US ARMY Series 60a 26-1-3 Japanese Explosive Ordnance

For Official Use Only
NAVY EODB
60A-26-1-3
ARMY TM
AIR FORCE TO
Revision 0
02 June 1978
TECHNICAL MANUAL
EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES
JAPANESE EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE (15 AUG 1945)
Published under authority of the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
(Prepared by the Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division, 2008 Stump
Neck Road, Indian Head, MD 20640-5070)
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

FURTHER DISTRIBUTION ONLY AS DIRECTED BY CO, NAVEODTECHDIV OR
HIGHER DOD AUTHORITY.

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(U) Published under authority of the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
Prepared by the Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division, 2008 Stump
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. JAPANESE ORDNANCE MARKINGS
CHAPTER II. JAPANESE MILITARY EXPLOSIVES
CHAPTER III. JAPANESE UNDERWATER ORDNANCE
CHAPTER IV. JAPANESE BOMBS AND FUZES
CHAPTER V. JAPANESE AMMUNITION
CHAPTER VI. JAPANESE LAND MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS
CHAPTER VII. JAPANESE DEMOLITION EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER VIII. JAPANESE PYROTECHNICS AND CHEMICAL ORDNANCE
APPENDIX A. COLOR SHEETS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF JAPANESE AMMUNITION
HANDBOOK OF JAPANESE EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE
INTRODUCTION
This book is a nontechnical identification manual of Japanese explosive and chemical
ordnance. It is designed to aid:
(1) Experienced field personnel who, in addition to disposal work, are concerned with
recovering and reporting on new ordnance.
(2) Untrained field units desirous of recognizing weapons and devices used by the
enemy.
(3) All forces needing information to safeguard themselves from the dangers of
unexploded ordnance, booby traps, and mines.
Technical details of operation and construction have been purposely omitted in order
to make this book one for handy reference. The information presented must in no
manner be regarded as sufficient basis for disposal or rendering safe operations.
All such work should be done by specially trained personnel of Army, Navy, or Marine
Bomb Disposal and Navy Mine Disposal Units who are available in combat or forward
areas. New material should be reported to the Mobile Explosives Investigation Units,
Army Technical Intelligence teams, or Bomb and Mine Disposal personnel.
All explosive ordnance must be handled with caution. Souveniring of explosive
ordnance should be prohibited. In addition to the danger of accidents, much valuable
intelligence material is thereby lost. In the same manner, hasty disposal by demolition or
dumping in deep water destroys valuable sources of intelligence. Careful noting and
reporting of new ordnance, including booby traps, and the tactical employment of such
new ordnance will save lives. No attempt has been made to maintain a uniform scale for
photographs of items of ordnance appearing in the text. Large bombs, certain bomb

fuzes, and major caliber projectiles are shown in approximately relative proportions, but
the range in size of ordnance pictured is too great to permit the use of a consistent
scale.
I. JAPANESE ORDNANCE MARKINGS

In handling captured Japanese ordnance, and ability to read labels and markings is of
major importance in quick and positive identification. Furthermore, in many cases no
description of the ordnance is complete without its Japanese designation, for without
that it is impossible to make a definite tie-up between the ordnance reported and the
information available from captured documents. For this reason a list of the most
common ordnance terms encountered is included in this book. In order to use these
terms a few facts about Japanese terminology must be borne in mind.
WRITINGS AND SOUNDS

Japanese writing consists either of a system of Chinese ideographs (Kanji) or of
signs in one of two syllable alphabets (Kana). In either case the Japanese
pronunciation can be expressed in our alphabet (Romaji). In the glossary both the
Japanese writing, either Kanji or Kana, and the Romaji is given, since an ideograph
may have several readings, each with a different meaning, and a single phonetic
combination may correspond to several ideographs, each with a different meaning. It
is only by knowing both the writing and the sound that all chance of confusion can be
eliminated.
Direction Characters are Read
Japanese writing can be read from left to right, right to left, or top to bottom,
never from bottom to top. Only the sense can tell you in which direction to read it.
In most ordnance labels, however, the location of common characters like "type" will
suffice for orientation. See Table 1. Notice that numbers over 10 may be written in the
original Japanese style (e. g., 21 = 2 X 10 + 1 = = + -) or by simple translation of the
Arabic (e. g., 21 = = -). In many cases where long numbers like serial numbers are
used, the Japanese use the Arabic numerals without change. Dating System.
The Japanese employ two systems of dating. One is based on the age of the empire
and can always be translated to our dating by remembering that the Japanese year
2600 corresponds to 1940. The other is based on the year of the particular emperor's
reign -- termed eras. These can be translated by remembering that the Meiji era
ended in 1912 in its 45th year; the Taisho era in 1926 in its 15th year; and the
present Showa era started in 1926 and is now in its 20th year. The era symbols are:
See Table 2. For all practical purposes, the Japanese year begins at the same time as
ours.
System of Ordnance Designation

A. TYPE NUMBER: Items of ordnance, as well as most other items of military
equipment, are given a type number indicating the year the item was finally adopted
for service use. (This may occur several years after the ordnance has been in
production and actual use.) Until the Showa era, items were designated by the year of
the era; since then the year of the empire may, however, be used. With Taisho and
Showa eras the type is usually given in terms of the number of the year, e. g.: "10th
year Type." When the year of the empire is used, only the last two numerals are
employed, e. g.: 99=2599 (1939) Figure 489 shiki is the term for type. See Table 3.
There are several possibilities for ambiguity; however, in almost every case the

nature of the ordnance will give enough indication of the date to permit accurate
reading. Figure 445 shi or Figure 445 shi shiki (experimental) is used for items not yet
officially adopted. It is believed that the number used with it gives the year of
the Showa era in which the experimental development was authorized. Example: Figure
446 is experimental 14.
B. MARK NUMBER: Figure 447 (often abbreviated Figure 447) go, is translated as
"mark." Some ordnance recovered has had no type number, but only a mark number.
With some other ordnance, such as Navy bomb, special purpose types may have a
mark number following the type number.
Example: Figure 448 is Type 99 No. 3 Mk 3 (an aerial burst incendiary shrapnel
bomb). Figure 449 ban means number and is used to give the weight classification of
Navy bombs.
C. DESCRIPTION OF ORDNANCE: Following the type number (and mark number if
used) is a brief description of the ordnance. This may be only a word or so, giving the
caliber of a gun for instance, or it may be more lengthy, describing the uses and the
characteristics of the ordnance. In cases where several similar pieces of ordnance
have the same type number, all parts of the description may be needed for accurate
identification.
Examples: Figure 469, sho eika shinkan, means Small Time Fuze. Figure 470,
saku-yaku bachi bachi shiki kirai kai ichi yo, is Bursting Charge for Type 88 Mine
Mod 1.
D. MODEL AND MODIFICATION: Following the description of the ordnance, model and
modification numbers, if any, are given. Both terms indicate changes in the basic
design, but the nature of the change denoted by each is not known. It is clear that
a change in model number is more drastic than a change in modification number. See
Table 4. Other Information on Labels In addition to the designation of the ordnance,
most labels and items are marked to indicate the date and place of manufacture. The
date will either follow a Showa character or be identifiable by grouping of numerals. It
will always be in terms of the Showa era.
Examples:
(a) Figure 471 is translated "Showa 17th year 8th month," meaning August 1942.
(b) Figure 472 is translated "Showa 18, 11," meaning November 1943.
(c) 18.8 is Showa 18.8, meaning August 1943.
(d) S 4/16 is Showa 16, 4, meaning April 1941.
Example (a) shows the most complete method of expressing the date; this is usually
reserved for labels.
Example (b) illustrates mixing Japanese and Arabic numerals to distinguish years and
months.
Examples (c) and (d) show systems using all Arabic numerals and in (d) even a
Western letter. These last three are the common methods used on the ordnance itself.
Place names create more trouble because various codes are employed which are not
completely known. For this reason only the Tokyo and Osaka Army arsenals and five
Naval arsenals are included here. See Table 5. Much confusion has been caused by
varying translation of the same terms by different translators. For most ordnance terms
there are naturally several English readings which can be defended on the basis of a
dictionary. Nevertheless, only one or two translations will make good sense in terms of
the ordnance and unless a single one of them is selected and standardized, there can
be no certainty that two translators are speaking of the same item. The translations in

