Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry

MCQ’s:
# Statement a b c d
1. Industrial chemistry deals with
In the laboratory On micro scale On commercial On economic
the manufacturing of scale scale
compounds:
2. Which one of the following can
be separated by physical
Mixture Element Compound Radical
means?
3. The most abundant element
Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Silicon
occurring in the oceans is:
4. Which one of the following
element is found in most Oxygen Aluminium Silicon Iron
abundance in the earth’s
crust?
5. The third abundant gas found
Carbon monoxide Oxygen Nitrogen Argon
in the earth’s crust is:
6. One amu (atomic mass unit) is
1.66X10-24 mg 1.66X10-24 g 1.66X10-24 kg 1.66X10-23 g
equivalent to:
7. All of the followings are tri-
H2 O3 H2O CO2
atomic molecule except:
8. The mass of one molecule of
18 amu 18 g 18 mg 18 kg
water is:
9. The molar mass of H2SO4 is:
98g 98amu 9.8 g 9.8amu
10. Molar mass is usually
expressed in grams. Which
one of the following is molar 32 amu 53.12 X 10-24 amu 1.92 X 10-25 amu 192.64 X 10-24
mass of O2 in amu? amu
11. How many numbers of moles
0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24
are equivalent to 8 grams of
CO2?
12. Which one of the following pair ½ mole of NaCl ½ mole of NaCl 1/3 mole of NaCl
1 mole of NaCl and and ½ mole of and 1/3 mole of and ½ mole of
has the same number of ions?
1 mole of MgCl2 MgCl2 MgCl2 MgCl2
13. Which one of the followings
1 mole of CO and 1 1 mole of CO and 1 1 mole of O2 and 1 1 mole of O2 and
pair has the same mass?
mole of N2 mole of CO2 mole of N2 1 mole of CO 2
Atoms or group of atoms
14. Carbon ions Anions Radicals Cations
which are electrically neutral
are called:
1 6.022 X 1023
15. 18.02 g of H2O sample has: mole of O atoms
2
1 mole of hydrogen 6.022 X 10 23 molecules of H2O
atoms moles of H2O
16. 58.5 g mol-1 is the Mass of one formula
Formula mass of Molar mass of NaCl or molecular unit of All are true
NaCl NaCl
17. Mass of one mole of chlorine
32 grams 71 grams 35.5 grams 46 grams
gas is:
18. The number of moles of CO2
that contains 16 g of oxygen
0.25 0.5 1.00 1.50
is:
19. Which of the following has the 20 g of phosphorus 5 moles of H2O 2 moles of
12 X 1024 atoms of Na2CO3
maximum mass? H
20. One mole of SO2 contains:
6.02 X 1023 atoms of 18.1 X 1023 6.02 X 1023 atoms 4g of atoms of
oxygen molecules of SO2 of sulphur SO2
21. The least number of molecules
18 g of H2O 18 g of C2H5OH 28 g of CO 44 g of CO2
are present in:
22. One has two moles of SO2. It
2 X 6.02 X 1023 3 X 6.02 X 1023 2 X 6.02 X 1023 64 g of SO2
contains:
atoms of oxygen molecules of SO2 atoms of sulphur
23. The branch of chemistry
Bio-chemistry Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Industrial
dealing with the study of
chemistry
hydrocarbons and their
derivatives is:

