listener
a ten minutetries to take benefit from the opportunities arising. He asks
speech/lecture/communication?”
• Maintain
“What’s in it for me?”but attentive posture and comfortable eye
contact.
• Listen for feelings that may be expressed or implied as well as
the
Facts being stated.
• Reflect, clarify or paraphrase what the person has said to
ensure
That you understand his/her concern.

• Convey a sense of welcoming acceptance and respect, trying

not to
Show annoyance or restlessness.

• Be genuine, real and self-disclosing when appropriate. Show

you
Are engaged when listening to others.
• Be empathetic to the concern that the person attaches
to the
Problem. Place yourself in his/her position.
37
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

• Ask questions that seem pertinent in order to get a clear,

concise
Understanding of the problem. Try not to jump to conclusions
and
Judgments.
• Lead with “door openers” that allow the person to think about
and
To express his/her thoughts. Open-ended questions are
useful in
The active listening process.

• Actively support and encourage the person by offering help

through
Available resources and reassurance.

• Give specific information when possible or offer assistance

with
Finding relevant information.
• Consistently evaluate the impact of what you say: “Is it true?
Is it
Necessary? Is it kind?”

• Silence is golden. Help ease anxiety by conveying acceptance,

trust
And the message that you are actively
listening.
“Active Listening: hearing, engaging,
understanding.”

Note taking: Note Taking Is the practice of writing pieces of information, often in an informal or
Unstructured manner. Information presented in class often contains the central concepts of the
course and
The material most likely to be included on exams. Yet, students frequently do not realize the
importance of
Note taking and listening. While many students view note taking as an activity conducted simply
in led-
True, solid note taking skills require preparation and reflection as well. While taking notes:
Select. Omit trivial and redundant details. Omit anything you’ll recall anyway!
Condense. Replace lists with a category term.
Organize. Choose headings and topic sentences.
Rephrase. Use your own words.
Elaborate. Make connections to existing knowledge.
Note-taking generally involves writing down most of what you hear or read without processing
the inform-
Motion in any way. Notes that are taken are often unselective, trying to cover most or all of the
informal-
Tin without highlighting the main points or issues. Note-taking is, therefore, taking a passive
approach to
Study and learning.

38
44
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Instructions for addressing a group

1
O
Address the crowd according to your message and target audience. Use respectful titles, never
titles
Labeled by religious affiliations or belief systems. Speak on friendly terms, but don't assume a
Position that is too private. For example, don't address the crowd by saying, "Good evening,
friends,"
Unless you honestly do know most of the people personally and the reason for the evening
event
2 is of
O A sensitive enough nature that you can meaningfully address them as such.
Dress appropriately for the occasion. Don't overdress or
underdress.
Free Reviews and Articles for Leading Authoring Tools.
3
O
Speak clearly but calmly. No bashing your fist upon the podium to get your point across,
please.
4
O
Plan for technical glitches and for things to go wrong. Take problems with a smile and move on.
The
Less you give these issues notice, the less the audience will.
5
O
Control the speed of your voice and keep to your time limit. Speaking too long will cause the
crowd
To glance at their watch too often and lose focus.
6
O
Stick to the organized topic at hand. Keep personal problems, the nerdy jokes or odd people
you saw
On the way to the conference out of the speech. They will only be distracting and make you
look like
7
An amateur.
O
Close the speech properly. How you end your speech is just as important is how you delivered
it. It is
Always appropriate to thank audience members for their time and for listening.

Audience Analysis
Communication is complete only when the receiver understands the message in the same sense
and spirit that sender
Intends to convey. However, communication does not take place completely because of the
illusion that it has been
Accomplished. The great cause of illusion is sender's inability to understand the audience.
Without analyzing
Understanding the audience is fundamental to the success of any message. The sender needs
Audience,
to analysesthe
thechances of effectiveness of the communication decrease.
audience
And then adapt the message to their goals, interests and needs. Audience like to listen the
message that suits their 45
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Interests, familiar with their level of knowledge and understanding, and seems
true and credible.
Types of Audience:

1. Primary Audience
2. Secondary Audience
3. Initial Audience
4. Gatekeeper Audience
5. Watch dog Audience
Primary Audience: The primary audience is the audience who have to decide whether to
accept
The sender's message and his recommendations and to act on the basis of that message. For
example - in
Case of advertisement campaign of interior decoration, the primary audience is prospective
customers.
Secondary Audience: The secondary audience consists of people who may be asked to
comment
On the message after it has been approved. For example - in case of advertisement campaign
of interior
Decoration, the existing users are the secondary audience as the potential buyers ask them
about their poi-
Neon.
Initial Audience: is the audience that receives the message first and routs it to otter
audiences.
Sometimes, the initial audience guides the sender regarding designing of the message. For
Plea - the secretary to the minister acts as gatekeeper audience as he scrutinizes the letters
example,
Watch
before dog Audience:
1.minister's
Censor is thehas
approval.
Board which audience thattohas
to permit political, social
broadcasting andact
of films economic poweraudience.
as the initial to influence
the pry-
2. The editors of the newspapers also act as the initial audience as they edit the message
Mary audience's decision to act upon the sender's message. Though such type of audience has
be-
powerFore
to stop the mess-
publishing in the newspaper.
Sage yet they influence ahas
Gatekeeper Audience: lot power
on primary audience's
to stop action.
the message For example,
before it reaches the primary audience.
1.
For exam- The Industrial reviewers, who read the reports and comment upon them, act as Watch
dog au-
Dance.
Importance
2. TheofAuditor,
AudiencewhoAnalysis:
attests the authenticity and accuracy of financial statements, act as
Watch dog
Audience is center to the communication process. The purpose of communication is to transfer
the Audience when he gives his expert opinions.
Message with transmission of understanding among the audience. Therefore good
communication is
Always audience-centered. It is the audience that determines how one achieves the objectives
If the communicator fails to analyses the attitude, interests and knowledge of the audience, he
of communication.
is likely to be failure.
Why certain why certain politicians with bad records can grab the votes? It is because their
message strict to the
Waves of that time as well as wavelength of the public and consequently they can manage to
manipulate public analyses is essential before designing the message. Communication can
Therefore, audience
Sentiments to their
take place only when advantage.
The message is received in the same sense and spirit that sender intends to carry. Therefore,
the sender has to devise
Some common ground between him and the audience. He has to choose the information that
audience needs and
46
Finds interesting. He should encode the message in words and other symbols that audience will
understand easily.
Lastly, he should transmit the message along a channel that the audience will attend to.
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

"Understanding your audience is fundamental to the success of

Any message. You need to adapt your message to fit the
Audience’s goals, interests and needs." ~ Kitty O. Locker and
Stephen Kio Kaczmark.

Characteristics of a Good Speaker

1. Good Organization
2. Preparation
a. Speak from clear, comprehensive lecture notes.
b. Practice your presentation for voice, language, and timing.
c. Do not read your presentation.
3. Confidence
a. Do not begin with an apology for your knowledge or your English. If you lack
Confidence in
Yourself, the audience will perceive it and lose confidence in you, too.
B. Be thoroughly prepared and familiar with your material; preparation creates
Confidence.
c. Pause occasionally. Never be afraid to stop speaking for a moment.
d. Speak at a normal, slow rate. Do not rush.
4. Responsiveness
a. Start your presentation with a smile. You will put your audience at ease.
b. Make eye contact with members of the audience. Do not talk to the back wall,
The table, or your
Notes. Find a few friendly, encouraging faces in the different parts of the audience
And talk to them.
c. Check to see whether the audience is following you.
d. Make sure you talk with, not at, your audience. Talking at an audience comes
Across as talking
Down to them.
5. Clarity

47
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

A. Be sure the organization of your talk is clear to the audience.

b. Make short, simple and specific statements.
c. Strive for a smooth transition from one point to the next.
d. Use visual support to illustrate and clarify difficult points. Visuals should
Complement the oral
Presentation. Visuals should not be used as substitutes for commentary, nor
Should they require overly
Complex explanations.
6. Enthusiasm
a. When something is important, say it slower and louder.
b. Try to communicate to the audience your own interest in and enthusiasm for

Your subject; enthusiasm is contagious!

48
 Communication Notes 2nd Seem

Homophones

This is a list of British-English homophones. See the explanation page for details
Of the inclusion criteria.