this book are the standard translations used by Allied Translator and Interpreter Section,
Southwest Pacific Area. See Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, Table 9 and Table 10.
II. JAPANESE MILITARY EXPLOSIVES
INTRODUCTION
The information in the following table 11 and table 12 is based on a correlation of
information gathered from examination of explosives in Japanese ordnance and from
captured documents. A few statistics on standard explosives have been added.
Many of the explosives in the table, particularly in the Army group, are rarely used
and some have not yet been recovered. For this reason, a knowledge of the color and
appearance of the more common explosives, such as picric, TNT, TNT/RDX mixtures,
trinitroanisol and its mixtures, will permit rapid identification of most explosive
fillings. Japanese characters included in the table will assist in identification. Markings
are found on packing cases, wrappings on the ordnance itself, and on labels fixed to the
explosive charge. Care in handling all explosives cannot be overemphasized.
The sensitive gains on Japanese fuzes, grenades, and mines have caused scores of
injuries to personnel in all Pacific campaigns. The following precautions are of
special emphasis:
1. Many Japanese explosives are toxic. Contact with the explosive or exposure to
fumes and smoke may cause dermatitis.
2. Explosives containing aluminum mixtures burn violently in the open and detonation
may occur if they are confined.
3. Type 88 Explosive (Army "Karitto") is especially dangerous to burn and should be
handled in small quantities.
4. Explosives subjected to abnormal climatic, handling or storage conditions may be
sensitive to friction, heat or shock.
5. Mercury fulminate and lead azide are commonly used as initiators in fuzes and
gains. Only slight shock or friction is required to detonate these explosives and
any attempt to burn the explosives or ordnance containing them will also produce
detonation.
6. Dismantling of explosive ordnance should always be done by trained personnel with
special equipment.
III. JAPANESE UNDERWATER ORDNANCE MINES Table 9
GENERAL
Sea mines are effective weapons against all classes of shipping. The steel mine
case, containing the explosive charge and the firing mechanism, can be designed to
drift on the ocean surface or to moor beneath the surface by a heavy anchor and
mooring cable. Other mines rest on the sea bottom and are called ground mines. See
Table 9.
Contact Mines
Mines are classified as contact or influence, depending on their firing mechanisms.
Contact mines are generally spherical, with several lead, steel, or copper
projections screwed into the mine case. These are called horns, and when a horn is
bent or broken by contact with a ship, it detonates the mine. Horns are of several
types, but the most common is the chemical horn. Bending or breaking the horn
shatters a glass vial and allows an acid to flow between the electrodes of a battery.

The current thus generated fires the electric detonator of the mine. Some contact
mines have a long copper wire antenna extending out of the top or bottom of the case.
Should a steel ship touch an antenna while both are immersed in sea water, the mine
will explode. Contact moored mines usually have some type of safety mechanism to
render the mines inactive if they break adrift, as well as devices to make sure that
the mines are safe while aboard the mine-laying ship, submarine, or plane.
Release of mooring tension is the most common method used by the Japanese to
disarm a moored contact mine if it breaks free of its moorings. This is essentially a
spring-loaded rod set in the base of the mine and free to move up and down. When the
mine is correctly moored, the buoyant mine case is held beneath the surface by its
anchor. This strain on the mooring cable pulls the mooring spindle down, compressing
its spring. Contacts on the spindle inside the mine close gaps in the circuit
between the horns and electric detonator, and the mine is armed. If the mooring
cable parts and the mine rises to the surface, there is no longer any tension on the
mooring spindle. The spindle moves upward under influence of its spring and breaks
the firing circuit within the mine. The operation of the mooring spindle and other safety
devices, especially after the mine has been laid for some time, is unreliable. In many
cases sea growth will so foul the moving parts that they will not operate.
Influence Mines
Influence mines may be of any shape, but are usually cylindrical and rather like a
bomb in appearance. These mines do not require contact with a ship in order to fire,
and hence may be laid on the bottom many feet below the ship. Any physical change
which takes place in the water around the mine due to the ship's passage over it
could be utilized to actuate the firing mechanism. However, the most common types
are magnetic and acoustic. Any mine without horns or antenna is almost certainly
either an influence mine, sensitive enough to be detonated by the slightest noise or
motion of the case, or else a controlled mine connected by an electric cable to the
shore and fired by sending a current through that cable.
Mine Designation
The Bureau of Ordnance has recently redesignated Japanese mines. In the future all
Japanese mines that have been recovered will be designated with the letter "J" and a
second letter to indicate the specific mine. Mines known only through intelligence
sources are designated by fruit names. The following table gives both the Japanese
and the new U.S. designations. This handbook will use Japanese designations
wherever possible. U.S. designations will be employed where the Japanese is unknown.
Japanese Designation* U.S. Designation Japanese designation* U.S. Designation
Type 88 Mod 1 ............ JA Unknown ................. JM
Type 92 .................. JK Unknown ................. Pomegranate
Type 92 Model 1 .......... JK Type 3 Electrical Mine .. Lime
Type 93 Model 1 .......... JB Type 3 Mk 1 Aircraft
Type 93 Model 2 .......... Blueberry Mine Model 1........... JJ
Type 93 Model 3 .......... JB Type 3 Mark 2 Aircraft
Type 93 Model 3 Mod 1 .... JB Mine Model 1 (Provisional
Type 93 Model 3 Mod 4 .... JB designation K2) ....... JI
Type 94 Model 2 Mod 1 .... JF Type 3 Mark 6 ........... Pear
Type 96 .................. Apricot Small Model Mine Model
Type 96 Mod 1 ............ Grapefruit 1 ..................... JE
Mark 5 Mod 1 ............. JC Small Model Mine Model
Mark 6 Model 1............ JH 2 ..................... JG

Mark 6 Model 2............ JL Mark 2 Explosive Hook ... Grape
Mark 6 Model 2 Mod 1...... Persimmon Mark 2 Mod. 1 Explosive
Unknown .................. Banana Hook .................. JD
*Mod. stands for Modification.
TYPE 88 MOD 1 (Figure 1)

This is an offensive submarine-laid mine of the contact type, with four chemical
horns on the upper hemisphere. The case consists of two hemispheres separated by a
cylindrical belt and is filled with 396 pounds of block-fitted Shimose. A circular
pan 17 inches deep may be fitted into the top of the mine in place of the top
cover plate. The depth setting hydrostat and mooring cable pulleys are mounted on a
bail attached to the bottom of the case. A side pocket accommodates a spring-loaded
safety switch. The detonator is located in a socket at the bottom of the case and
should be pulled out of the mine if it breaks free of its moorings.
Type 92 (Figure 2)
The type 92 is a moored controlled mine. Its height is 55 inches, diameter 41.5
inches, and it is filled with 1,100 pounds of Type 88 Explosive. This mine is fired
by closing a switch in the control station ashore, hence there are no horns. The
combined control and mooring cable enters the mine through the base plate. The
detonator and booster assembly are bolted to the charge case underneath the top cover
plate. A microphone to detect the presence of ships is fitted under the top cover
plate of the mine. A Type 92 Model 1 without a microphone and filled with Type 1
Explosive has also been recovered.
Type 93 Model 1 (Figure 3)

This is a moored mine 34 inches in diameter containing about 220 pounds of Type 88
Explosive. Four chemical horns are located around the upper hemisphere. The base
plate houses the detonator and the mooring spindle, to which the mooring cable is
attached. The Type 93 Model 2 has three additional horns on the lower hemisphere.
The Type 93 Model 4 has six horns on the upper hemisphere and three on the lower,
and is loaded with Type 1 Explosive. A Model 3 with nine horns has been reported, and
Model 3 Mod. 1 (Figure 4) with eight or nine horns and a modified base plate have
been recovered. It is also believed that a Type 93 Model 5 exists.