Page 1 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
# Statement a b c d
24. The name element for a
Robert Boyle Robert Hooke Henry Clark Rutherford
substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler units
was suggested by:
25. Wood, see water and soil are Compounds Mixtures Elements Molecules
example of:
26. An element x has an atomic
Nitrogen Carbon Oxygen Sulphur
mass (mass number), 12 and
it has 6 neutrons the given
element is:
27. Atoms of the same element
Isotopes Allotropes Ions Heteroatom
having different atomic
masses are called:
28. The empirical formula of C2H6
C1 H2 C2 H3 CH3 CH
is:
29. 1 mole of CO contains: 6 g of carbon 8 g of oxygen 24 g of carbon 16 g of oxygen
30. The atomic mass, molecular
Gram atom Gram molecule Molar mass Mole
mass and ionic mass
expressed in grams is known
as:
31. Mass of one mole of H2SO4 is:
100 g 98 g 49 g 50 g
32. Total number of naturally
118 95 100 92
occurring elements is:
33. The branch of science which Science Physics Chemistry Biology
deals with the composition,
structure properties and
reaction of matter is called:
34. Qualitative and quantitative Environmental Analytical Organic chemistry Nuclear chemistry
chemistry chemistry
analysis are carried in:
35. A piece of matter in pure form Element Mixture Substance Matter
is termed as:
36. Potassium, sulphur, 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8%
magnesium and sodium
constitute which percent of our
body?
37. The combining capacity of an Symbol Valency Mixture Radical
element with other elements,
is called:
38. The fixed ratio of hydrogen 2:1 8:1 1:8 1:2
and oxygen by mass is in
water:
39. The mixture which have Homogeneous Heterogeneous Simple mixture Complex mixture
mixture mixture
uniform composition
throughout are called:
40. ______ is a mixture of Air Soil Milk Brass
calcium, water, sugar, fat,
proteins, mineral salts and
vitamins.
41. The number of protons Atomic number Atomic mass Atomic unit Formula unit
present in the nucleus of its
atom is known as:
42. A substance whose atoms Substance Matter Element Compound
have the same atomic number
are termed as:
43. Average relative mass of an Relative atomic Atomic mass Gram molecular Molecular mass
mass mass
atom of the element
compound with an atom of C
taken as 12 atomic mass units
is:

Page 2 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
# Statement a b c d
44. + + Anion Cation Radical Ion
NH and H O are the
4 3
example of:
45. 23 22 -23 20
One mole of any material 6.02  10 6.02  10 6.02  10 6.02  10
contains chemical units:
46. Ion, molecular ions, free Atomic specie Molecular specie Chemical specie Ionic specie
radicals and neutral molecules
are called:
47. Inert gas elements helium Monoatomic Heteroatomic Homoatomic Polyatomic
molecules molecules molecules molecules
“He”, neon “Ne”, etc, are the
example of:
48. The formula mass of an ionic Gram molecular Gram atomic mass Gram formula Gram ionic mass
mass mass
compound expressed in grams
is known as:
49. Brass consists on: Zn + Pb Zn + Cu Co + Sn Pb + Zn
50. The molar mass of ionic 98 gm 58.5 gm 40 gm 89 gm
compound NaCl is:
51. Mixture of sand, clay, minerals Soil Milk Air None of these
and water is called:

Short Questions
Q #1
Define industrial chemistry and analytical chemistry?
Ans:
Industrial chemistry:
The branch of chemistry that deals with the manufacturing of chemical compounds on
commercial scale, is called industrial chemistry.
Analytical chemistry:
Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with separation and analysis
of a sample to identify its components.
Q #2
How can you differentiate between organic and inorganic chemistry?
Ans:
Organic chemistry:
Organic chemistry is the study of covalent compounds of carbon and hydrogen i.e.
hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Organic compounds occur naturally and are also
synthesized in the laboratories. Organic chemists determine the structure and properties of
these naturally occurring as well as synthesized compounds. Scope of this branch covers
petroleum, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical industries.
Inorganic chemistry:
Inorganic chemistry deals with the study of all elements and their compounds except
those of compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. It has
applications in every aspect of the chemical industry such as glass, cement, ceramics and
metallurgy (extraction of metals from ores).
Q #3
Give the scope of biochemistry.
Ans:
Biochemistry:
It is the branch of chemistry in which we study the structure, composition, and chemical
reactions of substances found in living organisms. It covers all chemical processes taking place
in living organisms. Such as synthesis and metabolism of bio molecules like carbohydrates,
proteins and fats. Biochemistry emerged as a separate discipline when scientists began to
study how living things obtain energy from food or how the fundamental biological changes
occur during a disease. Examples of applications of biochemistry are in the fields of medicine,
food science and agriculture etc.

