Basic Electrical Engineering PDF
Basic Electrical Engineering PDF
in
Basic Electrical
Engineering
THEORY & PRACTICAL
Content Creation
The wise
possess all
ii
Preface
We are living in a modern world where all the systems are interconnected for
effective performance. By the year 2050, the demand of electrical energy is double or even
become triple due to the advancement in Electrical Technology. Now-a-days affordable
knowledge is essential in the field of electrical sciences for better understanding of
electrical appliances.
This book has been written primarily as a text book for the higher secondary
vocational students and is designed to serve the introductory part of electrical
engineering. The basic concepts of electrical sciences are explained with neat diagrams
for better understanding. This book is intended for the clear understanding of electrical
engineering and its applications.
This book has been written in a simple language and easy to understand by
the students. Various stages of the electrical system such as generation, transmission,
distribution and utilization of electrical power is clearly written and the concepts
are described by color diagrams. This book is made to meet the requirements of
International standards and made to compete with the global level.
The chapters are designed and formulated from the inspiration and interaction
of experts from India and abroad in the field of Electrical Engineering. The design
of the book is based on bloom’s taxonomy which is a learning tool for all students.
The concepts available in this text book obviously motivate the students for better
understanding. The contents of this book are mainly confined to the content of
syllabus fulfilling the objectives an electrical engineer.
I originally undertook the task of writing the text book for the vocational group
students as basic subject in the field of electrical engineering due to the knowledge
which I shared my experienced in three decades.
As a result, the students will definitely follow along with the subject teacher in
demonstrating an example while handling the classes. I hope this book will definitely
satisfy the primary needs of the student’s community to pursue higher level courses.
Myself with our subject experts’ team have provided this text book a more
knowledgeable and readable one fulfilling the needs of students. Consequently, the
teacher will feel more comfortable using the book because it reflects the electrical
engineering concepts in a pedagogy way.
iii
Dr.R. AZHAGUMURUGAN
Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sri Sairam Engineering College,
West Tambaram,
Chennai.
iv
Competitive Exam
Model questions to face various competitive exams
Questions
Career Guidance
VOCATIONAL STREAM
After completion of Higher Secondary course (+2), Vocational stream,
vi
Contents (Theory)
vii
Contents (Practical)
viii
Chapter
1 Power transmission
and distribution
Learning Objectives
In our everyday life, alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC)
supply play a vital role and are more important to study the applications of these
supplies. This lesson has dealt with the methods of power supply for both AC
and DC power transmission and distribution, advantages and disadvantages.
Students will learn how electricity is transmitted from one place to another.
Table of Content
iii. Three phase AC system iv. The corona loss is lower as compared
a) Three phase three wires to AC system.
b) Three phase four wires v. Voltage drop is very low.
1.3.2 Disadvantages of DC
1.3 Direct Transmission
transmission
HVAC HVDC HVAC i. It is difficult to produce high voltage
AC AC
ii. The voltage cannot be increased or
Rectifier Inverter
decreased by using a transformer
1.4 Alternative
Fig. 1.1 Schematic diagram of
transmission
DC transmission
a) Copper
1.6 Types of poles
Copper is used to transmit large
quantity of electricity from one place Line supports or the poles which
to another. Hard-drawn copper is often hold the conductors to a height they are
used for power transmission, because it above the ground level. In general, four
is twice as strong as soft drawn copper. types of poles are used, depending on
Hard drawn has a high conductivity. the size and shape of the conductor used.
Lesser cross-sectional area of conductor i. Wooden poles
is reduced, because the current density ii. Concrete poles
of copper is high. It has low specific iii. Tubular steel poles
resistance. Its life is very long. iv. Latticed steel tower
Figure 1.4 shows the wooden pole The iron tubular pipe is shown in
structure used for LV transmission lines. Figure 1.6. This structure is stronger than
The limitations of wooden poles are that the concrete pole. The poles are coated
they must be straight, strong with gradual with zinc plating. In the same tube, more
tapper and free from knots. These poles than one pipe is plugged or attached.
are cheap. Some portion of the pole below Since the tube is circular shape, the air
the ground level is impregnated with pressure attack is less than the concrete
preservative compounds like creosote pole. These types of poles are required
oil. These poles are suitable for shorter to be earthed. These are suitable for low
spans between 40 m to 50 m and voltage voltage areas such as street lighting.
level of 11 KV. This type of pole is suitable for the span
between 50 m to 80 m.
ii. Concrete poles
iv. Latticed steel tower
1.7 Effects of
transmission
1.7.1 Skin effect
Wh e n a n a lt e r n at i n g c u r re nt
flows through a conductor, a flux will
Single arm Double arms Dislocation arms
be produced in it. This flux will be higher
Fig. 1.6 Tubular poles at the center of the conductor than outer
1 - Power transmission and distribution 6
Cross-section
area of
a. Factors affecting corona
conductor
i. Atmosphere
Core of wire carries
little current ii. Size of conductor
iii. Spacing between conductors
iv. Line voltage
Current flows over
the surface of b. Advantages of corona
conductor
i. Due to corona formation, the air
Fig. 1.8 Skin effect surrounding the conductor becomes
conducted and hence virtual diameter
of the conductor is increased. Due
surface. The high reactance of center area
to this, the static voltage between
causes the alternating current to flow
conductors is reduced.
near the surface of the conductor. This
ii. Corona reduces the effect of transient
is called skin effect. Due to skin effect,
produced by surges.
the effective area of cross-section of the
conductor through which current flow is c. Disadvantages of corona
reduced. When the diameter of the wire
i. The corona is accompanied by power
is increased, skin effect will also increase.
loss. This affects the transmission
efficiency of the line.
1.7.2 Corona ii. Ozone is produced by corona. The
conductor may corrode due to
chemical action of ozone.
iii. The inductive current interferes
with the nearby telecommunication
transmitters.
iv. Most of the areas where the dirty
and rag in the conductor, the light is
produced.
v. When corona occurs, charging current
increases due to the harmonic current.
Fig. 1.9 Corona
1.8 Types of overhead
When an alternating voltage is lines
applied across two conductors, whose The transmission line has three
space is large in comparison with the parameters, resistance, inductance and
diameter, the atmospheric air is subjected capacitance distributed uniformly along
to electrostatic stresses. So, a faint luminous the whole length of the line. The resistance
bluish glow appears to the conductors. and inductance forms series impedance.
T h i s blu i s h d i s ch arge i s k n ow n a s The capacitance existing between conductor
corona. for single phase line and a conductor, to
7 1 - Power transmission and distribution
a. Hewlett type
Galvanized
steel pin of insulator can be used for low voltages
Porcelain
up to 11 KV. For the longer spans across
river, two or more strings of insulators
254 mm
are used in series. Two or more strings
Disc insulator
of insulators are used in parallel where
Fig. 1.13 Cemented cap type insulator having high tensions.
Bedding
Conducting belt
a. Belted cable up to 11 KV Armouring
Paper
insulation
Armouring
Lead sheath Metallic
Conductor screen
Outer sheath
ii. S.L. type cable (22KV to The pipes are set up for oil
66KV) circulation in oil-filled cables as shown
in figure 1.20. The oil under pressure is
(1) Core
kept supplied to the channel from a tank.
(2) Insulation
(3) Lead sheath The oil tank is set at a distance of about
(4) Filler
500m along the cable route. Pressure oil
(5) Bedding is prevented from vacuum by pressing
(6) Armouring
the paper insulation. This type of cable
(7) Serving
is used for distributing voltages from 66
KV to 230 KV.
Fig. 1.19 SL type cable
The structure of SL type cable is shown ii. Gas filled cable
in figure 1.19 Even though this type is similar Pressurised gas
to that of H-type, each conductor is constructed
with separate lead sleeves. Hence this cable
Steel pipe
can be handled easily for bending.
c) Pressure cables
A vacuum occurs when the solid
power cord is used. It causes an electro
chemical breakdown. Therefore, these
pressure cables are used for distributing Fig. 1.21 Gas filled cable
the voltage over 66 KV. The pressure of
joint components used in these cable is
increased and vacuum is reduced. Gas filled cable is shown in
figure 1.21. The construction of gas
There are two types of pressure cables:
pressure cable is similar to that of ordinary
i. Oil filled cables solid cable. It is designed in a triangular
ii. Gas pump/pressure cables. shape. The thickness of lead sheath of
i. Oil filled cables gas pressure cable is 75% of solid cable.
Oil channels The sheath is protected by a thin metal
tape. The cable is kept in a gas tight
Paper insulation
steel pipe. The pipe is filled with dry
nitrogen gas at 12 to 15 atmospheric
pressure. The gas pressure produces radial
compression and closes the voids formed
Conductor between the layers of paper insulation.
These cables carry more load current
Grooved sheath
and operate at higher voltage than a
normal cable. The nitrogen gas helps in
quenching any flame. Its maintenance
Fig. 1.20 Oil filled cables cost is low.
1 - Power transmission and distribution 14
Points to remember
• The power supply from power plants to the consumers is called power
transmission.
• A large amount of alternating current is produced at power stations.
• The specific resistance of copper is less than aluminum.
• Aluminum Conductor with Steel Reinforced is extensively used for power
transmission.
• Wooden poles are not currently used.
• The Lattice steel tower is suitable for the distance between 100 meters and 300
meters.
• Bluish green sparking around the conductor is called corona.
• Types of guarding
i. Cradle guarding ii. Cage guarding
• The insulator used in the stay wire is called stay insulator.
• When electrical power is unable to transmit by overhead lines area underground
cables are used.
• The underground cable is not affected by lightning
Glossary
Corona – வெளிச்சுடர�ொளி
Di-electric strength – மின்காப்பு வலிமை
Feeder lines – ஊட்டளிப்புத் த�ொடர்
Grid – வலையிணைப்பு (அ) மின்கட்டமைப்பு
Insulator – மின்காப்பான்
Peak load – உச்சக்கட்ட பளு
Regulation – ஒழுங்கு முறை
Power factor – திறன்காரணி
Receiving station – ஏற்பு நிலையம்
Activities
1. Students to make their own solar to turn a small generator capable of lighting
an array of LEDs or giving an output voltage measured on a voltmeter.
2. Students to make their own wind-mill to turn a small generator capable
of lighting an array of LEDs or giving an output voltage measured on a
voltmeter.