The Type 94 Model 2 is a ground controlled mine hemispherical in shape with a base
diameter of 28 inches and a height of 25 inches. The filling consists of about 190
pounds of Type 88 Explosive. Four wheels are secured to the base of the mine. The
firing cable enters the booster and detonator well in the side of the case. A Type
94 Model 2 Mod. 1 which eliminates the wheels and depends on safety fuse and a
nonelectric detonator for firing, has also been recovered.
Mark 5 Mod. 1 (Figure 6)

This is a moored contact mine with a 180 pound block-fitted Shimose charge. Four
chemical horns and a large cover plate are fitted to the upper hemisphere. A
spring-loaded arming switch and the detonator holder are located under a bung under
the top cover plate. The base plate and mooring spindle are located in a well in the
base of the mine and are covered with a rubber diaphragm.

Mark 6 Model 1 (Figure 7)

This is a large moored contact mine 41 inches in diameter. Four chemical horns are
set in the upper hemisphere, two on the bosses and two screwed directly into the
case. Four anchor legs are welded 90 degrees apart around the lower hemisphere, and
a mooring spindle is located at the bottom of the case. The mooring cable is secured
to the spindle and to the four anchor legs by short lengths of chain. A bung in the
top cover plate covers the spring-loaded arming switch and the detonator. The
Shimose filling is block-fitted within a charge case and weighs 478 pounds. The Mark
6 Model 2 has a 440-pound Shimose charge and differs from the Model 1 in that it does
not have a chain mooring bridle on the base. The base plate is similar to the Mark 5
Mod. 1 but is flush with the case of the mine. A Mark 6 Model 2 Mod. 1 filled with 440
pounds of Type 88 and a Mark 6 Model 3 with two additional horns on the lower
hemisphere have been reported.
Small Model Mine Model 1 (Figure 8)

This mine is widely used by the Japanese. It is a ground contact mine designed for
laying in shallow water and on reefs against landing craft. It is hemispherical in
shape, 10-inches high and 20 inches in base diameter. Two chemical horns and a
spring-loaded safety switch are located on the upper surface of the case. The
filling consists of about 45 pounds of Type 98 Explosive. The mine may be planted off
enemy beaches between obstacles. Wires may be strung between the obstacles and
the horns of the mine in such a manner that landing craft striking one of the wires
instead of the mine itself, will bend a horn and detonate the mine. On beaches, roads or
airstrips, small type mines may be found buried up to the horns and employed as anti-
vehicle mines. (See ch. VI). Small type mines can be rigged as floating demolition
charges (Figure 9). The mine is lashed to logs, and two nonelectric detonators taped to
each horn. Hand grenade igniters secured to the logs on either side of the mine are
connected by safety fuse to the detonators on the horns. The mine is exploded by
striking the igniters. This improvised weapon is probably intended for use by swimmers
against ships.
Small Model Mine Model 2 (Figure 10)

A later version of the Small Mine, the Model 2, may also be used as a shallow water
mine although so far it has been found principally in land minefields. The mine
shell is smaller and forms the section of a cone 12 inches in height and 14 inches in
base diameter. It is loaded with 22 pounds of Type 98 Explosive. A single chemical
horn and the safety switch assembly are placed in a well in the top of the mine and
secured by a keep ring. Type 3 Mark 1 Aircraft Mine Model 1 (Figure 11, Figure 12, and
Figure 13) This is an aircraft or surface laid moored mine. A parachute and metal
parachute housing (Figure 11) are secured to the top of the mine when it is laid by
planes. Four chemical horns fitted with extension arms are screwed into the top of the
mine case. The base plate on the bottom of the case mounts the mooring hydrostat and
houses the mooring lever and switch (Figure 12). The detonator and booster are
located in a tube running transversely through the mine case. The mine is 71 inches
long (53 inches without parachute housing), 24 inches in diameter, and contains a
240-pound charge of Type 98 Explosive.

Type 3 Mark 2 Aircraft Mine Model 1 (Figure 14)

This is an aircraft-laid drifting mine. It is similar to a bomb in outward appearance, 6 feet
long and 14 inches in diameter. The mine is filled with about 123 pounds of Type 98
Explosive cast in the hemispherical nose. The detonator and booster are housed in a
transverse tube running through the mine, while farther aft in another pocket is the
hydrostatic arming switch. The tail section breaks free of the mine after laying and floats
on the surface. The mine proper is suspended vertically about 6 feet under the surface
of the water by a cable attached to the buoyant tail. When the tail is released three
sensitive switch horns spring out around the base of the mine case. Approximately five
pounds pressure on any of the horns will fire the mine. Only a small part of the tail is
visible when the mine is drifting (Figure 15). The mine can be safely disposed of by
puncturing the tail with small arms fire. There is no disarming device, so the mine, once
laid, remains armed. After a few hours a soluble plug in the tail dissolves, and the mine
sinks.
Type 96 (Figure 16)

This is reported to be a mine secured to antisubmarine nets. The firing mechanism is
of the tension type, detonating the mine when a submarine fouls a panel of the net.
The mine is loaded with 120 pounds of Type 88 or Type 97 Explosive. The Type 96
Mod. 1 has a slightly larger charge and varies in the details of the firing mechanism.
The Type 96, with a modified firing mechanism, may be encountered as a land mine or
booby trap.
Type 3 Mark 6
This mine is apparently a modified Type 88 Mod. 1 and has the same appearance. The
Shimose filling is somewhat larger (440 pounds) than the Type 88, but the total
weight is less.
Banana (Figure 17)

Very little is known of this mine, but it is of the moored contact type. There are
four chemical horns on the upper portion of the case, and a mooring spindle is fitted
in the base. The mine is loaded with 275 pounds of Type 88 Explosive.
JM (Figure 18)
Though JM is a moored contact mine, it has no horns. The jolt received by the
pendulum firing mechanism, when a ship strikes the mine, closes an electrical contact
and fires the detonator. The mine is pear shaped (29 inches in diameter and 53
inches in height) and carries a calculated charge of approximately 110 pounds. It is
believed unlikely that "Banana" or JM will ever be found in any quantity.
Pomegranate (Figure 19)

This is a Vickers antenna mine purchased by the Japanese before the war. The mine is
spherical, 41 inches in diameter, and has six chemical horns on the upper hemisphere.
Two additional horns are fitted on brackets welded to the lower hemisphere. An upper
antenna and float and/or lower antenna are secured to the mine. A mooring lever
system of the British Mk XIV type is mounted on the base plate which also houses the
detonator holder under a strongback. Beached antenna mines are particularly

dangerous to handle since contact between the copper antenna and the steel mine
case or any other steel object may cause the mine to fire.
Type 3 Mine
The Type 3 mine is the first Japanese attempt to employ influence mines. According to
the recovered documents, the various models are all copies of the German S and N
mines, and may be fitted with either magnetic or acoustic firing mechanisms.
The cylindrical aluminum case is either 7 ft or 11 ft long and 21 inches in diameter.
There are three transverse pockets in the case. The pocket farthest aft houses the
hydrostatic delay arming clock, and the booster and booster release mechanism will be
found in the center opening. Directly opposite on the other side of the case is the
detonator under a cover plate. The contents of the forward pocket are unknown, but
it may contain a self-destroying clock. The Type 3 is laid from submarine torpedo tubes,
although it could be easily fitted with a parachute for aircraft laying. In this case the mine
will be 4 feet or 5 feet longer and will resemble the German mine (Figure 20).
Mark 2 Mod. 1 Explosive Hook (Figure 21)