Page 3 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Q #4
How does Homogeneous mixture differ from heterogeneous mixture?
Ans:
Mixture:
When two or more elements or compounds mix-up physically without any fixed ratio,
they form a mixture. On mixing up, the component substances retain their own chemical
identities and properties. The mixture can be separated into parent components by physical
methods such as distillation, filration, evaporation, precipitation or magnetization.
Difference:
Mixtures that have uniform composition throughout are called homogeneous mixture
e.g. air, gasoline, ice cream. Whereas, heterogeneous mixtures are those in which
composition is not uniform throughout e.g. soil, rock and wood.
Q #5
What is the relative atomic mass? How it is related to gram?
Ans:
The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of atoms of that element as
compared to 1/12th (one twelfth) the mass of one atom of carbon-12 isotope (an element having
different mass number but same atomic number). Based on carbon -12 standard, the mass of
an atom of carbon is 12 and 1/12th of it comes to be one. When we compare atomic masses of
other elements with carbon-12 atoms, they are expressed as relative atomic masses of those
elements. The unit for relative atomic masses is called atomic mass unit, with symbol ‘amu’.
One atomic mass unit is 1/12th the mass of one atom of carbon-12th. When this atomic mass
unit is expressed in grams, it is:
1 = 1.66 X 10-24g
For example:
Mass of a proton = 1.0073 amu or 1.672 X 10-24g
Mass of a neutron = 1.0087 amu or 1.674 X 10-24g
Mass of a electron = 5.486 X 10 amu or 9.106 X 10-28g
-4

Q #6
Define empirical formula with example.
Ans:
Empirical formula:
Chemical formulae are of two types. The simplest type of formula is empirical formula.
It is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. The empirical formula of
a compound is determined by knowing the percentage composition of a compound. However,
here we would explain it with simple examples.
Example: The covalent compound silica (sand) has simplest ratio 1:2 of silicon and oxygen so
empirical formula is SiO2.
Q #7
State three reasons why do you think air is a mixture and water is a compound?
Ans:
Air is mixture due to these reasons.
1. Air is formed by simple mixing up of substance.
2. Air can be separated by physical method.
3. The air is not represented by chemical formula.
Water is compound due to these reasons.
1. Compound is formed by chemical combination of atoms of elements.
2. The compound (water) is not separated by physical means.
3. Water is represented by chemical formula so it is compound.
Q #8
Explain why are hydrogen and oxygen considered elements whereas water as a
compound?
Ans:
Hydrogen and oxygen are element’ because they consist of same type of atoms and cannot be
decomposed.
While water is compound which consists of two dissimilar atoms and can be decomposed.

Page 4 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Q #9
What is the significance of the symbol of an element?
Ans:
The elements are represented by symbols, which are abbreviations for the name of elements. A
symbol is taken from the name of that element in English, Latin, Greek and German. If it is one-
letter, it will be capital as H for Hydrogen, N for Nitrogen, and C for Carbon etc. In case of two
letters symbol, only first letter is capital e.g. Ca for Calcium, Na for Sodium and Cl for Chlorine.
Q #10
State the reasons: soft drink is a mixture and water is a compound.
Ans:
Cocacola is a mixture because it contains CO2, water and other different ingredients CO2 can
be separated by physical mean, while water is a compound because it consists of
Homogeneous atom.
Q #11
Classify the following into element, compound and mixture?
i. He and H2 ii. CO and Co iii. Water and milk
iv. Gold and brass v. Iron and steel
Ans:
i. He and H2
He is element
H2 is element or molecule
ii. CO and Co
CO is compound
Co is element
iii. Water and milk
Water is compound
Milk is a mixture
iv. Gold and brass
Gold is element
Brass is mixture
v. Iron and Steel
Iron is element
Steel is mixture