Evaluation
PART-A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
PART-B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
PART-C
Answer the questions in one page
(5 Marks)
PART-D
Answer the questions in two page
(10 Marks)
Reference Book
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
Chapter
2
Illumination
Learning Objectives
In this lesson, students will get to know the various terms regarding
illumination and can easily understand the concept of light. Various types of
lighting systems and their uses are given. One of the main objectives is the
study of various types of lamps and their merits and demerits. According to
new trend, it is necessary to know the various types of lights used in shops,
industries, streets and in homes. Students have to know, what are the factors
to be considered, while designing good lighting system. This is the right time
to think for saving electrical energy by using low wattage bulbs like CFL, LED
by adopting new techniques.
2 - Illumination 20
Table of Content
2.1 Introduction A
I r = Radius
B
Almost all human activities are l = Length of the arc
θ θ = Plane angle
based on light. Natural light is obtained r
by the sun. Ar tif icial light plays an o
important role in our everyday life. In
places where natural light is not available,
artificial light is obtained by electric Fig. 2.1 Plane angle
lamps. Lighting plays an important role
because of its belief, consistency, simple Arc
θ= radians
control and low price. The electrical radius
lighting is mainly used for domestic l
θ = radians
purpose, decorative purpose, advertising, r
traffic- control, medical field and for
street lighting also. 2.2.2 Solid angle
When light falls on a surface, it
becomes visible and the phenomenon is
called as illumination. It is denoted by r = radius
ω = solid angle
21 2 - Illumination
In LED lamps,
2.2.10 Utilization factor
15 Watts= 900 Lumens Utilization factor or coefficient of
utilization is defined as the ratio of total
2.2.4 Lumen lumens reaching the working plane to
It is the unit of luminous flux. One the total lumens given out by the lamp.
lumen is defined as the luminous flux
emitted per unit solid angle from a point Lumens reaching at
source of one candle power. the working place
Utilization factor =
Tottal lumens emitted
by the source
2.2.5 Luminous intensity (I)
Luminous intensity or Candle-
It usually varies from 0.5 to 0.8.
power of a point source in any particular
direction is given by the luminous flux
radiated out per unit solid angle in the
Do you Know?
direction.
2.2.6 Lux
The amount of light that causes a
luminous flux over a square meter surface
is called lux.
2 - Illumination 22
2 - Illumination 24
c. Advantages
1. Mercury vapour lamps are more energy Double walled
enclosure
efficient than incandescent lamps.
2. It has high luminous efficacies of 35 to
Filament Glass tube Starter Mercury Inert gas
65 lumens / watt.
3. It is durable. (in the range of 24,000 Fig. 2.8 Connection diagram a
hours) fluorescent lamp
4. It has a high intensity.
Fluorescent lamp function based on
5. It gives clear white light output which
the principle of current passing through air
has made them ideal for outdoor use
medium. In the air medium the resistance falls
d. Applications down heavily. When the current passes to the
1. Mercury vapour lamps are used in lamp, circuit is closed through choke, filament
lighting applications. and starter. So the 230V supply voltage
2. It is used in streets and parking places. is applied between the starter terminals.
3. It is used for landscape lighting. Due to this voltage, current starts flowing
4. It is used in factories. through the inert gas in the starter. Now the
5. It is used in gymnasiums. bimetallic strips raised touch each other as
the temperature of inert gas has increased.
2.7 Fluorescent lamp Once the circuit is completed through the
and compact bimetallic strips and filaments in the tube
fluorescent lamp light, the bulb will start glowing.
2.7.1 Fluorescent lamp The inert gas in the starter cools
It is a low pressure down and the bimetallic strip opens again.
mercury vapour lamp. It Therefore the current through the choke
consists of a glass tube 25 decreases and hence the magnetic flux
mm in diameter and 0.6 m, decreases. The decreasing (or alternating)
1.2 m and 1.5 m in length. flux is cut by the choke winding which
The inner portion of the causes self induced EMF in the choke coil.
27 2 - Illumination
Phosphor
Electron 2.7.2 Compact Fluorescent
coated
Lamp (CFL)
Tube
b. Advantages
1. Voltage fluctuation has very small Fig. 2.10 Compact Fluorescent Lamp
effect on light output. (CFL)
2. The luminous efficiency is more as It is basically a low pressure mercury
length of rod is more. vapour lamp having two electrodes coated
3. It gives light close to natural light. with an electron-emitting material placed
4. Heat radiations are negligible. in a glass tube. The tube is coated internally
with some fluorescent material in the
c. Disadvantages
form of powder. In the tube one drop of
1. Its brightness is less. mercury and argon gas is filled at low
2. Initial cost is more pressure. Compact fluorescent lamps
3. Overall maintenance cost is high. are now available in the same popular
sizes as incandescent and are used as an
d. Applications energy-saving alternative in homes
1. Fluorescent lamp is available in
required designs and sizes. Hence it is a. Advantages
used largely in residential areas. 1. Low energy consumption.
2. It is used for good lighting. 2. Low maintenance cost
3. Special fluorescent lights are used in 3. It starts instantly
stage lighting for films and in video 4. It does not heat the surroundings
camera lighting. 5. Excellent colour properties
2 - Illumination 28
Glass bulb
Fig. 2.11 Neon lamp Tungsten
Halogen
Gas Pip
Glass
envelope
Electrodes Cap
Pinch
Leads
Fig. 2.12 Line diagram of neon lamp Fig. 2.13 Halogen lamp
a = anode(+)
b. Advantages
c = cathode(−)
1. It has a long life.
2. It reduces energy costs.
3. It reduces maintenance costs
Fig. 2.15 Line diagram of LED lamp 4. LEDs produce very little heat.
2 - Illumination 30
31 2 - Illumination
Points to remember
2 - Illumination 32
Activities
2. To know about how the electric lamp is controlled by Passive infra red sensor.
(PIR Sensor)
Glossary
33 2 - Illumination
Evaluation
PART-A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
5. Which of the following lamp has a 10. The luminous efficacy of a sodium
low initial cost? vapour lamp is about
a) Incandescent lamp a) 10 lumen/watt
b) Fluorescent lamp b) 30 lumen/watt
c) Mercury vapour lamp c) 50 lumen/watt
d) Sodium vapour lamp d) 70 lumen/watt
2 - Illumination 34
PART-B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
6. What are the various electrical 12. List out the types of lighting
method of producing light? schemes.
7. Where sodium vapour lamps are 13. What are the applications of
used? LED lamps?
35 2 - Illumination
PART-C
Answer the questions in one page (5 Marks)
3. Write down the advantages and 7. Write down the advantages and
applications of a mercury vapour applications of CFL lamp.
lamp.
8. What are the factors required for a
4. Explain about neon lamp. good lighting scheme?
PART-D
Answer the questions in two page (10 Marks)
1. With a neat sketch explain the 3. With a neat diagram explain the
construction and working principle construction and working principle
of sodium vapour lamp. fluorescent lamp.
2. With a neat sketch explain the
construction and working principle
of mercury vapour lamp.
Reference Book
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
2 - Illumination 36
Chapter
3 Electric heating
appliances
Learning Objectives
Table of Content
120V
3.2 Electric iron box
An Electric iron box is an appliance Grounded
object or
I = E/R
used to remove the wrinkles in the clothes 120V/1000 = 120 mA
surface
e) Mica sheet
Mica is an insulator of electricity. It
is kept in top and bottom of the heating
element for safety purpose. Mica is also
good to resist the heat.
f) Heating element
The heating element of the iron box
is made from mixed alloy of Nichrome.
Fig. 3.1 Non-automatic iron box Usually in all the heating appliances, it
is used as heating element. The heating
The main parts of the iron box are element here used is of ribbon type.
listed below
Heating element is of two types.
a) Handle 1. Coiled type and
Handle is made up of bakelite a hard 2. Ribbon type.
type of plastic in the iron box. Bakelite is
g) Sole plate
having resistive power of heat and non-
conductor of electricity. A rubber tube Sole plate is plated with chromium
is provided at the top of the handle, to and made up of cast iron. The bottom
avoid the damage of power chord while of the sole plate is surface grained for
in use. smoothness.
Working principle
b) Top cover
The power chord of the iron box is
Top cover is at the top of the connected to the main supply. The electric
appliance and it covers all the inner energy is converted into heat due to this
parts of the appliance. It is made of heating element. The heating element is
metal which is chromium plated to look having the property of high resistivity.
attractive. According to the law of conservation
of energy the heat energy produced is
c) Stand proportional to the square of current
Stand is made up of strong iron to without any loss. This heat energy makes
make the appliance to keep stand when the sole plate to hot and with that the
not in use. wrinkles in the cloth are removed.
In this type of iron box, according time of supply, the indicating lamp glows.
to the type of cloth, the heat can be After attaining the fixed level in the
controlled manually, by connecting or regulating knob (or) Selector knob the
disconnecting the supply through switch. indicating lamp turns off automatically.
This shows the availability of supply in
3.2.5 Automatic iron box the appliance.
In an automatic iron b ox, the
temperature of the cloths can be selected c) Thermostat
to the required quantity of heat. The Thermostat is a bi-metallic strip
temperature is controlled by the thermostat made up two different metals. Generally,
in the appliance automatically. Hence this due to heat, the metals get expanded. After
appliance is called as Automatic Iron Box. setting the required value in the regulating
knob, the heat increases gradually and
gets saturated. Then the bi-metallic strip
will bend automatically and to stop the
supply to the heating element. This can
be viewed in the figure 3.3.
After the heat gets reduced in the
sole plate, the bi-metallic strip, again
contacts with electric supply and makes
the appliance to get heated as shown in
figure 3.4. The expansion of the strip
will vary, according to the strip which
Fig. 3.2 Electric automatic iron box the bi-metal was made.
a) Construction d) W
orking principle of
As shown in figure 3.2, the construction automatic iron box
and operation of automatic iron box is The electric input is given to the
similar to that of an Ordinary iron box. In iron box by putting the switch in ON
an automatic iron box, the temperature is position. The current goes to the heating
controlled with the help of thermostat. The element of the iron box through power
thermostat is a bi-metallic strip. In addition chord. The heating element gets heated
to this, an indicating lamp is connected in up due to its heat production property.
series with the heating element. The heat was absorbed by the sole plate
and gets heated gradually. This heat
b) Indicating lamp removes the wrinkles in the clothes.