This weapon is actually an explosive charge used for mine sweeping rather than a
mine. The cylindrical body is 10 inches long, 8 inches in diameter, and has been
recovered with varying weights of Type 88 Explosive. (33 pounds maximum.) Shimose
fillings have also been reported. The detonator is located under a stuffing box in
the side of the body. The hook is towed underwater from the swivels secured to
brackets on the ends of the case. When one of the four projecting arms welded to the
body fouls a mine mooring cable or an underwater obstruction, the hook is fired
electrically from the towing ship.
The Mark 2 Mod. 0 Hook is reported to have a combination firing mechanism, actuated
either electrically or by the tension put on the hook when it fouls something.
Objects Commonly Reported as Mines It is outside the scope of this book to discuss
Allied mines likely to be found, but there are several items of Japanese and Allied
equipment that are often erroneously reported as drifting or beached mines. A short
description of such objects may aid correct mine recognition. However, unless a foreign
object can be identified positively as a nonexplosive piece of equipment, it should not be
moved until local mine, bomb disposal or intelligence officers have been consulted.
Mine Sweeping Floats Figure 22 shows representative types of Japanese mine
sweeping floats and marker buoys. Japanese characters are often painted on the floats,
and some have a junction box bolted to the float body. Other Allied or enemy anchorage
and navigational buoys may drift ashore. Intelligence officers or the Port Director should
be contacted for identification.
U.S. D4 Floats (Figure 23)

These are steel cylindrical floats 18 inches in length and 10 inches in diameter.
Usually three steel horns surrounded by copper cups are secured to the float. The
cups are connected to a copper eyebolt in the base of the float by insulated wire.
The floats are part of the U.S. Mark 6 Antenna Mine, but contain no explosive charge.
Parts of Aircraft
Belly tanks, wing tips, and parts of fuselages have been reported as drifting mines.
Pyrotechnics and Sea Markers
Floating smoke pots or flares can cause serious burns or may even explode if handled

carelessly. Therefore, do not touch unidentified objects.
Precautions
Moored mines frequently break adrift of their moorings and wash ashore (Figure 24).
Aircraft-laid mines may be dropped on land, and the Small Model Japanese Mines are
designed to be laid either on land or in the sea. Often mines are captured in
ammunition dumps or may be rigged as booby traps. At sea, floating mines may be
sunk by gunfire from a safe distance (200 yards), but mines should never be sunk in a
harbor or anchorage. Under no circumstances shoot at mines on land, as this may
detonate them or make them more sensitive. Mines on the beach should never be
touched or even approached. The proper procedure is to clear the area within five
hundred yards and get in touch with the local Mine or Bomb Disposal Officer. If none is
immediately available, send a report to the Area Commander and a specialist will be
dispatched to do the job. Due to the frequent failures of safety devices, mines are often
discovered, in the active state. Their sensitivity depends on a number of factors which
disposal officers are trained to assess. Attempts by untrained personnel to dismantle,
destroy, or souvenir mines, place in jeopardy the lives of everyone within the area.
In addition to the great risk involved, items of intelligence value may be destroyed
by such heedless action. Information on Japanese mines is very incomplete, and all
possible specimens are desired. See table 13.
TORPEDOES (See table 14)
GENERAL
The torpedo, the most lethal weapon in use against ships, is a self-propelled
underwater projectile. A modern torpedo is a complex affair containing within its
cigar-shaped body the explosive filling and the machinery necessary to drive the
torpedo on a set course at a set depth to its target. (Figure 25.) Most torpedoes are
steam driven. Compressed air, fuel, and water are mixed in a combustion pot and
ignited. The high-pressure gases thus created are fed into a turbine or steam engine
geared to the propellers. A gyroscope controls the vertical rudders to steer the torpedo
on a definite course. The horizontal rudders are controlled by a hydrostatic valve and
pendulum assembly and keep the torpedo at a stable depth beneath the surface. Other
mechanisms start and stop the torpedo, convert impulses received from the gyro and
pendulum into rudder motion, and lubricate and cool the moving parts.
Recognition of a torpedo is easy. There is no mistaking the long cylindrical body
with co-axial screws and horizontal and vertical rudders fitted to the tail. It is,
however, difficult to identify a specific model. Aside from comparatively minor
differences in dimensions and in the details of the exploders, most torpedoes look
very much alike.
Japanese Torpedoes
The best means of identifying Japanese torpedoes is by translation of the markings
stamped on the body. These will be found on the top center line (in line with the
guide stud) just aft the joint between the airflask and the after body. Warheads are
also usually marked on the top center line on the curve of the nose. For the past twenty
years the Japanese Navy has conducted an extensive torpedo-research program. The
result has been the design of torpedoes unrivaled in speed and range, yet carrying an
extra weight of explosive. The table 14 gives pertinent details of most known torpedoes.

Much of the data is compiled from intelligence sources and should be evaluated
accordingly.
Exploders The nose section of the torpedo, called the warhead, contains the explosive
fillingas well as the means of detonating that charge. These exploder mechanisms are
usually designed to operate on the impact of the warhead with the target, although
influence types have been perfected.
Type 90 Exploder (Figure 26)

The Type 90 is locked in a transverse pocket on the top centerline of the warhead.
The exploder is made up of two cylindrical containers jointed by a center ring. The
upper body houses the arming and firing mechanisms; the lower, the detonator and
booster. An impeller wheel is mounted in the top of the exploder (the only part
visible when the exploder is set in the warhead). A movable spring-loaded bail
projects from the exploder and arcs over the impeller. The selector screw forward of
the impeller varies the arming distance by changing the gear train.
As the torpedo begins its run, water pressure forces the bail down against the top of
the exploder, unlocking the firing mechanism. The impeller wheel spins, and, after a
certain number of turns, depending on the selector screw setting, arms the firing
mechanism through a gear train. The exploder will then fire upon impact.
The Type 90 Model 2 (Figure 27) is a revision of the Type 90 for use in aircraft
torpedoes. A detent on the bail prevents the impeller from turning until the bail is
in the down position. Also there is no selector screw. Otherwise the exploders are
identical.

This mechanism threads into the nose of the warhead and is similar in action to a
bomb fuze. Two horizontal and one vertical lever extend radially from the exploder,
and a four-bladed impeller is secured to the nose. After the torpedo enters the
water, the spring-loaded vertical lever moves aft, unlocking the impeller. Rotation
of the impeller frees the striker and unmasks the striker point. Impact on any of
the levers or the pistol itself will shear two copper wires and drive the striker
into the detonator, exploding the warhead. The Type 91 Model 1 fits in 24 inch
torpedoes while the smaller Model 2 is for 21-inch torpedoes. It is believed that a Model
3 for 18-inch torpedoes is also in existence. The Type 91 is an obsolete exploder found
only in the older torpedoes.

The Type 2 is of the same general construction and employs the same arming and firing
principles as the Type 90. However, the operation of the mechanism within the
exploder is quite different. An impeller wheel is again mounted in the top of the
exploder. On one side of the impeller is a brass anti-countermining diaphragm; and
on the other, the selector screw. A small bail is aft of the impeller. Unless the
safety pin is in position, the bail will be down against the after edge of the
exploder.

This exploder is similar to the Type 90 Model 2 (Figure 27) in appearance. It is
fitted in conjunction with the hydroplane mechanism in the special Type 3 warhead (
Figure 31) for use in the Type 91 torpedo and is located on the bottom centerline.