Q #12
Define atomic mass unit. Why is it needed?
Ans:
When we compare atomic masses of other elements with carbon-12 atoms, they are expressed
as relative atomic masses of those elements. The unit for relative atomic masses is called
atomic mass unit, with symbol ‘amu’. One atomic mass unit is 1/12th the mass of one atom of
carbon-12th. When this atomic mass unit is expressed in grams, it is: 1 = 1.66 X 10-24g
Q #13
State the nature and name of the substance formed by combining the following:
i. Zinc + Copper ii. Water + Sugar iii. Aluminium + Sulphur
iv. Iron + Chromium + Nickel
Ans:
i. Zinc + Copper
Alloy (Brass )
ii. Water + Sugar
Sugar solution
iii. Aluminium + Sulphur
Aluminium Sulphate (compound)
iv. Iron + Chromium + Nickel
Nichrome (Alloy)

Page 5 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Q #14
Differentiate between molecular mass and formula mass, which of the following will be
molecular formula? H2O, NaCl, KI, H2SO4
Ans:
Molecular mass:
The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of a molecular
compound, is its molecular mass. For example molecular mass of water (H2O) is 18 amu and
that of carbon oxide (CO2) is 44 amu.
Formula mass:
Formula mass is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in one formula unit of a
substance. For example formula mass of NaCl is 58.5 amu and that of CaCO3 is 100 amu.

Molecular Formula Formula Unit

H2SO4 NaCl
H2O KI

Q #15
Which one has more atoms: 10g of Al or 10 g of Fe?
Ans:
Solve in journal.
Q #16
Which one has more molecules: 9 g of water or 9 g of sugar (C12H22O11)?
Ans:
Solve in journal.
Q #17
Which one has more formula units: 1 g of NaCl or 1 g of KCl?
Ans:
Solve in journal.
Q #18
Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules with examples.
Ans:
A molecule containing same type of atoms is called homoatomic molecule. For example:
hydrogen (H2), ozone (O3), sulphur (S) and chlorine (Cl2) are the examples of molecules formed
by the same type of atoms. When a molecule consists of different kinds of atoms, it is called
hetero atomic molecule. For example: CO2, H2O and NH3
Q #19
In which one of the following cases the number of hydrogen atoms is more?
2 moles of HCl or 1 mole of NH3 (Hint: 1 mole of a substance contains as much number of
moles of atoms as are in 1 molecule of a substance).
Ans:
Solve in journal.