In the iron box LED lamp is used
as an indicating lamp. Indicating lamp is 3.2.6 Steam iron box
provided to know whether the supply is The construction and working
going into the appliance or not. During the principle of a steam iron box is similar to
Bimetallic strip
Contact point
(open)
Contact spring
Contact point
(Closed)
Bimetallic strip
that of automatic iron box. The internal fitted with thermostat with wattage of
construction is shown in figure 3.5. around 1000 to 1600 watts. Steam ironing is
A steam iron is an electric iron that one of the easiest methods to iron clothes.
produces steam from water. The steam For the removal of the wrinkles from
removes the wrinkles in the clothes. It is the clothes and ironing is in better way.
Water tank
Thermostat
Steam seal
Bi-metallic strip
Seal
Sole plate
The steam iron requires more duration to the knob is kept in it. Any defects in the
get heated when compared to the other heating element may cause the unit to be
types of iron the clothes. replaced by a new one.
In this, a small water container is
kept above heating element and it supplies a) Maintenance
water to sole plate through the holes 1. In steam iron box, distilled water
provided in it. The water steam flow is should only be used.
controlled by a press valve kept near the 2. After the use of iron box, the water
handle. The valve control is provided in in the container should be removed
handle in order to control the water flow completely with the help of steam
easily. The valve will not allow the water control valve.
or steam to back side. The water in the 3. The salt deposits inside the iron
tank comes through holes in sole plate box should be cleaned with the help
in the form of steam. Once the valve gets of vinegar. The vinegar is mixed
opened, the steam reaches the cloth and with water and is rinsed inside
the wrinkles in the cloth will be cleared. two or three times to clear the salt
The flow of steam upon the position of depositions in it.
3.5.2 Construction Bottom
chamber
Fill water below
this point
Coffee percolator is portable device
as shown in figure 3.8. In this, the coil is Fig. 3.8 Coffee percolator
3.5.3 Working principle and the steam of the water goes towards
First the percolator lid is opened, percolating tube, and soaks the coffee
and water is poured inside, through the powder in the basket. Now the essence of
percolating tube. Coffee powder was poured coffee water is collected from the bottom
to the required quantity in the coffee basket of the container through a tap. Any leakage
and the lid was closed. If the supply is or holes in the tube, this percolator will
given, the water in the container gets heated not function.
Glossary
Evaluation
Part–A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
PART–B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
1. State the types of electric iron box. 4. State the maintenance tips of steam
2. What is the use of small water tank electric iron box.
in steam electric iron box? 5. What is the use of pressure plate in
3. What is the use of control valve in electric iron box?
steam electric iron box?
PART–C
Answer the questions in one page (5 Marks)
PART–D
Answer the questions in two page (10 Marks)
Reference Book
1. A text book of ‘Electrical Technology’ volume III B.L. Theraja and A.K. Theraja.
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. http://www.electricl4u.com
Chapter
4
Motor appliances
Learning Objectives
Electric power supply is the most essential in our day to day life. In
this lesson, we learn about the electric motor appliances such as fan, washing
machine, and water pump. The main objectives of this lesson is to study about
its construction, working principle, types, advantages, disadvantages, faults,
reasons and its remedial measures.
Table of Content
4 - Motor appliances 54
4.1 Introduction Construction
The electric fan, electric washing i. Stator
machine and pumps are essential in The stator is provided with insulated
domestic for ever yday life. In these silicon steel plate as shown in figure 4.2.
appliances, electrical energy is converted Both the starting and running coils are
into mechanical energy. Let us see the wounded with 90 0 electric degrees.
appliances in detail.
Fig. 4.3 Rotor
blades. The blades cover the stator and One side of rod is fitted in ceiling hook,
rotor of the end plates. and the other side is fitted to the fan.
Rubber grommet Cotter pin/split pin
Bolt & nut Nut
Shackle
Down rod
Top canopy Bottom canopy
iv. Bearings Spindle
Terminal block for L.N& E
The bearings are placed on the top
and bottom of the fan, used to reduce Fig. 4.7 External structure of the fan
friction in rotating parts and also to
reduce the noise while in motion.
a) Working principle
Figure 4.8 shows t he inter na l
structure of an electric fan. When an
electric supply is given to the fan, the
current passes to the main winding and
auxiliary winding and produces rotating
magnetic field. The 2.5 micro farad
capacitor is connected in series with the
auxiliary winding. Due to the production
of rotating magnetic field, the blades
Fig. 4.5 Bearing connected with the rotor rotate and air
flow will be circulated to the area where
v. Down rod required. Usually the blades are available
The down rod is made up of hard in various sizes like 900 mm, 1050 mm,
steel, according to the length required. 1200 mm, and 1400 mm respectively.
Fig. 4.6 Internal structure of the fan Fig. 4.8 Circuit diagram
4 - Motor appliances 56
Capacitor
b) Ceiling fan regulator This type of fan is portable and can
Ceiling fan regulator is used to control be used at any place where we required.
the speed of the fan to a required position. In this, single phase permanent capacitor
Its structure is shown in figure 4.10. It is motor is used. Table fan is available in
connected in series connection with an various colours as shown in 4.11. Table
electric supply. Now a days electronic type fans are also available in various types like
regulator is used in advanced level. pedestal type, wall fitting type etc.,
The most important parts of the
table fan are
i. Stator
ii. Rotor
iii. Blades
Fig. 4.10 Ceiling fan regulator iv. Bearings
v. Oscillating mechanism
4.2.2. Table fan
i. Stator
57 4 - Motor appliances
ii. Rotor
v. Oscillating mechanism
T he o s c i l l at i ng me chan is m is
connected to the back of the electric
motor shaft. The wrenching system
is used to turn the left and right back
Fig. 4.13 Rotor
into the side of the waist to a certain
The structure of a squirrel cage angle.
rotor is as shown in figure 4.13. This type
of rotor is fixed inside the stator. b) Speed regulator
The speed regulator used is of
iii. Blades resistant type which is connected in series
with the fan and required flow of air can
be utilised.
blades are available in various sizes from The exhaust fan is as shown in
100 mm to 400 mm. The revolution of the figure 4.17, is used to exhaust the unwanted
blade will be around 1000 RPM and are air present inside rooms, cinema theatres,
covered with plastic or metallic grill. marriage halls, factories, homes, industries,
kitchens and toilets.
Stator
Squirrel cage
Motor body rotor
a) Construction
Running
winding
i. Stator
Starting The stator is made up of a silicon
winding
steel plate and is small. Both the primary
and secondary coils are located with 900
Stand
electric angles.
Capacitor
ii. Rotor
3 pins plug top
Supply cord
Regulator Squirrel cage type rotor is used in
Base
this exhaust type of fan.
iii. Blades
Fig. 4.16 Table fan The blades are made up of a steel
or aluminum sheet. It contains three or
4.2.3 Exhaust fan four blades. The blades are fixed on the
shaft and fitted with screws.
b) Working principle
Its structure is similar to that of
table fan. Capacitor is not used in this
type. This fan exhausts heats produced
during the summer season, creating low
pressure inside of the room and causes
cool air to enter in. The sweep of the fans
Fig. 4.17 Exhaust fan are available from 230 mm to 380 mm.
59 4 - Motor appliances
4.3 E
lectric washing 4.3.1 Semi automatic
machine washing machine
Nowadays, electric
washing machines are
us ed by middle class
family in large number.
We use washing machine
for washing and drying of
clothes.
Do you Know?
Who invented electric Fig. 4.18 Semi automatic washing
motor first? machine
In 1831 Joseph Henry, a a) Construction
physicist, creates machine
Semi-automatic type of washing
movement of the first
machine is for washing the clothes and
motor by using electricity.
is shown in figure 4.18. This appliance
is controlled by timer which control and
Types regulate the time of washing according
i. Semi-automatic washing machine to the type of cloths and also dries the
ii. Automatic washing machine cloth after washing.
A. Top loading washing machine
Capacitor start induction motor
B. Front loading washing machine is used in this type of washing machine.
4 - Motor appliances 60
4.3.2 Automatic washing
machine
The automatic washing machine
is of two types.
1. Top load (open) washing machine.
2. Front load (open) washing machine.
1. Agitator 10. Rotating cylinder
2. Water filter 11. Three pin plug a) Top load washing machine
3. Washing cylinder 12. Squeezing cylinder lid
4. Water level selector 13. Squeezing time Construction
5. Cotton filter control
In this type, washing machine,
6. Washing time control 14. Agitator terminal
7. Water inlet pipe junction contains a single drum which is used for
8. Vent pipe 15. Water control tap both washing and drying the clothes. A
9. Purifier 16. Water controling knob
capacitor start induction motor is used
Fig. 4.19 Internal contruction in this washing machine. Water inlet and
outlet pipes were connected for the water
After putting the dirty clothes inside flow to go in and out.
the washing machine, soap powder is put
Working principle
into it, proportionate to the clothes to be
washed, and water inlet tape is allowed to The machine itself supplies the
flow the water inside the container. The required quantity of soap powder according
agitator rotates right and left and the dirts to the quantity of clothes put inside the
in the clothes are removed. Then the dirty drum. Since this washing machine is
water is removed through the outlet spout automatic type, after the supply is ‘on’,
pipe. After the dirty water fully went out, the the water incoming and outgoing from
fresh water re enters and rinses the washed the tap is done automatically by washing
clothes to make clean. The drier then squeezes machine including the timings required
the water in the washed clothes and make for washing and drying with the help of
dry. This type of appliance is said to be as timer switch. The motor is operated by a
semi-automatic washing machine as shown time control device and it automatically
in figure 4.19. In this, the motor rotates and divides all the works. This technique is
rinses the clothes with water and makes clean. called neuro muscular technology and
61 4 - Motor appliances
works in the micro operating system. Water tanks are made up of steel
This method of functioning depends sheet coated with zinc to prevent corrosion
upon the type of clothes used and its inside the tank. Put the clothes in the inner
dirty. tub and washing machine perform the
tasks like washing, rinsing and squeezing.
The inner tank contains small holes in
this pot which is used for removal of dirty
water. The outer tank is made up of steel
and painted to protect from corrosion.
In between inner and outer tank, Glass
wool is provided in order to protect the
hotness from the inner tank, and protect
from chillness not to affect the inner tank.
e) Agitator
The agitator is a roller shaped hard
plastic and is placed in the middle of the
Fig. 4.21 Top loading washing machine inner tank. The knife edge part of agitator
makes the cloths to rotate it, in front and
b) Water inlet tube time back with soap mixed water. This removes
control the dirty in the clothes.