The bail of this exploder is much smaller than that of Type 90 Model 2. In addition
a small arc gear meshing with a similar gear in the recess in the warhead is pivoted
in the forward edge of the exploder housing. The brass hydroplane itself is set in a well
on the top of the warhead (Figure 32.) A length of wire runs forward from the hydroplane
through a groove in the warhead to a fair lead and from there to the cable reel in the
nose. As the torpedo makes its run, the bail of the exploder is depressed and the
impeller arms the mechanism. Two impellers on either side of the hydroplane raise the
hydroplane and fairlead from their respective pockets in the warhead. Finally the
hydroplane is released mechanically, and, due to its shape, rises above the torpedo,
unreeling the 25-feet length of wire attached to it. The strain on the wire and hydroplane
as the torpedo moves through the water cocks the operating mechanism. Then, should
the hydroplane strike a solid object, it breaks free of the wire. Release of tension on the
wire allows the spring-loaded cocking arm to rotate the arc gear on the Type 3 exploder
through a system of gears and shafting, firing the detonator and the warhead.
The hydroplane exploder greatly extends the vertical range of the torpedo and makes
it more effective against shallow-draft vessels. As long as the torpedo passes
beneath the ship so that the hydroplane can strike the hull, it will explode. A Type
90 Model 2 Exploder located aft of the hydroplane will operate if the torpedo itself
hits the target.
Precautions Unexploded torpedoes are usually found on beaches or reefs. The
exploder willnormally be fully armed. In this condition, jarring of the torpedo, movement
of thebails or impellers of any pistol, or pressure on the levers or nose of the Type 91,
may detonate the torpedo. In addition, the possibility of a magnetic or acoustic
exploder must be kept in mind. Torpedoes (or just the warhead) may be encountered
rigged as booby traps. (See Chapter VI.) The Type 3 Warhead is almost ready-made for
such purposes. The hydroplane wire could easily be rigged as a trip wire operating the
exploder when tension is applied (mechanism uncocked) or when the taut wire is
broken (mechanism cocked). On Guam, a Type 3 warhead was planted as a controlled
mine. The hydroplane wire was to be pulled from a machine gun nest nearby. The Type
3 warhead planted in shallow water with the hydroplane wire strung between obstacles
would make a very effective anti-invasion mine. Do not touch torpedoes, wherever they
are found. Be on the lookout for trip wires leading to warheads, but never cut or handle
them. All possible enemy torpedoes and exploders are desired, and Mine Disposal
Personnel are trained to render this type of ordnance safe with the minimum amount of
risk.
DEPTH CHARGES
General
The sole purpose of the depth charge is to destroy submerged submarines. As such, it
is still the most widely used weapon of its type in spite of many new developments in
antisubmarine warfare. Most depth charges are of a standardized design, consisting
of an explosive filled cylindrical "ash-can" body and equipped with a pistol to
detonate the charge at a definite depth below the surface of the ocean. The pistol
is housed in a central tube running along the central axis of the case.
In order to sink or damage a submarine the depth charge must explode in the
immediate vaccinity of the target, no matter what its depth. A depth charge pistol
normally makes use either of the ratio between water pressure and depth or of the ratio

between time and depth to accomplish this. The Japanese incline towards the latter
principle.
Japanese Depth Charges

The depth charges of the Japanese Navy, like its mines but unlike its torpedoes, are
obsolete in design. In view of the successes of American submarines, new
countermeasures, such as magnetic pistols or contact-firing rockets, should be
expected.
ype 88 Depth Charge

The Type 88 is a comparatively old model. It has never been recovered and is
probably no longer in service. Its dimensions, 30.5 inches in length and 17.7 inches
in diameter, are standard for all known Japanese depth charges. It is filled with
327 pounds of Shimose. The pistol is operated by water pressure and can be set to
fire at depths of 82 feet or 148 feet by varying the opposing spring pressure.
Type 91 Model 1 Mod. 1 Depth Charge

Another obsolete charge, the Type 91 contains 220 pounds of Type 88 explosive.
Changing the area of a diaphragm receiving water pressure allows the pistol to fire
in 82 feet or 164 feet of water.
Type 95 Depth Charge (Figure 33)

The Type 95 was the regular issue depth charge until the appearance of the Type 2.
It is of standard dimensions and is filled with 220 pounds of Type 88 explosive. One
end of the charge is removable and is bolted to a flange in the interior of the case.
Slow ships drop the Type 95 with a parachute attached to slow down its rate of
descent so that the ship can escape the danger area before the charge explodes.
The pistol (figure 34) can be set for depths of 98 feet; 98 feet with parachute, 197
feet, and safe. Depth setting is accomplished by varying the amount of time
necessary for a certain amount of water to enter and operate the firing mechanism.
The size of the water inlet is different for each setting; the smaller the inlet, the
deeper the setting. The Type 95 Mod. 1 contains 325 pounds of Type 97 or 98
Explosive, while the Mod. 2 is loaded with 240 pounds of Type 1. A new pistol with an
additional setting of 292 feet is believed to be in existence, probably used in the Type
95 Model 1 Mods. 1 and 2.
Type 2 Depth Charge (figure 35)

This depth charge and pistol are almost direct copies of British models. The size of
the depth charge has been changed slightly in order to bring it up to standard
Japanese dimensions. Two filling bungs are located in one end of the case. The
filling is Type 88. The pistol (figure 36) operates on the same depth setting principle as
the Type 95, but the range of depth settings, 98 feet, 197 feet, 292 feet, 390 feet, 480
feet, and "safe" is much greater. The Type 2 Mod. 1, containing 357 pounds of Type 98
explosive, has been recovered. Type 97 explosive may be an alternate filling. Type 2
Mod. 2's, loaded with 242 pounds of either Types 1 or 4 explosive have also been
recovered.

50-Kg. Army Depth Charge (figure 37)
This depth charge is probably used on suicide boats or small patrol boats. It is 20
inches in length, 13 inches in diameter, and carries a charge of approximately 75
pounds of TNT. The firing mechanism is housed in a well in one end of the case.
Experimental Type 3 120 Kg. Depth Charge (figure 38)

The Type 3 is rigged on Army suicide boats. It is fired by a pull igniter instead of
a hydrostatic pistol. The charge is 24 1/2 inches long and 15 1/4 inches in
diameter. The explosive filling weighs about 200 pounds.
Precautions
Depth charges may be found on beached ships or in storage dumps. Although all
known Japanese pistols require water pressure in order to operate, an influence-firing
pistol may appear at any time. The use of Type 2 Depth charges as land mines with
the pistols converted to pressure devices is common. (See Chapter VI). Depth
charges should never be dismantled by untrained personnel. Depth charges are often
dropped accidentally and fail to fire due to insufficient depth of water. Divers unfamiliar
with the details of depth charge operation should not attempt to raise them. Mine
Disposal personnel will be available to do the job.
Miscellaneous
Suicide Boats
The Japanese Army and Navy have both constructed suicide boats. The craft are light
plywood gasoline-driven speedboats, 15 to 20 feet long. The Army boat (figure 39)
mounts two 120 kg. depth charges on racks on the side. The charges are released
when the boat strikes its target by a system of steel rods which open the slings securing
the charges in their racks. Some boats have a third depth charge rigged to roll over
the stern. The Navy type boat (figure 40) has a 640-pound charge of Type 98 explosive
built into the nose. The boat is exploded electrically upon contact with the target, or by
throwing a switch in the cockpit. A stand-by pull igniter firing device is also
fitted. The switches controlling the selective electric firing are mounted in the
cockpit, and the boat could easily be booby-trapped by changing the leads.
Mark 3 Sound Missile (figure 41)

This device consists of a case 8 5/8 inches long and 5 5/6 inches in diameter, filled
with Type 88 Explosive. When it is dropped into the water, the sodium under the top
cap explodes, blowing the cap off and operating a pull igniter. Then, after a short
delay the explosive charge detonates. The use of the missile is not definitely
known, but it is believed to be an antisubmarine weapon. A Mark 3 Modified and Mark
4 Missiles, varying slightly in dimensions and internal construction, have also been
recovered. Under no conditions attempt to dismantle any of these missiles.
Yokosuka Depth Charge

This reported antisubmarine weapon is not a depth charge in the accepted sense. It
is towed under water by escort ships and will explode upon contact with a submerged
submarine. The charge is cylindrical in shape, about 5 feet in length and 1 foot in
diameter. The filling is 55 pounds of Type 88. Vertical and horizontal rudders are
fitted on the tail, and an impeller-armed impact firing mechanism is located in the
nose.