Extra Short Questions

Q #1
Define matter and give three examples.
Ans:
Matter can be defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
Everything around us is matter. Matter may be in different physical states like solid,
liquid and gas.
Examples:
Water, air, solution of salt, wood, metals and gases etc.
Q #2
What is atomic mass unit?
Ans:
Atomic mass unit is the scale based on the comparison of atomic and molecular masses with
the mass of reference atom.
Page 6 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
1 12
The mass equal to th of the mass of 6𝐶 atom.
12
So the 126𝐶 isotope is the reference atom which has been assigned an atomic mass of 12.00
atomic mass unit abbreviated as a.m.u. this a.m.u is denoted by ‘µ’.
Q #3
What is the relation of atomic mass with mass of 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝑪?
Ans:
The atomic mass of an element is taken relative to the mass of 126𝐶 . So the relative atomic mass
1
of an element indicated the number of atoms that element is heavier than 12th of a 126𝐶 atom.
1
For example, the average relative mass of Mg is 24. It means that an atom of Mg is 24 X 12 = 2
times heavier than one atom of 126𝐶 .
Q #4
What do you mean by molecular ion?
Ans:
Molecular ion can be defined as “Any molecular species having positive or negative charge”.
They are also called as radical cations and anions because they have positive and negative
charges.
In molecular ions, the number of protons and number of electrons are not equal.
Q #5
Define empirical formula. How is it related to molecular formula?
Ans:
Empirical formula can be defined as the simplest formula if a substance which gives the
simplest ratio of the atoms of each element present in the molecule of that substance.
Relation to molecular formula:
Empirical formula is related to molecular formula through following equation.
Molecular formula = n x Empirical formula
Where ‘n’ is a whole number having values 1, 2, 3, 4……..
Molecular mass
The value of ‘n’ can be calculated as n =
Empirical formula mass
Q #6
NaCl has 58.5 a.m.u as formula mass and not the molecular mass. Justify it.
Ans:
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a giant structure containing sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions. It is
represented by a formula (Na+ Cl-)n, where ‘n’ is a large number. In this we can see that the ratio of Na
and Cl- ions is same i.e. 1:1. So, the simplest formula for sodium chloride is NaCl.
So, NaCl is not the molecular formula but it is the empirical formula of the giant NaCl structure.
58.5 is the mass of one formula unit of NaCl, hence called the formula mass.
Q #7
Define Avogadro’s number. How does it relate to the masses of chemical substances?
Ans:
Avogadro’s number is a constant value i.e. 6.02 X 1023.
It can be defined as “The number of particles in one mole of a substance” is called
avogadro’s number.
One mole of every substance contains Avogadro’s number of particles i.e. 6.02 X 1023.In other
words, a mole represents a collection of 6.02 X 1023 chemical units. It is denoted by NA.
Relation to mass of chemical substance:
As the Avogadro’s number is the number of particles in 1 mole of a substance and 1
mole is the atomic mass or molecular mass expressed in grams. So we can easily relate NA to
masses. i.e.,
Number of particles of that substance x molar mass
Mass of a substance =
NA
Q #8
How does atomic mass and relative atomic mass (Ar) differ from each other?

Page 7 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Ans:
Relative atomic mass of an element is given by;
12 x Average atomic mass of 1 atom of an element
Ar =
Mass of one 12C atom
The relative atomic mass is a pure number and it has no unit.
The atomic mass of an atom is given by
Mass of one 12C atom
Atomic mass of an atom = Ar x 12

Thus atomic mass of an element = Ar x 1µ

= Ar µ
For this, we can see that the magnitudes of the relative atomic mass and the actual atomic
mass are equal. The two differ only in their units.
Ar has no units while atomic mass has units of ‘µ’.
Q #9
If molecular formula of benzene is C6H6 then what is its empirical formula?
Ans:
In order to formulate an empirical formula we have to see the ratio of C and H atoms in a
molecule of benzene. In C6H6 there are equal number of C and H atoms. So the ratio between
C and H is 1:1
So empirical formula of benzene C6H6 = CH
Q #10
Give few examples of molecular ion.
Ans:
Following are the examples of molecular ions.
Cations Anions
+ -
C2H4 OH

+ -
NH4 NO3

+ -2
H3O Cr2O7

+ -2
N2 SO4

Q #11
How is mole related to Avogadro’s number?
Ans:
Avogadro’s number and mole are related in a way that one mole of a substance contains
Avogadro’s number of particles.
1 mole of substance = 6.02 x 1023 particles of that substance.
Q #12
How many particles are there in one mole of a substance?
Ans:
One mole of a substance contains
Avogadro’s number of particles. i.e.
1mole of substance = 6.02 x 1023 particles of that substance.

