4/14/2019 DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol

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DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp,

Lock-Based Protocol
What is Concurrency Control?
Concurrency control is the procedure in DBMS for
managing simultaneous operations without
conflicting with each another. Concurrent access
is quite easy if all users are just reading data.
There is no way they can interfere with one
another. Though for any practical database,
would have a mix of reading and WRITE
operations and hence the concurrency is a
challenge.

Concurrency control is used to address such conflicts which mostly occur with a multi-user
system. It helps you to make sure that database transactions are performed concurrently
without violating the data integrity of respective databases.

Therefore, concurrency control is a most important element for the proper functioning of a
system where two or multiple database transactions that require access to the same data, are
executed simultaneously.

In this tutorial, you will learn

What is Concurrency Control?

Potential problems of Concurrency
Why use Concurrency method?
Concurrency Control Protocols
Lock-based Protocols
Two Phase Locking (2PL) Protocol
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 Timestamp-based Protocols
4/14/2019 DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol

Characteristics of Good Concurrency Protocol

Potential problems of Concurrency

Here, are some issues which you will likely to face while using the Concurrency Control
method:

Lost Updates occur when multiple transactions select the same row and update the row
based on the value selected
Uncommitted dependency issues occur when the second transaction selects a row which is
updated by another transaction (dirty read)
Non-Repeatable Read occurs when a second transaction is trying to access the same row
several times and reads different data each time.
Incorrect Summary issue occurs when one transaction takes summary over the value of all
the instances of a repeated data-item, and second transaction update few instances of that
specific data-item. In that situation, the resulting summary does not reflect a correct result.

Why use Concurrency method?

Reasons for using Concurrency control method is DBMS:

To apply Isolation through mutual exclusion between conflicting transactions

To resolve read-write and write-write conflict issues
To preserve database consistency through constantly preserving execution obstructions
The system needs to control the interaction among the concurrent transactions. This
control is achieved using concurrent-control schemes.
Concurrency control helps to ensure serializability

Example
Assume that two people who go to electronic kiosks at the same time to buy a movie ticket for
the same movie and the same show time.

However, there is only one seat left in for the movie show in that particular theatre. Without
concurrency control, it is possible that both moviegoers will end up purchasing a ticket.
However, concurrency control method does not allow this to happen. Both moviegoers can still
access information written in the movie seating database. But concurrency control only
provides a ticket to the buyer who has completed the transaction process first.
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4/14/2019 DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol
Concurrency Control Protocols
Different concurrency control protocols offer different benefits between the amount of
concurrency they allow and the amount of overhead that they impose.

Lock-Based Protocols
Two Phase
Timestamp-Based Protocols
Validation-Based Protocols

Lock-based Protocols
A lock is a data variable which is associated with a data item. This lock signifies that operations
that can be performed on the data item. Locks help synchronize access to the database items
by concurrent transactions.

All lock requests are made to the concurrency-control manager. Transactions proceed only
once the lock request is granted.

Binary Locks: A Binary lock on a data item can either locked or unlocked states.

Shared/exclusive: This type of locking mechanism separates the locks based on their uses. If a
lock is acquired on a data item to perform a write operation, it is called an exclusive lock.

1. Shared Lock (S):

A shared lock is also called a Read-only lock. With the shared lock, the data item can be shared
between transactions. This is because you will never have permission to update data on the
data item.

For example, consider a case where two transactions are reading the account balance of a
person. The database will let them read by placing a shared lock. However, if another
transaction wants to update that account's balance, shared lock prevent it until the reading
process is over.

2. Exclusive Lock (X):

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 With the Exclusive Lock, a dataDBMS
4/14/2019
item can be read as well as written. This is exclusive and can't
Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol

be held concurrently on the same data item. X-lock is requested using lock-x instruction.
Transactions may unlock the data item after finishing the 'write' operation.

For example, when a transaction needs to update the account balance of a person. You can
allows this transaction by placing X lock on it. Therefore, when the second transaction wants to
read or write, exclusive lock prevent this operation.

3. Simplistic Lock Protocol

This type of lock-based protocols allows transactions to obtain a lock on every object before
beginning operation. Transactions may unlock the data item after finishing the 'write'
operation.

4. Pre-claiming Locking

Pre-claiming lock protocol helps to evaluate operations and create a list of required data items
which are needed to initiate an execution process. In the situation when all locks are granted,
the transaction executes. After that, all locks release when all of its operations are over.

Starvation

Starvation is the situation when a transaction needs to wait for an indefinite period to acquire a
lock.