21. 20.
bait,
band,24.bail,
25.Accessary,
1. bateball,
bannedbale
bawl
accessory dew, due 221. leach, leech 331. rouse, rows
2. Ad,
22.
26. baize,
bard,
addbarred
bays 222. lead, led 332. rung, wrung
23. bald,
3. Ail,
27. ale bawled
bare, bear die, dye 223. leak, leek 333. rye, wry
4. Air,
28. bark,
heirbarque 224. lean, lien 334. saver, savour
5. Aisle,
29. baron,I'll,barren
isle 225. lessen, lesson 335. spade, spayed
discreet, discrete
6. All,
30. base,
awl bass 226. levee, levy 336. sale, sail
7. Allowed,
31. bay, beyaloud 227. liar, lyre 337. sane, seine
8. Alms,
32. bazaar,arms bizarre doe, doh, dough 228. licence, license 338. satire, satyr
9. Altar,
33. be, bee
alter 229. licker, liquor 339. sauce, source
10. beach,
34. Arc, arkbeech done, dun 230. lie, lye 340. saw, soar, sore
11. bean,
35. Aren’t,beenaunt 231. lieu, loo 341. scene, seen
12. beat,
36. Ate, eight
beet douse, dowse 232. links, lynx 342. scull, skull
13. beau,
37. Auger,bow augur 233. lo, low 343. sea, see
14. beer,
38. Auk, or bier 111. draft, draught 234. load, lode 344. seam, seem
15. bel,
39. Aural,bell,
oralbelle 112. dual, duel 235. loan, lone 345. sear, seer, sere
40.
16. berry, bury
away, aweigh 113. earn, urn 236. locks, lox 346. seas, sees, seize
17. Awe, oar, or, ore 114. eery, eyrie 237. loop, loupe 347. sew, so, sow
18. Axel, axle 115. ewe, yew, you 238. loot, lute 348. shake, sheikh
19. Aye, eye, I 116. faint, feint 239. made, maid 349. shear, sheer
117. fah, far 240. mail, male 350. shoe, shoo
118. fair, fare 241. main, mane 351. sic, sick
119. farther, father 242. maize, maze 352. side, sighed
120. fate, fête 243. mall, maul 353. sign, sine
121. faun, fawn 244. manna, manner 354. sink, synch
122. fay, fey 245. mantel, mantle 355. slay, sleigh
123. faze, phase 246. mare, mayor 356. sloe, slow
124. feat, feet 247. mark, marque 357. sole, soul
125. ferrule, ferule 248. marshal, martial 358. some, sum
126. few, phew 249. marten, martin 359. son, sun
127. fie, phi 250. mask, masque 360. sort, sought
128. file, phial 251. maw, more 361. spa, spar
129. find, fined 252. me, mi 362. staid, stayed
130. fir, fur 253. mean, mien 363. stair, stare
131. fizz, phiz 254. meat, meet, mete 364. stake, steak
132. flair, flare 255. medal, meddle 365. stalk, stork
133. flaw, floor 256. metal, mettle 366. stationary, stationery
134. flea, flee 257. meter, metre 367. steal, steel
135. flex, flecks 258. might, mite 368. stile, style
136. flew, flu, flue 259. miner, minor, mynah 369. storey, story
137. floe, flow 260. mind, mined 370. straight, strait
138. flour, flower