For example:
1 mole of H atoms = 1g = 6.02 x1023 atoms of H.
1 mole of O2 molecules = 32 g = 6.02 x1023 molecules of O2.
Q #13
In a certain mass of a gas, the number of atoms and the number of molecules are equal.
What conclusion can you draw from this observation?
Ans:
Page 8 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
If a certain mass of a gas equal number of atoms and molecules, it means that the gas is mono
atomic i.e., it contains single atom of the same element.
Inert gases like helium (He), Neon (Ne) etc are mono atomic molecules.
Q #14
18.0 g of liquid water have 2 X 6.02 X 1023 H atoms. How many atoms of oxygen are there
in 18.00 g of water vapours?
Ans:
The molecular mass of water is same whether it is in liquid state of vapour state.
So, 18.0g of water (H2O) = 1 mole of water
I mole of H2O contains = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of oxygen.
Q #15
Mg atom is twice heavier than C atom. Do you think that 1 g of each will have same
number of atoms?
Ans:
No, they will have different number of atoms.
We can prove this from following calculations.
Number of atoms of C in 1g.
As we know atomic mass of carbon = 12g
12g (1 mole) of carbon contains = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of carbon
6.02 x 1023
1g = C atoms
12
= 0.5 x 1023 Mg atoms.
Q #16
What is a qualitative analysis?
Ans:
The type of analysis in which quantity of substance, for example composition of substance is
found called qualitative analysis. For example sodium chloride is composed of sodium and
chlorine.
Q #17
What is a substance?
Ans:
A piece of matter in pure form is termed as substance. For example Sodium, Oxygen etc.
Q #18
What is a Mixture and what are its types?
Ans:
Impure matter is called a mixture. The mixture can be divided into two types.
1. Homogenous mixture
2. Heterogeneous mixture
Q #19
What are chemical properties?
Ans:
Chemical properties depends upon the composition of a substance. The properties that are
associated with chemical state of matter are called chemical properties. For example the
decomposition of water is a chemical change.
Q #20
What are physical properties?
Ans:
The properties that are associated with physical state of matter are called physical properties
like smell, taste, color etc.
Q #21
What is an element?
Ans:
An element is substance made up of same type of atoms, having same atomic number and
cannot be decomposed into simpler substance by chemical means. For example; sodium, zinc,
ion etc.

Page 9 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Q #22
Give the % of Copper, Zinc, Iron and Cobalt in our body?
Ans:
Copper, Zinc, Fluorine, Iron, Chlorine and Cobalt constitute only 0.2% in our body mass.
Q #23
Give the % of Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Calcium in our body?
Ans:
Six elements constitute about 99% of our body mass namely, Oxygen 65%, Carbon 18%,
Hydrogen 10%, Nitrogen 3%, Calcium 1.5% and Phosphorous 1.5% etc.
Q #24
What is a Symbol?
Ans:
The abbreviation used for the name of element is called a Symbol. A Symbol is taken from the
name of that element in English, Latin, Greek or German. For example, C for carbon, N for
nitrogen, Ca for calcium.
Q #25
What is valency?
Ans:
The combining capacity of element with other elements is called its valency. It depends upon
number of electron in the outer most shell.
Q #26
Why Nitrogen shows the valency of 3 while Oxygen shows the valency of 2?
Ans:
The Nitrogen shows the valency of 3 because it requires three electrons to complete its octet
while Oxygen has valency of 2, it requires two electrons to complete its octet.
Q #27
What is a variable valency?
Ans:
Some elements show more than one valency, that valency is called a variable valency. For
example, in ferrous sulphate (Fe2So4) the valency of iron is 2. In Ferric Sulphate (Fe3So4) the
valency of iron is 3.
Q #28
What is a compound and what are its types?
Ans:
Compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together in a
fixed ratio by mass. For example Carbon dioxide is formed when elements of carbon and
oxygen combine chemically in fixed ratio of 12:32 or 3:8 by mass.
Compounds are divided into two types.
1. Ionic compounds
2. Molecular compounds
Q #29
Can you identify mixture, element or compound out of the followings:
Coca cola, petroleum, sugar, table salt, blood, gun powder, urine, aluminium,
silicon, tin and ice cream.
Ans:
Mixture Element Compound
Coca cola Aluminium Sugar
Petroleum Silicon Table salt
blood Tin Gun powder
Urine
Ice cream