IV. JAPANESE BOMBS AND FUZES. See table 7.
I. ARMY BOMBS
The Japanese Army Air Force has its own distinct series of bombs. Although Army
planes have dropped Navy bombs against ships and submarines, and the beginning of
inter-servive coordination is suggested by the recovery of a Navy bomb filled and
marked by the Army (figure 42), construction and markings are generally so different
that distinguishing between the ordnance of the two services is rarely a problem.
The types of bombs in use by the Japanese Army include general use (general purpose
HE), anti shipping, chemical, special use (antiaircraft, cluster bombs, etc.),
substitute and practice. Various substitute, practice and old model bombs described
in documents are not included in this book because they are believed to be obsolete.
Anti shipping bombs are a recent development. Documents first suggested that the
Japanese Army was becoming concerned with combating Allied shipping and
submarines, normally the province of Navy bombers. Navy Ordinary and Mark 2 bombs,
designated Type 4 by the Army, were probably first used for this purpose. Later
modified Army bombs, new bomb designs and special new fuzes appeared.
Experimental AP bombs, also for use against ships, have been reported in documents
but never recovered. No special antisubmarine bomb was ever designed by the Army.
General use bombs with a nose plug and a special 3.5-second delay antisubmarine tail
fuze have served the purpose. It should particularly be noted that the small special
bombs contain sensitive fuzes and constitute a hazard to souvenir hunters and
personnel unaware of their dangers.
Construction
General use bombs are normally made in three pieces with the tail cone filled with
explosive. The nose or the tail cone is welded to the barrel and the other part is
threaded to the barrel for the final junction in assembly. Occasionally the nose and
barrel are made in one piece. Older bombs (Type 92, 94, 99) have the nose threaded,
while the new bombs (Type 3) have the threaded junction between tail cone and barrel.
The table 15 indicates in each case where the junction occurs. Type 92 500 kilogram
bombs with a heavy bolted external nose band have been recovered (Figure 56). The
purpose of this attachment is not known. Time bombs, Type 1, are similar in
construction to the older general use bombs, with the exception of an enlarged nose
fuze pocket for the C-3 (a) time fuze, and a specially constructed tail fuze pocket for the
E-1 (a) antiwithdrawal fuze. Older type general use bombs have been recovered with a
large nose fuze pocket for a time fuze and a tail fuze pocket for ordinary impact fuzing.
This is apparently a stage in transition to the Type 1 bomb. Such bombs have been
designated in the table 15 as Modified Type 92, Modified Type 94; the use of Modified
in this case is not Japanese terminology. Type 99 30 Kg., and Type 3 100 and 250 Kg.
bombs have been recovered modified for antishipping use. The modification is
accomplished by welding full-length steel struts to the tail fins. In addition, the 100 and
250 Kg. sizes may have a heavy internal reinforcing plate bolted just forward of the
junction of tail cone and barrel. Type 4 bombs designed particularly for antishipping use,
have been removed in 100, 250, and 500 Kg. sizes. Documents report the existence of
an 800 Kg. size. They have the internal reinforcing plate and heavy hollow fins
supported by an explosive-filled tube. The construction of chemical and special bombs
are noted in the table 15. Substitute bombs, constructed generally for fragmentation

purposes, are made of low-grade steel or concrete and sometimes have walls fitted with
steel fragments and concrete.
Suspension
All Army bombs except those carried in containers are suspended by a single
rectangular hinged suspension lug at the center of gravity.
Filling
General use and antishipping bombs are usually filled with precast paper-wrapped
blocks of explosive, surrounded by paraffin or in the latest types by cast TNT. In
table 15 only the fillings found in particular bombs are listed, but it is quite
possible that any of the H.E. fillings may be found in any of the general use bombs.
Fillings for other types of bombs are described in the table 15.
Fuzing
In general 250 and 500 Kg. Army bombs use larger fuzes. Through the use of an
adapter (figure 43) however, Army tail fuzes with smaller threads may be used in
larger Army bombs. This permits tail fuzes for low-level, antishipping and
antisubmarine attacks to be used in bombs of all sizes. The probable fuzing for each
Army bomb is given in a subsequent chart.
Markings
Typical markings for general use are illustrated by a drawing (figure 44) and in the
photographs. Chemical bombs follow the same pattern with additions as noted in table
15. Special use bombs have parts of the typical marking.
Size
To date the small sizes of general use bombs, particularly 50 and 100 Kg. have been
used almost exclusively. Although documents refer to 1000 Kg. bombs, none larger
than 500 kilograms have ever been recovered. This is probably due to the limited
bomb-carrying capacity of present Army bombers.
Figure 45, figure 46, figure 47, figure 48, figure 49, figure 50, figure 51, figure
52, figure 53, figure 54, figure 55, figure 56, figure 57, figure 58, figure 59,
figure 60, figure 61, figure 62, figure 63, figure 64, figure 65, figure 66, figure
figure 105, figure 106.
ARMY BOMB FUZES

Japanese fuzes are given an Allied designation consisting of three parts:
(1) A capital letter
A--nose impact fuze.
B--tail impact fuze.
C--time fuze (nose or tail).
D--aerial burst fuze (nose or tail).
E--protective fuze (nose or tail).

(2) A numeral indicating approximately the order of recovery by Allied forces, within
the general classification of A, B, C, D, and E.
(3) A small letter indicating whether the fuze is the first, second, etc., example
recovered of a basic design. Thus, the difference between A-2 (a) and an A-2 (b) is
roughly equivalent to the difference between modifications of a certain mark of U.S.
Navy ordnance. Since this system of designation takes no account of the distinction
between Army and Navy ordnance, and since in many cases the order of recovery is far
different from the order of development by the Japanese, a knowledge of the Japanese
fuze designations is important for coordinating intelligence. Japanese Army bomb fuzes
are distinctive from those of the Navy. Individual Army fuzes are interchangeable in
Army bombs, but cannot be used in Navy bombs. Army fuzes may be distinguished by
(1) holes in the arming vanes for arming wires,
(2) safety forks usually fitted over the vanes into holes in the top of the fuze
body. In all but the A-2 (b) and A-6 (b), the primer is contained in the fuze and
not the gaine.
Unrecovered fuzes, reported in recent documents, include the Type 3 tail impact fuze
(replaces B-1 (a)), a Type 1 aerial burst tail fuze which is probably similar to the
D-5 (a), and 0.2-second delay tail fuze for AP bombs.
ARMY GAINES
Gaines used with Japanese Army bomb fuzes are shown in figure 107. The flash from
the primer in the fuze (with the exception of the A-2 (b) and A-6 (b)) ignites the
gaine. The A-2 (b) and A-6 (b) fuzes have no internal primer and the gaine is
pierced directly by the striker. Because of the presence of a sensitive initiator imbedded
in or in close proximity to powerful boosting explosives these gaines present a great
hazard. Even trained personnel have experienced accidents in stripping them and in the
field no attempt at break-down should be made. Boosters are either contained in a
brass cup threaded on to the fuze around the gaine (see fuze photos), or in a paper
cylinder housed in the main charge itself.
II. NAVY BOMBS

The organization of Japanese Navy Air Force bombs follows a peculiar pattern. For
this reason, although a good proportion of Navy bombs have been known since early in
the war, it has been difficult to classify them in any system useful for intelligence
purposes. The recent Central and Southwest Pacific campaigns, however, have yielded
valuable captured specimens and documents. Correlation of the two makes it possible
to fit the known bombs into the Japanese pattern and to predict with reasonable
certainty the characteristics of bombs mentioned in documents but not yet recovered.
Numerous points still remain in doubt, but a discussion of what is known will clarify
the points where further information is needed. This section deals with all Navy bombs
recovered or for which documentary evidence appears sufficiently complete or reliable
to be of value.
General Description of Navy Bombs