4 - Motor appliances 62
Rubber hose
Tub
Agitator
Drive belt
Agitator
transmission Drain pump
To water To drain
source Motor
Fig. 4.22
Sl. No. Top load washing machine Front load washing machine
1. Low efficiency. High efficiency.
2. The washing drum is a simple type. The washing drum is complicated
type of cylinder
3. Normal soap powder is used. Special soap powder is used
4. Only certain machines have a heating All machines have a heating element
element inside. inside.
5. Cost is low Cost is high
Fig. 4.25 impeller
Types
1. Open type impeller.
2. Closed type impeller.
iv. Shaft
It is made of stainless steel, to avoid
rusts in the shaft while using salty water.
The portion of the shaft which works inside
the casing is usually fitted with gun-metal Fig. 4.26 Internal system
sleeve and hence no chance of depreciation
will occur. The gun metal sleeve can be
replaced when it gets worn out, and it
Discharge
4 - Motor appliances 66
Lubricant
seal
i. Selecting methods
Jet pumps are used to suck water to
a depth of 500 feet in deep wells. According
to the quantity of water required, the
motor should be selected. Proper selection
of the motor consumes less electric power
Fig. 4.31 Air compressor
and time.
In the present modern technology, The air compressor shown in figure
1 HP motor is commonly used. This will 4.31 is a water pump used in the bore
function up to 200 feet, and 100 liters well. It creates water bubbles when going
of water can be obtained per minute. into the foot valve with air pressure.
If we use 1.5 HP motor, it can deliver It has slightly special features than jet
water to a level up to 500 feet in bore pump. It is used to pump water up to
wells. If the motor is placed below 350 300 feet with a capacity of 2 HP. The
4 - Motor appliances 68
1.5 HP pumps can deliver water up to a When depreciation occurs in either shaft
level of 275 feet. or bearing in the compressor, oil ring will
When the compressor pump is get damaged and possibility of water gets
running, the noise will be slightly higher. mixed with oil. Hence, proper maintenance
is essential.
69 4 - Motor appliances
Glossary
வீச்சு
Sweep -
Oscillation mechanism - அலைய வைக்கும் அமைப்பு
Exhaust fan - காற்றை வெளித்தள்ளும் மின்விசிறி
Semi – automatic type - குறைத் தானியங்கி வகை
அலசுதல்
Rinsing -
Centrifugal pump - மையவிலக்கு நீரேற்றி
சுழற்தண்டு
Shaft -
துருத்தி
Impeller -
கிட்டித்தல்
Priming -
Submersible motor - நீர் மூழ்கி மின்னோடி
Pump - நீரேற்றி
Evaluation
PART-A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
2. Which type of motor is used in the 4. Name the washing machine which
electric fan contains agitator technique.
a) Capacitor start induction a) Semi-automatic
motor b) Automatic
b) Capacitor start and capacitor c) Top loading washing machine
run induction motor d) Front loading washing
c) Shaded pole motor machine
d) Universal motor
4 - Motor appliances 70
5. In which function the soap powder 10. Velocity imparted by the impeller
is removed in the clothes? to the water is converted to
a) Washing function pressure by the
b) Rinsing function a) Casing or volute
c) Dryer function b) Stuffing box
d) Exhaust function c) Spindle
d) Gland box
6. How many drums are in semi-
automatic washing machine 11. Maximum suction lift that is
a) 1 possible for water is
b) 2 a) 24 feet
c) 1 or 2 b) 28 feet
d) 3 c) 34 feet
d) 38 feet
7. Which part is used to produce
centrifugal force 12. To ensure that the pump remains
a) Scroll cover always primed it is necessary to
b) Blocking box have
c) Shaft a) valve on delivery side should
be open
d) Impeller
b) suction side should not be kept
8. The purpose of the gland packing open
rope is to c) foot valve is not leaking
a) Prevent impeller from coming d) gland packing should not be
out leaking.
b) Prevent leakage of water from
the casing near the spindle 13. When using automatic operation
of the pump, it should be ensured
c) Provide lubrication to the
that
spindle
a) water level is always above the
d) Prevent air leakage from the
foot valve
casing.
b) delivery valve is closed at the
9. Impeller is made up of time of starting
a) Galvanized steel. c) suction side is not less than 20
b) Brass. feet.
c) Cast iron or gun metal. d) water level is always below the
d) Copper metal alloy. foot value.
71 4 - Motor appliances
14. Pressure developed by the 15. Static suction head and static delivery
centrifugal pump is always head is always represented by
specified in a) feet
a) feet b) Kg/cm2
b) feet/min c) vertical height
c) litres d) distance measured along the
d) kg/cm2 pipes
PART-B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
4. What are the parts of a ceiling fan? 15. Why hot water is used in the
washing machine?
5. Define - sweep.
16. Which material the rope is made
6. What are the types of fan?
upof?
7. What is the use of regulator in an
17. What are the types of bearings
electric fan?
used in pump?
8. Write two sweeps of the ceiling
18. What type of force makes fluid’s
fan?
rotation in the centrifugal pump?
9. How the speed of the table fan can
19. What is priming in centrifugal
be changed?
pump?
10. What is the use of a capacitor in
20. What happens when the pump is
ceiling fan?
rotated in the opposite direction?
11. What are the two types of
21. What is called the suction head
automatic washing machine?
and delivery head of the water
pump?
4 - Motor appliances 72
PART-C
Answer the questions in one page
(5 Marks)
3. What are the differences between 8. What are the functions of the
the table fan and the exhaust fan? impeller?
5. What are the differences between 10. What is the suction head?
the ceiling fan and the exhaust fan?
11. What is the delivery head?
PART-D
Answer the questions in two page
(10 Marks)
1. Write short notes for the following 4. With a neat sketch explain the
a) Bearing construction and working principle
b) Down rod of the semi-automatic washing
machine.
c) Regulator
5. Explain the construction
2. Tabulate the common defects,
and working principle of the
causes and its remedies in the table
centrifugal pump with neat
fan.
diagram?
3. Explain the construction and
working principle of top loading
washing machine.
73 4 - Motor appliances
Reference Book
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2. https://www.electrical4u.com
4 - Motor appliances 74
Chapter
Learning Objectives
In this lesson, students have to learn about the electric drives needed for
various requirements and its control systems.
Table of Content
5.2.5 Advantages of
electric drives
i. It has flexible control characteristics.
ii. Drives with fixed and dynamic
characteristics changed according to
load requirements.
iii. Computers can be used to control the
Fig. 5.4 AC motor drive movements automatically by
closed loop operation.
iv. Available with wide range of torque,
speed and power.
v. It is applicable to function in the state
such as explosion and radiation.
vi. It can start immediately even at full
load of the drive.
vii. To control the speed and also simplest
Fig. 5.5 Internal structure of AC motor way to start and stop the drive.
77 5 - Electric drives and its controls
i. Individual drive
As shown in figure 5.6, this drive Group drive
is driven by an electric machine with an
individual machine. It provide movement
Fig. 5.8 Block diagram of group
to various areas and all the operations are
drive
done by the individual machine.
A separate machine will change a. Advantages
the direction and size. It is applicable in i. A large size of motor can be used insted
automobile systems, molecular machines, of using small number of motors
computers, radios, and television. ii. Low price.
b. Disadvantages
LOAD i. If the motor is in fault, the entire
operation will be stopped
ii. The efficiency will be reduced due to
Fig. 5.6 Individual electric drive losses by conduction of energy.
b. Applications
i. Rolling mills
ii. Paper mills
iii. Escalators
iv. Mixer metal works.
5.3 Selection of motors
Based on its speed, torque and
Fig. 5.10
accuracy, an electric machine should be
chosen. It should be similar for the speed- I. Crane
torque characteristics of the machine loads. II. Hoist
Types of mechanical loads can be
classified as follows:
Fig. 5.12
5.4 Controller
Controller is used to control the Fig. 5.13 Two wheeler electric vehicle
torque and speed of the electrical drives.
1. Urban train
In this way the drives are given
necessary power for two ways, as shown
in figure 5.17.
2. Sub-urban train
Sub-urban trains are used to travel
short distances. The train is called the
local train. The sub-urban train can be
used to stop and park to a distance of 2
Fig. 5.16 Solar vehicle to 5 km intervals.
81 5 - Electric drives and its controls
The main features of electric drives iii. For AC and DC, it causes interference
are given below in telephone lines and signals.
i. During starting the drive needs more iv. Traction machines are mainly used for
torque. dynamic braking.
ii. For economic reasons, AC traction v. Mechanical brake is used where the
requires single phase supply. engine need to stop at exact place.
Do you Know?
Activities
Glossary
Evaluation
PART- A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
Part–B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
Part–C
Answer the questions in one page (5 Marks)
Part–D
Answer the questions in two page (10 Marks)
Reference Book
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
Chapter
6 Electrical measuring
instruments
Learning Objectives
Table of Content
Spindle
Air Rotation
chamber
Damping
oil Vane or
disc
Scale Pointer
Spindle
Fig. 6.4 Fluid friction damping
Fig. 6.3 Air friction damping
ii. Viscosity of oil should not change with Fig. 6.5 Eddy current damping
temperature.
6 - Electrical measuring instruments 90
one end. The movement of piston provides Fig. 6.8 Repulsion type moving iron
the required damping torque. instrument
a) Advantages 4 6
2 8
i. It can be used for both AC and DC Watts
O
measurements. 10
P
ii. Robust and simple in construction.
iii. The cost is low. F.C. F.C.
iv. Possess high operating torque.
M.C.
v. Less friction errors. To Load
V
Voltage
vi. These can withstand over loads coil
Series
resistor
momentarily.
vii. The range of instruments can be Fig. 6.9 Connection diagram of
extended. dynamometer type wattmeter
b) Disadvantages
i. This Scale is not uniform and is In this meter, the current coil carries
cramped at the lower end. the load current and the pressure coil
ii. There are serious errors due to carries the current proportional to the
hysteresis, frequency changes and voltage across the circuit. The interaction
stray magnetic fields. of two magnetic fields produced by the
iii. Power consumption is higher for low current flowing through the fixed coils and
voltage range. moving coil causes the moving coil to turn
iv. There is a difference between AC and about its axis. It is directly proportional to
DC calibrations on account of the the product of voltage and current. The
effect of inductance of the meter and controlling torque is provided by the hair
eddy currents on AC. springs. These hair springs also lead the
current into and out of the moving element.