Q #30
How can you justify that air is a homogenous mixture. Identify substance present in it.
Ans:

Page 10 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Air is a homogenous mixture because it contains gases like nitrogen, oxygen and carbon
dioxide and it has same composition throughout.
Q #31
Name the elements represented by the following symbols:
Hg, Au, Fe, Ni, Co, W, Sn, Na, Ba, Br, Bi.
Ans:

Symbols Elements
Hg Mercury
Fe Iron
Co Cobalt
Sn Tin
Ba Barium
Bi Bismuth
Au Gold
Ni Nickle
W Tungsten
Na Sodium
Br Bromine
Q #32
Name one solid, one liquid and one gaseous element present at the room temperature.
Ans:
Solid = sodium
Liquid = mercury
Gas = oxygen
Q #33
What elements do the following compounds contain?
Sugar, common salt, lime water and chalk.
Ans:
Compounds Elements
Sugar Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Common salt Sodium, chlorine
Lime water Calcium, hydrogen, oxygen
Chalk Calcium, carbon, oxygen
Q #34
Identify the following formulae as empirical or molecular formula:
H2O2, CH4, C6H12O6, C12H22O11, BaCO3, KBr
Ans:
Elements Empirical formula Molecular formula
H2O2 HO H2O2
CH4 CH4 CH4
C6H12O6 CHO C6H12O6
C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H22O11
BaCO3 BaCO3
KBr KBr
Q #35
What is an empirical formula of acetic acid (CH3COOH)? Find out its molecular mass.
Ans:
Empirical formula of acetic acid (CH3COOH) = CH2O
Molecular mass = ?
CH3COOH
=(12) + (1X3) + (12) + (2X16) + 1
=12 +3 +12 + 32 +1
=60amu

Page 11 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Q #36
Calculate the formula masses of:
Na2SO4, ZnSO4, and CuCO3
Ans:
Formula mass of Na2SO4
Na2SO4 = (2 X 23) + (32) + (4X16) = 46 + 32 + 48 = 126g
Formula mass of ZnSO4
ZnSO4 = 65 + (32) + (4X16) = 65 + 32 + 48 = 145g
Formula mass of CuCO3
CuCO3 = 63.65 + 12 + (3X16) = 63.65 + 12 + 48 = 123.65g
Q #37
Identify among the following as diatomic, triatomic or polyatomic molecules:
H2So4, H2, CO2, HCl, CO, C6H6 H2O
Ans:
Diatomic Triatomic Polyatomic
H2 CO2 C6H6
CO H2O H2So4
HCl
Q #38
Identify among the following as cation, anion, free radical, molecular ion or molecule:
Na+, Br -, N2+, N2, Cl2, CO32-, H-, O2, O2-
Ans:
Cation Anion Free radical Molecular ion
Na+ Br - CO32- N2
N2+ O2- Cl2
H- O2
Q #39
Find out the mass of 3 moles of oxygen atoms?
Ans:
Solution:
Mass of substance = ?
Moles of oxygen atom = 3moles
Molar mass of oxygen atom = 16g
Moles = Mass of substance
Molar mass of substance
Mass of substance = moles X molar mass
= 3 X 16
Mass of substance = 48g
Q #40
How many molecules of water will be present in half mole of water?
Ans:
Solution:
Molecules of water =?
Moles of water = 0.5 moles
No of molecules =?
Molecules in substance = moles X Avogadro’s
= 0.5 X 6.023 X 1023
= 3.0115 X 1025 molecules

Exercise Long Questions

Q #1
Define element and classify the elements with examples.
Ans:
Elements:

Page 12 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
Modern definition of element is that it is a substance made up of same type of atoms,
having same atomic number and it cannot be decomposed into simple substances by
chemical means.
Elements occur in nature in free or combined form. All the naturally occurring elements
found in the world have different percentage in the earth’s crust, oceans and
atmosphere. Table 1.1 shows natural occurrence in percentage by weight of some
abundant elements around us. It shows concentrations of these major elements found in
the three main systems of our environment.
Table 1.1 Natural Occurrences by Weight % of Some Major Elements.
Crust of Earth Oceans Atmosphere
Oxygen 47% Oxygen 86% Nitrogen 78%