(1) Designations: Japanese Navy bombs are divided into land, ordinary, special,
target marker, smoke and practice bombs. (Dummy and training bombs are not
covered.) Land bombs are regularly a general purpose type, but ordinary bombs do not
fit any standard U.S. term. Their smooth cases give superior penetrating qualities to
land bombs, but in some instances are no thicker. Land and ordinary bombs are

consistently nose fuzed, with tail fuzes in sizes of 250 kilograms and above. Special
bombs are for specialized uses. They are designated with mark numbers, each number
corresponding to a particular use. The designation may include all or any of the
following:
"Type--," giving the year of adoption;
"No.--," giving weight classification divided by 10 (i.e., "No. 6" for 60 Kg.) the
kind of bomb; "model--," and "modification--."
In bombs of recent manufacture this information ordinarily appears on the bomb body
as well as on packing cases and labels. The method of designating land and ordinary
bombs is as follows: The first bomb design in a size is designated by size and kind, i.e.,
No. 25 land No. 50 Ordinary Model 2. Model and Mod. are used where appropriate. No
Type number is assigned. When a new bomb design in the same size appears, it is
assigned a Type number in addition to the other markings, i.e., Type 98 No. 25 Land,
Type 2 No. 50 OrdinaryModel 1. In the ordinary bomb series, the streamlined bombs
have no type number and are distinguished from the cylindrical bombs by the
designation "Model 2." Cylindrical bombs, manufactured at a later date and designated
by "Model 1," have a type number assigned wherever a cylindrical size duplicates a
streamlined size. All special bombs but one have a type number; target marker, smoke,
and practice may or may not. According to documents a new designation system for
bombs exists. Bombs already in existence will not be redesignated but new designs will
be marked according to the new system.
Mk 0-9 Anti-Shipping
Mk 10-19 Chemical (especially incendiary)
Mk 20-29 Anti-Aircraft
Mk 30-39 Anti-Land
No date is known for inauguration of the new system. Certain relatively new mark
bombs such as Mk 8, Mks 27 and 28, and Mk 31 are consistent with this system.
(2) Construction
There are two principal types of body construction. One, which will be called the
"land type" (Figure 108) in table 17, is of three-piece construction. The nose is
joined to the barrel by either a combination of riveting and welding or by welding
alone. The tail cone is attached by a coupling ring arrangement which permits the
cone to be filled with explosive. The cone or the barrel is attached to the coupling
ring by rivets or welds and final junction is made by screwing the coupling ring to
the other part. "Ordinary type" (Figure 109), as used in table 17, is of two-piece
construction. The nose and barrel are manufactured as one piece. If the tail cone is
filled in sizes up through No. 50 it threads into the barrel; in the No. 80 size an
interrupted thread arrangement is used. If the cone is empty, a male base plate closes
the barrel and the cone is attached to the base plate by threads or screws.
In the case of some chemical bombs using land-type construction, inner cases may be
used to contain the chemical filling. Wherever any other type of construction is
used, brief detail will be given in the table.
(3) Suspension
Bombs up to and including No. 25 are suspended horizontally by single U-shaped fixed
lug. Some bombs have two lugs 180 degrees apart, but no reason for this is known.
Larger bombs are suspended from aircraft torpedo release gear employing two guide
studs located 180 degrees apart on the bomb. Recently, suspension bands have been

recovered which permit single lug suspension of No. 25 and larger bombs from Army
and Navy bomb racks (Figure 110.)
(4) Filling
In some H.E. bombs the fillings are cast directly into the cases which are protected
by a heavy lacquer. In other H.E. bombs, and in chemical bombs using an H.E. charge,
the explosive is cast into a block, paper wrapped, and usually loaded with the
additional insulation of flannel or paraffin.
(5) Color Markings

During the war the Japanese Navy changed the scheme of color markings used to
indicate type of bombs. The basic body color of service bombs has been and is grey;
this color may vary from light grey to dark grey, greenish grey, or almost blue owing
to variation of paint or to weathering. The old color pattern consisted of painting key
colors as a broad band on the nose and on the tail struts. The colors on nose and struts
might be and usually were the same. A band slightly aft of the suspension lug may be
an additional key. Thin red stripes 180 degrees apart running from nose to apex of tail
cone appeared on all service bombs. In the new scheme all bombs containing explosive
have the nose tipped in green. A key color appears as a band immediately behind the
green tip. On some special bombs another key color is used on the tail struts, but on the
majority of bomb types the struts are the same color as the body. The red stripes and
body band are dropped. Additional body bands may appear on No. 80 Ordinary bombs.
The meaning of these bands are explained in the table 17. In the table 17, the nose, the
body, and the tail strut colors are listed for each bomb. A combination like "Gr/Br"
indicates a nose tipped in green with an adjacent brown identifying band. Body bands
are noted where present. Sufficient types of bombs of recent manufacture have been
recovered to confirm the color scheme given in a captured document as the new Navy
code. Accordingly, the colors are listed for all type bombs covered in the document even
though the bombs may never have been recovered, or recent specimens with the new
code may not yet have been observed.
(6) Size
The largest bombs recovered are No. 80 bombs. At present no Japanese plane has
been recovered equipped to carry larger bombs. The use of such bombs is thus
dependent on the introduction of new bombers or modification of present ones.
NAVY BOMB FUZES

Japanese Navy bomb fuzes are distinctive in appearance from those of the Army, and
are generally a larger size. Navy gaines are interchangeable only in Navy fuzes.
Navy fuzes may be distinguished by (1) lack of holes in the vanes for arming wires,
(2) safety forks or safety pins usually inserted into the fuze body from the side.
With exception of the D-2, D-3, and D-4 aerial burst fuzes, Navy fuzes contain no
explosive. All elements of the explosive train are in the gaine. Probable fuzing
combinations for the bombs are given in a special chart table 18. An explanation of the
Allied designation system for Japanese fuzes is given in the introduction to Army fuzes.
Time Fuzes
Japanese Navy time fuzes, C-2 (a) (nose) and C-1 (a) (tail), may be used in any
Japanese Navy bomb with A-3 or B-3 (a) size fuze pockets, respectively. Three models

of each fuze, with increasing delay times are manufactured. (Recent documents do not
mention a Model 3 of the C-2 (a).) Tests of the delay in the various models produced
the following averages: C-2 (a) C-1 (a)
Model 1 .............. Not recovered. Not recovered.
Model 2 .............. 20 hours. 17 1/4 hours.
Model 3 .............. Not recovered. 24 1/2 hours.
An unrecovered nose time fuze, Type 1 (Models 1 and 2), is reported by a POW to be
antiwithdrawal. This fuze is hemispherical and has no vanes.
A-3 and A-1 Series Fuzes The largest series of Japanese fuzes is the Navy A-3 series.
Since these fuzes all operate in the same manner, and have very similar external
appearance, they are frequently confused. By matching the Allied with the Japanese
designation, as below, it is possible to understand the system of the series.
Type 97 Model 2 ......................................... A-3 (a).
Type 97 Model 1 ......................................... A-3 (d).
Type 3 Nose Initiator ................................... A-3 (e).
Type 0 Model 2 .......................................... Unrecovered.
Type 2 Nose Initiator ................................... A-3 (c).
Type 1 Model 2 .......................................... A-3 (b).
Type -- Nose Initiator .................................. Unrecovered.
Each of the above groups uses a basic design. (See figure 111, figure 112, figure
113, figure 114, figure 115, figure 116, figure 117, figure 118, figure 119, figure
176, figure 177, figure 178, figure 179, of the Navy fuzes.)
Model 1 fuzes are for No. 50 and No. 80 bombs; Model 2 for smaller bombs. The Nose
Initiators, for use in Mk. 3 incendiary-shrapnel bombs, are modified to take the
practice bomb gaine (Figure 184).
Additonal fuzes, using the A-3 design, include:
Type 2, No. 50 Ordinary Bomb.
Model 1 Nose Fuze ..................................... A-3 (f)
Baka Bomb Nose Fuze ................................... A-3 (g)
Type 2, Small Model Nose Fuze ......................... Unrecovered.
Type A-1 series follows the same pattern:
Type 2 Model 2 ........................................ A-1 (a)
Type 2 Model 1......................................... A-1 (c)
Type 90 Initiator ..................................... A-1 (b)
Dummy Bomb Mk 1 Initiator ............................. A-1 (b)
Documents report that Type 2 fuzes are no longer in production.