6.5 Dynamometer type Air friction damping is used. Dynamometer
wattmeter type watt meters are suitable for both DC
and AC power measurements.
Dynamometer type watt meters
are generally used for the measurement
of power. It has two coils, one is a fixed a) Advantages
coil and other is a moving coil. Both the 1. The scale is uniform.
fixed and moving coils are air cored. 2. High degree of accuracy can be
The fixed coil is divided into two equal obtained by careful design.
portions in order to provide uniform 3. It is used both in AC and DC.
field. The fixed coil is used as current
coil and is connected in series with the b) Disadvantages
load. The moving coil is used as pressure 1. The error due to the inductance of the
coil and is connected in parallel with the pressure coil at low power factor is
load. A high non-inductive resistance is very serious.
connected in series with the moving coil 2. Stray field may affect the reading of
to limit the current through it. the instrument.
b) Disadvantages
i. S ome t i me s subj e c t to s e r i ous
Fig. 6.10 Induction type wattmeter
temperature errors.
Figure 6.10 shows an induction ii. Power consumption is comparatively
type wattmeter. It has two laminated higher.
electromagnets, namely shunt magnet iii. Heavy moving system.
and series magnet. The shunt magnet
is excited by pressure coil and carries
current which is proportional to the 6.7 Multimeter
voltage of the circuit. Its pressure coil A multimeter is used to measure
is connected in parallel with the circuit. the following quantities.
The series magnet is excited by current i. AC voltage and current of different
coil which is connected in series with the ranges
load. A thin aluminium or copper disc ii. DC voltage and current of different
is mounted in such a way that it cuts the ranges
fluxes of both the magnets. iii. Resistance of different ranges
He n c e t wo e d dy c u r re nt s are As multi meter is used for measuring
produced in the disc. The deflection current (A), voltage (V) and resistance
torque is produced due to the interaction (Ohm), it is also called AVO meter. There
of these eddy currents and the inducing are two types of multimeters, namely
fluxes. Two or three copper rings, called analog multimeter and digital multimeter.
shadings rings are fitted on the central An analog multimeter is basically
limb of the shunt magnet and can be so a permanent magnet moving coil
adjusted as to make the resultant flux in galvanometer. The scale is calibrated
the shunt magnet lag behind the applied for each range and type of measurement.
voltage by exactly 90°. The range and the particular type of
This instrument is provided with measurement are selected by a selector
spiral springs to provide controlling torque. switch.
a. Working principle
Now when the resistance under
measurement is connected to the test
terminals L and E, the deflecting torque
and the controlling torque are produced
which oppose each other. At balance, the
pointer rests at some intermediate point
on the scale. The scale is calibrated in
mega ohm and kilo ohm and therefore
the value of the resistance under test is
indicated by the position of the pointer
on the scale.
The required test voltage is generated
by a small handle operated permanent
magnet DC generator. The generator
Fig. 6.11 Multi meter armature is rotated by hand using the
handle at a constant speed which induces
the required voltage for testing.
6.8 Megger
The resistance under test is
An instrument used for the conne c te d b et we en t he ter mina ls L
measurement of high resistance or the and E and the hand driven generator
insulation resistance is called as megger or is rotated at a uniform speed until the
insulation tester. The simplified connection pointer shows a stead def lection. In
diagram of megger is shown in figure 6.12. order to maintain constant voltage, a
It has three terminals, namely, the line centrifugal clutch is usually provided in
(L), the earth (E), and the guard. the generator drive mechanism which
The moving system consists slips at predetermined speed. The test
of three coils known as, the pressure volt ages of hand dr iven meg ger are
(or control) coil and the current (or 250V, 500V and 1000V.
6 - Electrical measuring instruments 96
Compensating
coil
Magnet
S Pointer N
Scale
Guard
ring
N Iron core S
Magnet
Ligament
Guard terminal
(when fitted)
Fig. 6.12 Megger
Magnetic field
Current reading
Glossary
Evaluation
PART-A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
1. Which of the following are c) DC/AC measurement
integrating instruments? d) frequency measurement
a) Ammeters
5. For measurement of direct current,
b) Voltmeters we may use
c) Watt meters a) a galvanometer
d) Ampere-hour and energy b) a hot-wire-type ammeter
meters
c) a moving-iron-type ammeter
2. Which of the following essential d) a permanent magnet moving
feature is possessed by an coil type ammeter
indicating instrument?
6. The moving iron type instruments
a) deflecting system
are suitable for
b) controlling system
a) DC measurements only
c) damping system
b) AC measurements only
d) recording system
c) DC/AC measurement
3. Damping of deflecting type d) resistance measurement
instrument is done to
7. When a permanent magnet
a) reduce the angle of deflection
moving coil (PMMC) instrument is
of the pointer
connected to AC voltage
b) reduce the oscillations of the
a) the instrument will get
pointer in the final deflected
damaged.
position
b) the pointer will not move at all.
c) make the moving system go slow
c) the pointer will oscillate to and
d) make the moving system move
fro.
fast on the graduated scale
d) the instrument will indicate
4. The permanent magnet moving zero.
coil type instruments are best
suited for 8. The extension of range of an
ammeter and a volt meter can be
a) DC Measurement
made respectively by
b) AC measurement
PART-B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
1. How are secondary instruments 7. How will you convert a moving coil
classified? instrument into an ammeter?
PART-C
Answer the questions in one page (5 Marks)
PART-D
Answer the questions in two page (10 Marks)
Reference Book
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
Chapter
7
Transducers
Learning Objectives
Table of Content
103 7 - Transducers
Do you Know?
A bi om e t r i c d e v i c e i s a s e c u r it y
identification and authentication device.
Such devices use automated methods of
verifying or recognizing the identity of
a living person based on a physiological
or behavioral characteristic. These
characteristics include finger prints,
facial images, iris and voice recognition.
Biometrics are being used to establish
better and accessible records of the
hours employee’s work
105 7 - Transducers
through POT. The linear displacement quantity which we want measure. The
is connected to the sliding contact. The rotating arm causes output voltage to
sliding contact is called as wiper. First, the change. This change in output is measured
wheatstone bridge is brought to balanced in terms of the applied rotary motion.
condition. At that time the galvanometer
in the bridge shows null deflection. c. Strain gauge
Now the displacement is connected The strain gauges are used to
to the wiper. This linear displacement measurement of strain and associates
makes bridge to unbalance. The unbalance stress. It works on the principle of piezo-
causes deflection in the galvanometer. resistivity. If a metal conductor is stretched
This deflection is calibrated in terms of or compressed, is resistance changes on
the applied displacement. account of the reason length and diameter
changes.
Input Diaphram
voltage
Output Force rod
voltage
Strain guage
windings 1 & 2
Mounting rings
Fig. 7.3 Linear displacement
Sapphire post
g. Thermistor
Solder tabs
Active grid
Carrier length
7.5.5 Types of capacitive
transducers
a. Capacitive transducers - By Capacitance changes with
changes in dielectric
variation overlapping area
This type of transducers operates on Fig. 7.12 Capacitive transducers
the fact that capacitance of the capacitor is
proportional to the overlapping area of plates. d. Advantages of capacitive
As shown in the figure 7.12, one plate is fixed transducers
and the other is movable. If the displacement i. Good frequency response.
is taken place, one of the plates connected ii. These are not affected by stray
to displacement moves over the fixed plate, magnetic fields.
thereby changing the overlapping area. iii. These are extremely very sensitive.
iv. Operates at a very little force.
b. Capacitive transducers -
By variation of distance e. Disadvantages
between the plates i. The output changes with temperature.
ii. Adequate design is needed for accurate
This type of transducers operates on
measurements.
the fact that capacitance of the capacitor
iii. Electrostatic screening is needed.
is inversely proportional to the distance
between the plates. Such type of transducers
are used to measure the linear displacement 7.6 Piezo electric
as shown in figure 7.12. transducers
The piezo electric sensors are based
c. Capacitive transducers - By on the principles of electro mechanical
variation of permittivity of energy conversion. The mechanical input
the di-electric material is converted to the electrical output and
that is the basis of this transducers and
This type of transducers operates on
this transducer shows piezo electric effect.
the fact that capacitance of the capacitor
is varied by varying the permittivity of the In some crystalline materials, a
dielectric material. In this arrangement, potential is developed across the opposite
a dielectric material of permittivity ‘e’ faces of the material when a mechanical
moves between the two fixed plates as force is applied on it. This is called piezo
shown in figure 7.12. electric effect and the materials which
exhibit this behavior is called as piezo
electric materials. This effect is used to
measure the dynamic pressure, force,
shock and vibratory motion. Common
piezo-electric materials are rochelle salt,
Capacitance changes with Capacitance changes with
ammonium de-hydrogen phosphate,
changes in plate overlap changes in distance
lithium sulphate, quartz ceramic.
111 7 - Transducers
b. Disadvantages
i. Output voltage is being affected by
temperature.
Fig. 7.14 Thermocouples
ii. L e a k age re s ist anc e af fe c t s it s
performance.
a. Advantages
i. Self-powered transducers.
7.7 Thermocouples ii. Simple and rugged in construction.
In 1821, According to Thomas iii. Wi d e r a n g e o f t e mp e r at u r e s
Seebeck, “When two dissimilar metals measurements.
were in contact, a voltage was generated iv. Inexpensive.
7 - Transducers 112
b. Disadvantages
i. Non-linear characteristics.
ii. Low-voltage only generated.
iii. Least – sensitivity to temperature
changes.
Glossary
113 7 - Transducers
Evaluation
PART-A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
7 - Transducers 114
PART-B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
PART-C
Answer the questions in one page (5 Marks)
2. Write short notes on piezo electric 4. What are the advantages of photo
transducers? voltaic cell?
PART-D
Answer the questions in two page (10 Marks)
115 7 - Transducers
Reference Book
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2. http://www.electrical4u.com
7 - Transducers 116
Chapter
Learning Objectives
Table of Content
8.2.3 Three point starter soon as the field circuit gets supply, this
Three point starters is energized. It holds the handle in the
are used to start the shunt ‘ON’ position. As explained above, in
motor. The diagram of the case of a failure of the supply, this de-
three point starter is shown energizes and the handle is released from
in figure 8.1. In three point ‘ON’ position. The handle returns to
starter, three terminals L, ‘OFF’ position, due to the action of the
A and F (Line, Armature spring. If this provision is not provided,
and Field) are available. In this starter, the the supply restores, the current through
resistance elements are mounted on the back the armature becomes high and this will
side of a slate board. On the front side of damage the armature windings.
the board, brass studs are provided and the
resistance junctions are connected with each Over load release (OLR)
brass stud. Two protective devices overload OLR is also consists of an electro
release and no volt release is incorporated mag ne t . T h is el e c t romag net coi l is
in the circuit as shown in the diagram. The energized by the line current. When the
handle of the starter is fixed in such a way load on the motor is increased above
to move the brass studs. pre-determined value, the magnetizing
When the handle touches the first force established is sufficient to lift the
stud, the full resistance is connected in movable iron. When it is lifted by the
series with the armature. The field circuit electro magnet of OLR, it short circuits the
is connected across the full supply voltage. terminals of the coils of the no volt release.