Following are the reasons for Starvation:

When waiting scheme for locked items is not properly managed

In the case of resource leak
The same transaction is selected as a victim repeatedly

Deadlock

Deadlock refers to a specific situation where two or more processes are waiting for each other
to release a resource or more than two processes are waiting for the resource in a circular
chain.
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4/14/2019 DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol
Two Phase Locking (2PL) Protocol
Two-Phase locking protocol which is also known as a 2PL protocol. It is also called P2L. In this
type of locking protocol, the transaction should acquire a lock after it releases one of its locks.

This locking protocol divides the execution phase of a transaction into three different parts.

In the first phase, when the transaction begins to execute, it requires permission for the
locks it needs.
The second part is where the transaction obtains all the locks. When a transaction releases
its first lock, the third phase starts.
In this third phase, the transaction cannot demand any new locks. Instead, it only releases
the acquired locks.

(/images/1/100518_0439_DBMSConcurr1.png)

The Two-Phase Locking protocol allows each transaction to make a lock or unlock request in
two steps:

Growing Phase: In this phase transaction may obtain locks but may not release any locks.
Shrinking Phase: In this phase, a transaction may release locks but not obtain any new lock

It is true that the 2PL protocol offers serializability. However, it does not ensure that deadlocks
do not happen.

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 In the above-given diagram, you
4/14/2019
can see that local and global deadlock detectors are searching
DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol

for deadlocks and solve them with resuming transactions to their initial states.

Strict Two-Phase Locking Method

Strict-Two phase locking system is almost similar to 2PL. The only difference is that Strict-2PL
never releases a lock after using it. It holds all the locks until the commit point and releases all
the locks at one go when the process is over.

Centralized 2PL
In Centralized 2 PL, a single site is responsible for lock management process. It has only one
lock manager for the entire DBMS.

Primary copy 2PL

Primary copy 2PL mechanism, many lock managers are distributed to different sites. After that,
a particular lock manager is responsible for managing the lock for a set of data items. When the
primary copy has been updated, the change is propagated to the slaves.

Distributed 2PL
In this kind of two-phase locking mechanism, Lock managers are distributed to all sites. They
are responsible for managing locks for data at that site. If no data is replicated, it is equivalent
to primary copy 2PL. Communication costs of Distributed 2PL are quite higher than primary
copy 2PL

Timestamp-based Protocols
The timestamp-based algorithm uses a timestamp to serialize the execution of concurrent
transactions. This protocol ensures that every conflicting read and write operations are
executed in timestamp order. The protocol uses the System Time or Logical Count as a
Timestamp.

The older transaction is always given priority in this method. It uses system time to determine
the time stamp of the transaction. This is the most commonly used concurrency protocol.

Lock-based protocols help you to manage the order between the conflicting transactions when
they will execute. Timestamp-based protocols manage conflicts as soon as an operation is
created.

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 Example:
4/14/2019 DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol

Suppose there are there transactions T1, T2, and T3.

T1 has entered the system at time 0010
T2 has entered the system at 0020
T3 has entered the system at 0030
Priority will be given to transaction T1, then transaction T2 and lastly Transaction T3.

Advantages:

Schedules are serializable just like 2PL protocols

No waiting for the transaction, which eliminates the possibility of deadlocks!

Disadvantages:

Starvation is possible if the same transaction is restarted and continually aborted

Characteristics of Good Concurrency Protocol

An ideal concurrency control DBMS mechanism has the following objectives:

Must be resilient to site and communication failures.

It allows the parallel execution of transactions to achieve maximum concurrency.
Its storage mechanisms and computational methods should be modest to minimize
overhead.
It must enforce some constraints on the structure of atomic actions of transactions.

Summary

Concurrency control is the procedure in DBMS for managing simultaneous operations

without conflicting with each another.
Lost Updates, dirty read, Non-Repeatable Read, and Incorrect Summary Issue are problems
faced due to lack of concurrency control.
Lock-Based, Two-Phase, Timestamp-Based, Validation-Based are types of Concurrency
handling protocols
The lock could be Shared (S) or Exclusive (X)
Two-Phase locking protocol which is also known as a 2PL protocol needs transaction should
acquire a lock after it releases one of its locks. It has 2 phases growing and shrinking.
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 The timestamp-based algorithm
4/14/2019
uses a timestamp to serialize the execution of concurrent
DBMS Concurrency Control: Two Phase, Timestamp, Lock-Based Protocol

transactions. The protocol uses the System Time or Logical Count as a Timestamp.

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