49
 Communication Notes 2nd Sem

41. berth, birth 139. foaled, fold 261. missed, mist 371. sweet, suite
42. bight, bite, byte 140. for, fore, four 262. moat, mote 372. swat, swot
43. billed, build 141. foreword, forward 263. mode, mowed 373. tacks, tax
44. bitten, bittern 142. fort, fought 264. moor, more 374. tale, tail
45. blew, blue 143. forth, fourth 265. moose, mousse 375. talk, torque
46. bloc, block 144. foul, fowl 266. morning, mourning 376. tare, tear
47. boar, bore 145. franc, frank 267. muscle, mussel 377. taught, taut, tort
48. board, bored 146. freeze, frieze 268. naval, navel 378. te, tea, tee
49. boarder, border 147. friar, fryer 269. nay, neigh 379. team, teem
50. bold, bowled 148. furs, furze 270. nigh, nye 380. tear, tier
51. boos, booze 149. gait, gate 271. none, nun 381. teas, tease
52. born, borne 150. galipot, gallipot 272. od, odd 382. terce, terse
53. bough, bow 151. gallop, galop 273. ode, owed 383. tern, turn
54. boy, buoy 152. gamble, gambol 274. oh, owe 384. there, their, they're
55. brae, bray 153. gays, gaze 275. one, won 385. threw, through
56. braid, brayed 154. genes, jeans 276. packed, pact 386. throes, throws
57. braise, brays, braze 155. gild, guild 277. packs, pax 387. throne, thrown
58. brake, break 156. gilt, guilt 278. pail, pale 388. thyme, time
59. bread, bred 157. giro, gyro 279. pain, pane 389. tic, tick
60. brews, bruise 158. gnaw, nor 280. pair, pare, pear 390. tide, tied
61. bridal, bridle 159. gneiss, nice 281. palate, palette, pallet 391. tire, tyre
62. broach, brooch 160. gorilla, guerilla 282. pascal, paschal 392. to, too, two
63. bur, burr 161. grate, great 283. paten, patten, pattern 393. toad, toed, towed
64. but, butt 162. greave, grieve 284. pause, paws, pores, pours 394. told, tolled
65. buy, by, bye 163. greys, graze 285. pawn, porn 395. tole, toll
66. buyer, byre 164. grisly, grizzly 286. pea, pee 396. ton, tun
67. calendar, calender 165. groan, grown 287. peace, piece 397. tor, tore
68. call, caul 166. guessed, guest 288. peak, peek, peke, pique 398. tough, tuff
69. canvas, canvass 167. hail, hale 289. peal, peel 399. troop, troupe
70. cast, caste 168. hair, hare 290. pearl, purl 400. tuba, tuber
71. caster, castor 169. hall, haul 291. pedal, peddle 401. vain, vane, vein
72. caught, court 170. hangar, hanger 292. peer, pier 402. vale, veil
73. caw, core, corps 171. hart, heart 293. pi, pie 403. vial, vile
74. cede, seed 172. haw, hoar, whore 294. pica, pika 404. wail, wale, whale
75. ceiling, sealing 173. hay, hey 295. place, plaice 405. wain, wane
76. cell, sell 174. heal, heel, he'll 296. plain, plane 406. waist, waste
77. censer, censor, sen- 175. hear, here 297. pleas, please 407. wait, weight
sor 176. heard, herd 298. plum, plumb 408. waive, wave
78. cent, scent, sent 177. he'd, heed 299. pole, poll 409. wall, waul
79. cereal, serial 178. heroin, heroine 300. poof, pouffe 410. war, wore
80. cheap, cheep 179. hew, hue 301. practice, practise 411. ware, wear, where
81. check, cheque 180. hi, high 302. praise, prays, preys 412. warn, worn
82. choir, quire 181. higher, hire 303. principal, principle 413. wart, wort
83. chord, cord 182. him, hymn 304. profit, prophet 414. watt, what
84. cite, sight, site 183. ho, hoe 305. quarts, quartz 415. wax, whacks

50
 Communication Notes 2nd Sem

85. clack, claque 184. hoard, horde 306. quean, queen 416. way, weigh, whey
86. clew, clue 185. hoarse, horse 307. rain, reign, rein 417. we, wee, whee
87. climb, clime 186. holey, holy, wholly 308. raise, rays, raze 418. weak, week
88. close, cloze 187. hour, our 309. rap, wrap 419. we'd, weed
89. coal, kohl 188. idle, idol 310. raw, roar 420. weal, we'll, wheel
90. coarse, course 189. in, inn 311. read, reed 421. wean, ween
91. coign, coin 190. indict, indite 312. read, red 422. weather, whether
92. colonel, kernel 191. it's, its 313. real, reel 423. weaver, weever
93. complacent, com- 192. jewel, joule 314. reek, wreak 424. weir, we're
plaisant 193. key, quay 315. rest, wrest 425. were, whirr
94. complement, com- 194. knave, nave 316. retch, wretch 426. wet, whet
pliment 195. knead, need 317. review, revue 427. wheald, wheeled
95. coo, coup 196. knew, new 318. rheum, room 428. which, witch
96. cops, copse 197. knight, night 319. right, rite, wright, write 429. whig, wig
97. council, counsel 198. knit, nit 320. ring, wring 430. while, wile
98. cousin, cozen 199. knob, nob 321. road, rode 431. whine, wine
99. creak, creek 200. knock, nock 322. roe, row 432. whirl, whorl
100. crews, cruise 201. knot, not 323. role, roll 433. whirled, world
101. cue, kyu, queue 202. know, no 324. roo, roux, rue 434. whit, wit
102. curb, kerb 203. knows, nose 325. rood, rude 435. white, wight
103. currant, current 204. laager, lager 326. root, route 436. who's, whose
104. cymbol, symbol 205. lac, lack 327. rose, rows 437. woe, whoa
105. dam, damn 206. lade, laid 328. rota, rotor 438. wood, would
106. days, daze 207. lain, lane 329. rote, wrote 439. yaw, yore, your, you're
107. dear, deer 208. lam, lamb 330. rough, ruff 440. yoke, yolk
108. descent, dissent 209. laps, lapse 441. you'll, yule
109. desert, dessert 210. larva, lava
110. deviser, divisor 211. lase, laze
212. law, lore
213. lay, ley
214. lea, lee

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