The handle is moved over the studs, the Hence, the no volt coil is de-energized
resistance connected in series with the and the starter handle returns to ‘OFF’
armature circuit is gradually cut off. The position. Thus the overload release protects
handle movement is controlled by the tension the motor against overloads.
of the spring as shown in the figure 8.1. This starter is not generally used
A soft iron piece is attached to the where the field current is often adjusted
handle. The soft iron piece is attached for a higher speed than the normal speed,
by the electro-magnet (NVR) when the the handle returns to the ‘OFF’ position.
handle reaches the ‘ON’ position. In This may cause for reduction in field
case of a failure of the supply or the voltage current.
is very low, the electro magnet de-energizes
and releases the armature. The spring forces Disadvantages
bring the handle to ‘OFF’ position.
The 3 point starter suffers from a
serious drawback for motors with a large
Protective devices
variation of speed by adjustment of the
No-Volt Release (NVR) field rheostat. To increase the speed of
NVR consists of an electromagnet. the motor, the field resistance should be
It is connected in the field circuit. As increased. Therefore, the current through
R3 R4
R2
Starting R5
R1
resistance
No volt coil
3 4
2 5
1 Run
OFF
Soft Iron
piece
Starter
handle
Spring
OLR coil
L F A
F1 A1
DC supply
M Motor
F2 A2
the shunt field is reduced. The field Hence, to overcome this difficulty,
current may become very low because of a four point starter is used.
the addition of high resistance to obtain
8.2.4 Four point starter
a high speed. A very low field current
will make the holding electromagnet The four point starter is used for
too weak to overcome the force exerted starting shunt and compound motors. The
by the spring. The holding magnet may diagram of four point starter is shown in
release the arm of the starter during the figure 8.2.
normal operation of the motor and thus, The four point starter, the four
disconnecting the motor from the line. terminals L+, L-, A and F (Line +, Line-,
This is not a desirable action. armature and field) are available.
Parallel connection
Starting of NVC and field
Resistance
No volt coil
OFF
Run
Soft iron
Piece
Brass arc
Starter handle
Spring
Over load
release
Triangular
iron
Lever
DC
Supply
The constructional details and so any change in shunt field current does
operational details are the same as that not affect the current through the no volt
of the three point starter, except the coil. The current through the no volt coil
following difference. does not decrease even when the field
In three point starter, the coil of rheostat is adjusted for speed variations. The
the no volt release is connected in series electromagnetic pull produced by the no volt
with the field circuit. But in a four point coil will always be the same and sufficient
starter, it is connected across the supply line to hold the handle in ‘ON’ position. Thus,
through a protective resistance RP. The no the operation in three point starter never
volt coil is independent from field current, takes place in four point starter.
Fuses
Stop Start
Motor
Remote
stop
The motor gets connected across the current drawn by the motor from the
supply mains through the main contactor. line is reduced to 1/3 as compared to the
The motor continues to get supply even current it would have drawn if connected
when the pressure on the push button is in delta.
released. The contactor coil will then get
supply through the sealing contact ‘A’ of
the contactor. 3 Phase supply
1 2 3
Contactor ‘A’ is therefore called
the hold on contact. When the ‘STOP’
push button is pressed, the coil gets 1
Stator
de-energized, the main contacts of the 1′
3′ 2′
contactor open and the motor stops.
3 2
In case of over load on the motor, the 1 2 3 Running
contact of the over load relay (OLR) position
1′
will open and subsequently the motor 3′ 2′
Starting
will stop. Fuses are provided for short position
circuit protection. Rotor
control. In an automatic star-delta starter, When the switch ‘S’ is put in start
time delay relay is used (TDR) through position, a reduced voltage is applied
which star to delta connections take across the motor terminals. When the
place automatically with some pre-fixed motor picks up speed, say to 80 percent
time delay. The delay time of the TDR is of its normal speed, the switch is put
fixed, keeping in view the starting time to run position. Then the auto transformer
of the motor. is c ut of f t he circ uit and f u l l rate d
voltage gets applied across the motor
Advantages terminals.
i. Inexpensive. The circuit diagram in figure 8.5
ii. Starting current reduced to one-third is a manual auto-transformer starter.
of direct online starting current. This can be made push button operated
iii. Easy to operate. automatic controlled starter so that the
contact switches over from start to run
Disadvantages position as the motor speed picks up of
i. Low starting torque. 80% of its speed. Over load protection
ii. Si x te r m i n a l m otor re qu i re d. relay has not been shown in figure 8.5.
(delta connected) The switch ‘S’ is an air break type
iii. It requires 2 sets of cables from starter for small motors. There are more than
to motor. one tapping to enable the user to select
iii. Auto-transformer starter any suitable starting voltage depending
upon the conditions.
An Auto transformer starter consists
of an auto transformer and a switch as
shown in figure 8.5. iv. Rotor resistance
starter
3 Phase
The easiest method of starting slip
Supply ring induction motor is to connect some
extra resistance in the rotor circuit as
Starting
Position shown in figure 8.6.
Connection of extra resistance in
Running the rotor circuit decreases the starting
Position current and at the same time increases
the starting torque.
Stator
As the motor starts rotating the
extra resistance is cut off. When the
motor attains rated speed, the resistance
is fully cut off and slip ring terminals are
Rotor
short circuited. The motor now operates
on its own characteristic which gives rise
Fig. 8.5 Auto transformer starter to maximum torque at a low slip.
8 - Starters and controlling equipments 124
Slip Rings
3 Phase Supply
Do you Know?
3. Triple–pole miniature
circuit breaker
i. It is used to protect electric equipment
that works with three-phase power.
ii. The electric motors of elevators and
large air conditioning units typically
work with three-phase power and are
protected with triple pole low voltage
circuit breakers.
iii. A triple-pole MCB low voltage circuit
breaker occupies three spaces in a fuse
Fig. 8.8 Circuit breaker box.
are to open a circuit under short circuit the personal safety and avoiding the fear
or overload conditions. from the short circuit and overload.
i. It is used in higher current ratings ELCB is a security device used in
when compared to miniature circuit electrical system with high earth impedance
breakers. to avoid shock. The main principle of
ii. The breaking current ratings of earth leakage protector is to stop injury to
a moulded circuit breaker can be humans and nature due to electric shock.
modified. In figure 8.9, the ELCB is connected
between the conductor and earth. The
8.7.1 Comparison between
ELCB notices fault currents from live to
miniature circuit breaker and
the ground wire inside the installation it
moulded case circuit breaker
guards. If enough voltage emerges across
Sl. No. Miniature Moulded case the search coil in the circuit breaker, it
circuit breaker circuit breaker will turn off the supply, and stay off until
1 Suitable for Suitable for reset by manual.
electrical electrical
circuit less circuit
than 100 between 63 to Test
Test push button
Amperes 3000 Amperes Circuit
resistor
breaker
2 It protects It protects Load
load load
Fig. 8.9 Earth leakage circuit
3 Mostly used in Used in
breaker
homes industries,
commercial
buildings and 8.8.1 Types of earth leakage
hospital circuit breaker
1. Voltage operated earth leakage circuit
breaker (Voltage – ELCB)
8.8 Earth Leakage 2. Current operated earth leakage circuit
Circuit Breaker breaker (Current – ELCB)
(ELCB)
The ELCB is used to protect the 8.8.2 Voltage operated earth
circuit from the electrical leakage. When leakage circuit breaker
someone gets an electric shock, then One terminal of the relay coil
this circuit breaker cuts off the power is connected to the metal body of the
at the time of 0.1 second for protecting equipment to protect against earth leakage
Glossary
Armature : மின்னகம்
Back electro motive force : எதிர் மின் இயக்கு விசை
Induction motor : தூண்டல் மின்னோடி
Three point starter : மூன்று முனை துவக்கி
Symmetrical fault : சமச்சீர் பழுதுகள்
Electrical circuit fault : மின் சுற்று பழுது
Electrical circuit isolator : மின் சுற்று பிரிப்பான்
Electrical circuit breaker : மின் சுற்று துண்டிப்பான்
Over load relay : மீறிய மின் பளு உணர்த்தி
Time delay relay : நேரக் கட்டுப்பாடு உணர்த்தி
Air break type circuit breaker : காற்று முறிவு வகை மின்சுற்று
துண்டிப்பான்
Evaluation
Part–A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
3. Due to the high current flow in the 8. In four point starter, how the
armature, which of the following no volt release coil should be
effect does not occur? connected with field coil.
a. Over heat a. in series
b. Sparking b. in shunt
c. Voltage drop c. directly
d. Increase in efficiency d. parallel
13. Electrical isolator should be used 18. In which circuit breaker, the
in ---------- condition. breaking capacity of the current
a. No load can be changed?
b. With load a. Miniature circuit breaker
c. With less load b. Moulded case circuit breaker
d. With very high load c. Earth leakage circuit breaker
d. Electric circuit breaker
14. Electrical circuit breaker is like a
---------- 19. The ---------- circuit breaker is
a. resistance used to protect circuit from the
b. capacitance leakage current.
c. switch a. Miniature circuit breaker
d. inductance b. Earth leakage circuit breaker
c. Moulded case circuit breaker
15. The main function of a circuit
d. Open circuit breaker
breaker is
a. to identify the fault 20. The earth leakage circuit breaker
b. to rectify the fault breaks the circuit in ----- minutes.
16. The example of low voltage 21. The earth leakage circuit breaker
operated circuit breaker is connects which two parts?
17. The moulded case circuit breaker 22. The operating voltage of voltage
is used in electrical circuit having operated earth leakage circuit
the current rating breaker is
a. 100 Ampere a. 100 volt b. 50 volt
PART–B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
1. State the effects caused by the flow 6. Write short notes on electrical
of heavy armature current in DC isolator.
motor without starters.