Silicon 28% Hydrogen 11% Oxygen 21%

Aluminium 7.8% Chlorine 1.8% Argon 0.9%

Elements may be solids, liquids or gases. Majority of the elements exist as solids e.g.
sodium, copper, zinc, gold etc. There are very few elements which occur in liquid state
e.g. mercury and bromine. A few elements exist as gases e.g. nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine
and hydrogen.
On the basis of their properties, elements are divided into metals, non-metals and
metalloids. About 80 percent of the elements are metals.
Q #2
List five characteristics by which compounds can be distinguished from mixtures.
Ans:
Table 1.4 Difference between a compound and a mixture.

Compound Mixture
1. It is formed by a chemical combination of It is formed by the simple mixing of the
atoms of elements. substances.
2. The constituents lose their identity and Mixture shows the properties of the
form a new substance having entirely constituents.
different properties from them.
3. Compounds always have fixed The minimum number and ratio of the
composition by mass. components may not be fixed.
4. The components cannot be separated by The components can be separated by simple
physical means. physical methods.
5. Every compound is represented by a It consists of two or more components and
chemical formula. does not have any chemical formula.
6. Compounds have homogeneous They may be homogeneous or heterogeneous
composition. in composition.
7. A compound has a sharp and fixed A mixture does not have a sharp and fixed
melting point. melting point.
Q #3
Differentiate between the following with examples:
a. Molecule and gram molecule b. Atom and gram atom
c. Molecular mass and molar mass d. Chemical formula and gram formula

Ans:
Molecule:
A molecule is formed by the chemical combinations of atoms. It is the smallest unit of a
substance. It shows all the properties of the substance and can exist independently. There are
different types of molecules depending upon the number and types of atoms combining.
Gram molecule:
The molecular mass of a compound expressed in gram is called gram molecular mass
or gram molecule. It is also called a mole.
Page 13 2015-16
Al-Munir High School Ch # 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry 9th Chemistry
1 gram molecule of water = 18.0 g = 1 mol of water
Atom:
It is the smallest particle of an element. It can or cannot exist independently and can
take part in a chemical reaction. It is electrically neutral.
Gram atom:
The atomic mass of an element expressed in gram is called gram atomic
mass or gram atom.
1 gram atom of hydrogen = 1.008 g = 1 mol of hydrogen
Molecular mass:
The sum of atomic masses of all atoms present in one molecule of molecular compound
is its molecular mass.
For example molecular mass of water is 18 amu and that of carbon dioxide is 14.

Molar mass:
When mass is expressed in gram, it is called molar mass.
For example the molar mass of CO2 is 44 g.

Chemical formula:
Symbol of atom in form of formula is called chemical formula.
For example chemical formula of water is H2O.
Gram formula:
The formula mass of ionic compound expressed in grams is called gram formula.
This is also called mole.
For example 1 gram formula of NaCl = 58.5g = 1 mole of sodium chloride.
Q #4
Mole is SI unit for the amount of a substance. Define it with examples?
Ans:
Scientists have agreed that Avogadro’s number of particles are present in one molar mass of a
substance. Thus, quantitative definition of mole is the atomic mass, molecular mass or formula
mass of a substance expressed in grams.
For example:
Atomic mass of carbon expressed as 12 g = 1 mol of carbon
Molecular mass of H2O expressed as 18 g = 1 mol of water
Molecular mass of H2SO4 expressed as 98g = 1 mol of H2SO4
Formula mass of NaCl expressed as 58.5 g = 1 mol of NaCl

☃☃☃☃☃☃☃☃

Page 14 2015-16