7. How the circuit breaker functions?
2. What are the two basic functions of
8. State the difference between the
starter?
electrical isolator and electrical
3. What are the draw backs of three circuit breaker.
point starter?
9. What are the difference between
4. State the difference between three the miniature circuit breaker and
point starter and four point starter. moulded case circuit breaker?
5. What are the different types of
starters used in induction motor?
PART–C
Answer the questions in one page (5 Marks)
PART–D
Answer the questions in two page (10 Marks)
Reference Book
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
Chapter
9
DC and AC windings
Learning Objectives
Table of Content
S.W.G Standard wire gauge SWG SWG Standard wire gauge SWG
No Inch mm Area mm2 No Inch mm Area mm2
0 0.324 8.23 53.17 26 0.018 0.457 0.164
1 0.3 7.62 45.6 27 0.016 0.417 0.136
2 0.276 7.01 38.6 28 0.015 0.376 0.111
3 0.252 6.401 32.2 29 0.014 0.345 0.0937
4 0.232 5.893 27.3 30 0.012 0.315 0.0779
5 0.212 5.385 22.8 31 0.012 0.295 0.0682
6 0.192 4.877 18.7 32 0.011 0.274 0.0591
7 0.176 4.47 15.7 33 0.01 0.254 0.0507
8 0.16 4.064 13 34 0.009 0.234 0.0429
9 0.144 3.658 10.6 35 0.008 0.213 0.0357
10 0.128 3.251 8.3 36 0.008 0.193 0.0293
11 0.116 2.946 6.82 37 0.007 0.173 0.0234
12 0.104 2.642 5.48 38 0.006 0.152 0.0182
13 0.092 2.337 4.29 39 0.005 0.132 0.0137
14 0.08 2.032 3.24 40 0.005 0.122 0.0117
15 0.072 1.829 2.63 41 0.004 0.112 0.0098
16 0.0064 1.626 2.07 42 0.004 0.102 0.0082
17 0.056 1.422 1.59 43 0.004 0.091 0.0065
18 0.048 1.219 1.17 44 0.003 0.081 0.0636
19 0.04 1.016 0.811 45 0.003 0.071 0.0557
20 0.036 0.914 0.657 46 0.002 0.061 0.0479
21 0.032 0.813 0.519 47 0.002 0.051 0.04
22 0.028 0.711 0.397 48 0.002 0.041 0.0322
23 0.024 0.61 0.292 49 0.001 0.03 0.0236
24 0.022 0.559 0.245 50 0.001 0.025 0.0196
25 0.02 0.508 0.203 BASIS: IS 13730-0-1/IEC 317-0-1
9.4.4 Winding
The electrical energy to earth for one
year can be produced by the sun in Wi nd i ng is ma d e up of many
15 minutes. coils with proper connections between
them.
Front side
9.5 DC windings
Fig. 9.2 Winding coil representation Windings are placed in two parts
of the DC machines, they are
Simplex
Duplex 1 2
YC
Triplex
Commutator
Commutator segments
9.5.10 Necessary details
needed for DC
winding
Front pitch Yf = Y – Y b
9.5.12 Double layer simplex Also Yf = Y b
wave winding diagram So Yf = 14 -7 = 7 (or)
Develop a double layer simplex 10 – 5 = 5
wave winding diagram for a 2 poles,
6 slots, DC machine having 6 commutator Selected Y b and Yf are
s e g m e nt s . In d i c at e t h e p o s it i on of Y b = Yf =7 (or)
brushes.
(Yf = Yf = 5)
Solution
Winding table (Yf = Yf = 5)
Number of poles P=2
We know 2 11 – 4 4–9
3 9–2 2–7
No. of coils C = No. of commutator
segments 4 7 – 12 12 – 5
Hence C = 6 5 5 – 10 10 – 3
2C 6 3–8 8–1
Back pitch Y b = ±K
P
In m a k i n g w i n d i n g t a b l e f o r
26
K wave winding, it is important that we
2
must add back pitch and front pitch to
= 6+1 = 7 (or) obtain back end side and front end side
6-1 = 5 respectively.
9.6 AC windings
T he w inding ma de in t he AC
machines are called as AC windings.
No of coils β = P 180
o. of coils per phase =
N S
phases
= 4 180
(coils / phase) 24
12 = 720
=
1 24
= 12 30
Winding table for starting coil Winding table for running coil
Poles Poles
Phase Phase
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
R 1–6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 R 4 – 9 10 – 15 16 – 21 22 – 27(3)
B 5 – 10 11 – 16 17 – 22 23 – 28(4) B 6 – 7 12 – 13 18 – 19 24 – 25(1)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
S N S N S
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
N S N S
R1 R2
21 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 4
S N S N S
21 23 2 4
Glossary
Evaluation
PART-A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
10. If a DC machine works as a motor, 15. The distance between the starting
the law used to find the direction ends of two adjacent coil is
of flow of current in armature a) Front pitch
winding is b) Back pitch
a) Fleming’s right hand rule
c) Coil pitch
b) End rule
d) Pole pitch
c) Fleming’s left hand rule
16. The type of winding used in DC
d) Ohm’s law
armature is
11. The number of parallel paths of a a) Main field winding
DC lap winding is b) Inter pole winding
a) P/2 c) Open type winding
b) 2P
d) Closed type winding
c) 2P
17. Pole pitch is referred to as
d) 2
a) The number of slots per
12. The number of parallel paths of a pole
DC wave winding is b) The number of slots per
a) P phase
b) 2P c) The number of slots per pole
c) P/2 per phase
d) 2 d) Half of the number of slots
13. The number of brushes in DC 18. In full pitched winding, the
machines are electrical degree between two coil
a) Equal to the number of parallel sides of a coil is
paths. a) 60°
b) Equal to the number of slots. b) 120°
c) Equal to the half of the number c) 180°
of slots. d) 360°
d) Equal to the half of the number
19. The number of coils in single layer
of poles.
winding is
14. The distance between two active a) Equal to the half of the number
sides of a coil in DC winding is of slots
a) Front pitch b) Equal to the number of slots
b) Coil pitch c) Equal to the half of the number
c) Back pitch of poles
d) Fractional pitch d) Equal to the number of poles
PART-B
PART-C
PART-D
Reference Book
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
Chapter
Learning Objectives
Table of Content
2. When the electric 1. Over load. Reduce the over load.
supply is given to the
DC motors, the fuse 2. Short-circuit in winding Check the winding coils, test
wire is melted. coils. and correct it.
3. Get the electric shock 1. Due to low insulation Check the insulation
when we touch the resisting winding coil resistance and insulate the
motors touches the motor motor.
body.
10.6.2 Airgap
10.5 Testing of new
machines The gap between stator and the rotor
of a machine is called ‘Air gap’. The air
It is important to note the following
gap is increased when the bearing is worn
points.
out and depreciation is bearing housing.
a. In a motor, check whether the terminal To measure air gap, feeler gauge is used.
connections and wiring are correct or
not as in the wiring diagram. 10.6.3 Armature balancing
b. Open the terminal box once in six T he rotor or ar m atu re of t he
months to test the terminals for machine is in roller shape. The weight
tightening of armature should be equal in all sides
c. Measure the insulation resistance at all parts is called balancing. If weight
value. is not equal then it is called unbalancing.
d. Do the continuity test. i.e, one side of armature has more weight
e. The protective device which is used and the other side has less weight. This
to control the motor is fixed at is called unbalanced rotor.
the ‘minimum current value’ and
‘minimum time setting’ before the 10.6.4 Importance of balancing
motor is used. If the armature or rotor is not in
f. If the rotor rotates in the opposite balanced condition, the rotor will hit
direction, switch off the supply and the stator and bearing gets damaged
change any two connections of the while rotating. If there is any damage in
wire. Check whether the rotor is bearing, the alignment will get change.
rotating in same direction. If t he a lig nment is not prop er, t he
g. Initially the rotor is rotated in low air gap between stator and rotor will
speed and after some time, the speed become unequal. Hence balancing is very
is increased step by step. Then check important.
there is any vibration or sound in the
motor. 10.6.5 Types of balancing
1. Static balancing
10.6 Precautionary 2. Dynamic balancing
measures to be taken
before using electrical 1. Static balancing
machines
Rotor to be balanced
Rolls or
10.6.1 Alignment knife edges
2. External growler
Internal growler is used to find
faults in the stationary parts i.e, stator
windings of motor, where as external
growler is used to find faults in rotating Supply
parts i.e, rotor windings and armature 240 V AC
windings of DC machines Insulated winding
Activities
Glossary
மின்னோடி
Motor -
Stator - நிலையி
சுழலி
Rotor -
தாங்கிகள்
Bearings -
Evaluation
Part–A
Choose the correct answer (1 Marks)
10. Which effect was caused by fault in 15. In symmetrical fault, the value of
electrical circuit? current in three phase is ----------
a. high current a. Less
b. damage of equipments b. equal
c. increasing in efficiency c. high
d. High voltage d. Unequal
11. The lubrication should be 16. ---------- test gives the accurate
applied to a electrical machine for result for testing the armature.
---------- once. a. Growler
a. Six month b. Winding resistance
b. one year c. Drop
c. Two year d. Insulation resistance
d. Three months
PART-B
Answer the questions in brief (3 Marks)
PART-C
Answer the questions in one page (5 Marks)
3. Write the reason for the vibration 8. Write the construction and
of electrical machines and its working g principle of growler.
rectification methods.
9. Describe the method of conducting
4. Explain about the dynamic open circuit test by using growler
balancing method.
10. Explain the drop test with neat
5. Explain about the static balancing sketch.
method.
PART-D
Answer the questions in two page (10 Marks)
Reference Book
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. https://www.electrical4u.com
Glossary
Corona – வெளிச்சுடர�ொளி
Di-electric strength – மின்காப்பு வலிமை
Feeder lines – ஊட்டளிப்புத் த�ொடர்
Grid – வலையிணைப்பு (அ) மின்கட்டமைப்பு
Insulator – மின்காப்பான்
Peak load – உச்சக்கட்ட பளு
Regulation – ஒழுங்கு முறை
Power factor – திறன்காரணி
Receiving station – ஏற்பு நிலையம்
Plane angle - தளக் க�ோணம்
Solid angle - திண்மக் க�ோணம்
Luminous flux - ஒளிர்வுப் பாயம்
Luminous intensity - ஒளி விளக்கச் ெசறிவு
Luminous efficacy - ஒளிர்வுத்திறன் விகிதம்
ஒளித்திறன்
Lux -
கூச�ொளி
Glare -
Depreciation factor - தேய்மானக் காரணி
Space height ratio - இடைவெளி - உயர விகிதம்
Utilization factor - பயன்பாட்டுக் காரணி
Pilot lamp - அறிகுறி விளக்கு
Thermostat - வெப்பநிலைப்பி
Bi-metallic strip - ஈருல�ோகத் தகடு
Pressure release valve - அழுத்தம் அகற்றும் வால்வு
Induction stove - தூண்டல் அடுப்பு
நீர் சூடேற்றும் கலன்
Geyser -
Fusible vent plug - உ௫கி வழிவிடும் அைடப்பான்
வீச்சு
Sweep -
- Glossary 171
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- Glossary 172
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Thermistor - வெப்பத்தடையகம்
ஊடுருவும் தன்மை
Permeability -
Linear variable differential transformer - நேரியல் மாறி மாறுபட்டமின்மாற்றி
வெப்பமின்னிரட்டை
Thermocouple -
மின்னகம்
Armature :
Back electro motive force : எதிர் மின் இயக்கு விசை
Induction motor : தூண்டல் மின்னோடி
Three point starter : மூன்று முனை துவக்கி
Symmetrical fault : சமச்சீர் பழுதுகள்
Electrical circuit fault : மின் சுற்று பழுது
Electrical circuit isolator : மின் சுற்று பிரிப்பான்
Electrical circuit breaker : மின் சுற்று துண்டிப்பான்
Over load relay : மீறிய மின் பளு உணர்த்தி
Time delay relay : நேரக் கட்டுப்பாடு உணர்த்தி
Air break type circuit breaker : கா ற் று மு றி வு வகை மி ன் சு ற் று
துண்டிப்பான்
Gauge number - கதவு எண்
Winding coil - உல்லைச் சுருள்
நிலை
Phase -
Stator - நிலையி
Rotor - சுழலி
Armature - மின்னகம்
மின்னோடி
Motor -
Stator - நிலையி
சுழலி
Rotor -
தாங்கிகள்
Bearings -
சக்தி மாற்றுச் சக்கரம்
Pulley -
Balancing ச மநிலைப் படுத்துதல் அல்லது சம எடைப்
-
பகிர்வு
ஒத்தமைவு
Alignment -
திசைமாற்றி
Commutator -
த�ொடுவி
Brush -
End play - முனை இடிப்பு
End trust - முனை அசைவு
உருள் அடை உருமி
Growler -
- Glossary 173
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PART A
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS 15 X 1 = 15 MARKS
- 174
PART B
Answer any ten questions briefly 10 X 3 = 30 Marks
16. What are the uses of guarding? 20. Define speed control methods.
17. What are the disadvantages of a 21. What are the advantages and
fluorescent lamp? disadvantages of induction type
18. What is the use of percolating tube wattmeter?
in coffee percolator? 22. What is the principle of operation of
19. Write short notes on Oscillation electrical transducers?
mechanism in table fan
175 -
23. Write short notes on electrical 26. What is the necessity of winding in
isolator. motors?
24. What are the draw backs of three 27. Write the importance of electrical
point starter? machine maintenance.
25. What is the necessity of varnishing
in winding?
PART C
Answer any five questions about one page 5 X 5 = 25 Marks
28. Write short notes on a carbon arc 32. What are the factors to be
lamp. considered for selection of
29. Explain the pressure type geyser. transducers?
30. What are the types of electric 33. Explain the symmetrical faults in
drives? detail?
31. Explain the working principle of 34. What are the properties of
moving iron instruments. insulating materials?
PART D
Answer all questions about two pages 2 X 10 = 20 Marks
35. Draw and explain the construction 36. Explain the construction and
and working principle of an operation of three point starter
electric steam iron box. with a neat sketch.
(OR) (OR)
Explain the construction With neat sketch, explain various
and working principle of the types of DC armature winding.
centrifugal pump with neat
diagram.
- 176
Practical
PRACTICALS
1 Dismantling and assembling
of steam iron box
AIM
177 1 - PRACTICALS
anything and connect the supply wire 4. Measure the value of current flowing
to the appliance. into the heating element.
Observation record
a. Voltage value of steam iron box = volts
b. Power of steam iron box = watts
c. Frequency of the iron box = hertz
d. Current value of the iron box = ampere
e. Resistance value of the heating element = ohms
179 1 - PRACTICALS
Practical
2
Electric coffee percolator
AIM
Precautionary tips
1. Ensure that the coffee percolator is
disconnected from the main supply
before handling it.
Result
In this experiment, I have come to
Earth fault test
know the parts of electric coffee percolator,
the dismantling and reassembling and
identifying and rectifying the faults in
the coffee percolator. Now the appliance
is in good condition.
Practical
AIM
Heating element
Glass wool
Thermostat
Drain pipe
cover
Inlet
12 mm Pressure release
Outlet valve
12 mm
3. With the help of megger, test the 3. Fit the bottom cover of the geyser
leakage in the appliance. properly. (In this heating element,
4. Remove the bottom cover which thermostat and indicating lamp are
contains heating element, thermostat fixed)
and indicating lamp. 4. With the help of megger, check out the
5. Remove the earth connection from electrical leakage, if any.
the body of the geyser. 5. Then connect the electrical supply to
6. Remove the fitting clamps of the geyser. the geyser and make sure that it was
7. Check the continuity of the heating connected properly and firmly.
element.
8. After removing the heating element, Observations made after
clean the scale formation by using completion of installation or
hydro chloric acid solution. fitting of the geyser
1. After installation of the geyser, open
After verification of all these above,
the inlet tap of the control valve, until
ensure that all the parts and materials of
the water tank is filled.
the geyser are in good condition.
2. Switch ‘on’ the supply and wait for few
minutes and then open the hot water
Assembling procedure
tap.
1. Check the geyser is clean and fit it with 3. Check the continuous flow of warm
clamps. water is coming properly.
2. Connect the earth wire with the body 4. Close the tap of hot water when not in
of the geyser. use and turn off the supply
Observation record
a. Voltage of the geyser :
b. Storage capacity of the geyser :
c. Power supply of the geyser :
d. Frequency supply of the geyser :
e. Current of the geyser :
f. Fuse rating :
Practical
4
Table fan
AIM
Apparatus Required
Motor body
2 Insulation tape 1
Base
3 Grease 1 pocket
4 Kerosene 100 ml
i. Open the clips of the cage. coils. The stator winding is tested with
ii. Cage should be kept separately. the use of test lamp. Test the capacitor
iii. Unscrew the blade mounting screws and check whether it is in good condition.
and remove the blades from shaft.
iv. Unscrew the back cover and remove it. Assembling
v. Take out the gear box by removing the i. Fix the back side end cover of the rotor
mounted screws. and gear box properly.
vi. Remove the rotor and keep separately. ii. Fit the blades and cage in front side
properly.
DO’s after dismantling
iii. Open circuit test, short circuit test
Open and short circuit test and earth test is to be done by test
Test Supply lamp.
lamp source
Testing procedure
i. Connect the test lamp to the two
Flexible cord
Testing lead terminals of the table fan. If the lamp
glows dim, it means the table fan is in
Earth fault test Test Supply good condition. If it glows brightly, it
lamp source
means short circuit fault occurs and
the lamp does not glow, it means open
circuit fault occurs in the table fan.
Flexible cord
Testing lead
ii. Connect the one lead of the test lamp
to the one terminal of the table fan
and connect the other lead of the test
Rotor shaft and bearing are cleaned lamp to the body of the table fan. If the
with kerosene and waste clothes. Clean test lamp glows, it means earth fault
the rotor carefully without damaging the occurs in the table fan.
Precaution Result
Practical
5
Ceiling fan
AIM
Test lamp
Test lamp
Precautions Result
i. D o n o t u s e h a m m e r w h i l e The method of dismantling the
dismantling and assembling the given ceiling fan and identify the parts,
parts. testing the ceiling fan, identifying and
ii. Handle the bearings carefully. rectifying its faults, and assembling the
iii. Conduct the test carefully. fan was carried with proper tools. Now
the ceiling fan run with normal speed
and it is in good condition.
Practical
6
Water pump
AIM
Air cock
Delivery
pipe
Impeller
Suction
eye
Impeller
vanes
Running
Starting
ii. Do the earth fault test on the main
winding and starting winding by
connecting one end of the test lamp
to the winding terminal and the other
Earth Test end to the body.
iii. Dismantle the centrifugal switch and
P
OE
N
check the spring condition.
Starting
Running
Result
Open and short circuit test in running winding
The method of dismantling the
Capacitor given water pump, identifying the parts,
P
OE
N testing the water pump, causes, reasons
and remedies of its faults, and assembling
Running
Starting
Practical
7 Measurement of energy
of the given electrical
equipment
AIM
1φ,240 V (0-300) V
AC V
Lamp load
Tabulation
Calculation Result
Energy meter constant = (V x I x Thus the energy consumed by the
cos ϕ x t)/ (60 x 1000) kWh given electrical equipment =-----kWh.
Assume cos ϕ = 1
Practical
AIM
Practical
9 Determination of
insulation resistance value
of motor windings
AIM
A1 R-phase A2 B1 Y-phase B2 C1
B-phase
C2
Megger
Test
Yoke
probes
Handle
Practical
AIM
Motor End
Stator bell
frame Rotor
electro electro
magnets magnets
Table 1
Sl. No. Insulation resistance Insulation resistance value
1. Between core and R phase
2. Between core and Y phase
3. Between core and B phase
Measure the insulation resistance value between a winding and the stator core
with a 500V Megger and record it in table 1, and the value of insulation resistance
should be more than 1 MΩ
Table 2
Sl. No. Insulation resistance Insulation resistance value
1. Between R phase and Y phase
2. Between Y phase and B phase
3. Between B phase and R phase
Case Study 1
Name : K. Balakumar
Father’s Name : R. Kesavan
Date of Birth : 25.10.1972
Age : 46
Educational qualifications
Work experience
Case Study 2
Name : S. Ramki
Father’s Name : Soundarrajan
Date of Birth : 10/04/1987
Age : 31
Educational qualifications
Work experience
Case Study 3
Name : G. Vijayaraj
Father’s name : VA. Govindarajan
Date of birth : 17.05.1972
Age : 46
Educational qualifications
Work Experience