NAVY GAINES
Four sizes of gaines and a magazine used with seven Navy bomb fuzes are shown in
the accompanying photographs figure 180, figure 181, figure 182, figure 183, figure 184,
and figure 185. The table 19 lists the known types of standard gaines.
No attempts should be made in the field to break down these sensitive gaines.
No. 25 and larger bombs with filled tail cones have an auxiliary tail booster of
pressed explosive surrounding the gaine.
V. JAPANESE AMMUNITION
The material in this chapter is divided into four sections: Army Ammunition, Navy
Ammunition, Grenades, and Rockets. The material covered includes ammunition for
small arms, aircraft machine guns and cannon, medium and large caliber weapons, and
mortars. Also included are pictures of all recovered projectile fuzes. For each size
ammunition there is information about the weapons in which it is used and recognition
of the types recovered or known from documentary evidence. A clear distinction is
made at all times between recovered and documentary items. Photographs of
representative rounds of each type are included to aid in recognition. No attempt is
made to picture every round recovered for every gun. See Table 8. In this section the
following abbreviations will be used:
AAMG -- Antiaircraft Machine Gun.
AC -- Aircraft Cannon.
ACMG -- Aircraft Machine Gun.
AP -- Armor Piercing.
API -- Armor Piercing Incendiary.
APT -- Armor Piercing Tracer.
HE -- High Explosive.
HEAT --High Explosive Antitank (hollow charge).
HEI -- High Explosive Incendiary.
HEIT -- High Explosive Incendiary Tracer.
HET -- High Explosive Tracer.
HMG -- Heavy Machine Gun.
I -- Incendiary.
IT -- Incendiary Tracer.
LMG -- Light Machine Gun.
SD -- Self Destroying.
WP -- White Phosphorus.
ARMY AMMUNITION
Japanese Army ammunition is of conventional design and is similar to that used by
other countries. To date very little major caliber ammunition has been recovered,
but it is known to exist from captured documents.
The section is divided into five parts:
Small Arms (under 20 millimeter),
Aircraft Cannon (20 millimeter and over),
Medium and Large Caliber Guns (20 millimeter and over),
Mortars and
Fuzes.

Small Arms
Army small arms ammunition is marked by a color band around the cannelure (seam of
bullet and cartridge case), which denotes the type of bullet. Several discrepancies
exist in the color scheme among the different sizes, so the color bands will be given
for each type and size of bullet. The standard method of describing small arms cartridge
cases is by the type of ejection lip. There are four types in use: Rimless, semirimmed,
rimmed, and reduced rim. The drawings (Figure 186a) illustrate each type.
6.5-millimeter Ammunition (Figure 186)
Recognition:
Long narrow bullet with bottle necked semi-rimmed case 2 inches in length; over-all
length of complete cartridge, 3 inches.
WEAPONS:
(a) Rifle:
Type 38 Rifle
Type 38 Sniper's Rifle
Type E Rifle
Type 38 Carbine
Type 44 Carbine
Ammunition is used in 5-round clips. Three clips are packed in individually
labeled
wedge-shaped cartons.
(b) L.M.G.:
Type 11 Yr. L.M.G. 5-round clips, hopper-fed.
Type 91 Vehicle L.M.G. 45-round magazine.
Type 96 L.M.G. 30-round magazine.
(c) A.A.M.G.:
Type 3 Yr. A.A.M.G. 30-round strips.
Type 38 A.A.M.G. 30-round strips.
IDENTIFICATION OF ROUNDS
Recovered:
Blank (for launching grenades from rifles.) Purple paper bullet.
Blank (documents list as blank for M.G.) Wooden bullet
Practice Ball (snub-nosed) Red Band.
Ball (cupro-nickel jacket) Red band.
Unrecovered:
Ball: Steel-jacketed (or copper-jacketed) Black primer
Type 92 jacketed Black primer
A.P. (Type 92) Black band.
Remarks:
(1) When magazine are used, ammunition is reloaded into the magazines from standard
5-round clips. Thirty-round strips of 6.5 millimeter ammunition have not been
recovered.
(2) Conflicting reports suggest that a reduced propellent charge is used in
ammunition for L.M.G.'s and that this ammunition is marked by Figure 473 stamped on
the label of each carton.
(3) Existence of 6.5 millimeter tracer ammunition has been rumored, but never
confirmed in translation or by recovery.

7.7 millimeter Rimless Ammunition (Figure 187)
Recognition:
Rimless case 2 1/4 inches in length; over-all length of complete cartridge, 3 1/8
inches. In addition to the usual brass cartridge case, ammunition with steel case
was found on Saipan.
Weapons:
Type 99 Rifle
Type 99 Modified Rifle
Type 2 Rifle
Type 99 L.M.G.
Type 97 Tk. M.G.*
*(May be converted for ground use.)
Packed in 5-round clips, 3 clips to carton. Reloaded into magazines for L.M.G.
May also be used in:
Type 92 H.M.G. 30-round strips.
IDENTIFICATION OF ROUNDS:
Recovered:
Blank (for launching grenades from rifles) Purple Paper Bullet.
Blank (documents list as blank M.G.) Wooden Bullet.
Ball (Type 99) Red band.
Unrecovered:
Practice Ball (snub-nosed).
Ball:
Type 92 Ordinary Red band.
Type 92 Decoppering (cupro-nickel) Red band.
Tracer (Type 92) Green band.
A.P.(Type 92) Black band.
I (W.P.) (Type 92) Magenta.
7.7 Millimeter Semirimmed Ammunition (Figure 188)
Recognition:
Case identical in size and form to 7.7 rimless except larger diameter at base gives
semirimmed character; bottle-necked case 2 1/4 inches in length; over-all length of
complete cartridge, 3 1/8 inches.
WEAPONS:
Type 89 Flex. A.C.M.G. See note 3 following.
Type 89 Flex. A.C.M.G.(Special)
Type 89 Fixed A.C.M.G. Metal-link belts.
Identification of Rounds:
Ball: (Type 89 and Type 92) Red band.
Tracer: (Type 89 and Type 92) Green band.
A.P.: (Type 89 and Type 92) Black band.
I (W.P.): (Type 89 and Type 92) Magenta.
I (H.E.) (Ma-101) Purple.
Remarks:
(1) This ammunition cannot be fired in the Type 1 H.M.G.
(2) The complete series of Type 92 designs has been recovered; Type 89 designs are
documentary.

(3) When used for aircraft flexible machine guns, this ammunition is packed in
5-round clips in a manner corresponding to the packing of rimless, rifle ammunition,
but the clip is of larger size to accommodate the larger base of the semirimmed type.
(4) The purple band on I (H.E.) rounds appears black unless examined carefully.
However, the Japanese I (H.E.) bullet of this type may be immediately recognized by
the noticeable flat nose.
7.7 Millimeter New Standard

Documentary evidence illustrating a variant type of semirimmed 7.7 millimeter
ammunition suggest that the Japanese have developed a standardized design of
cartridge case which can be used in any Army 7.7 millimeter gun, thus eliminating the
need for the two forms of cartridge case described above. This would mean the
introduction, at present, of a third type of Army 7.7 millimeter ammunition, but
would also mean the eventual standardization of a single design of propellant case
for Army 7.7 millimeter ammunition. (Except for the use of Army infantry rifles
using Army ammunition, the Navy is already standardized on a single design of
7.7-millimeter propellant case. This is a rimmed case, identical to British .303
caliber, but unlike any of the Japanese Army designs.) It appears that the standardized
case is a semirimmed design with the maximum basal diameter reduced to size of the
base of the present rimless case. This would permit its use in weapons chambered to
receive the smaller diameter (present rimless) ammunition. The semirimmed nature
(that is, the reduction of diameter just above the extractor lip) would permit functioning
in machine guns needing this feature for proper extraction. It is presumed that sealing in
firing is successfully effected by the unaltered forward portion of the case without
requiring modification of the chamber of the various weapons. The existence of this
design of ammunition may explain the peculiarity of the Type 1 Heavy Machine Gun,
reported to fire only rimless ammunition. If this gun were designed specifically to handle
the standardized cartridge case, it would conceivably fire rimless or new standard
ammunition and not be able to handle the old semi-rimmed design. Confirmation of the
existence of "new standard" 7.7 millimeter ammunition in service is dependent on
further detailed study of ammunition in the field. On Luzon, 7.7 millimeter rifle and
machine gun ammunition was found with the nose of the bullets tipped red or green.
First reports suggested that this was a dye applied to the bullets for identification of hits
in target practice. It is also possible that some such method as this will mark the
standardized ammunition.
7.92 Millimeter Ammunition (Figure 189)

Recognition:
Rimless necked case, strongly similar to 7.7 millimeter rimless; Case 2 1/4 inches
long; over-all length, 3 1/8 inches; more tapered nose of bullet distinguishes this
ammunition from the 7.7 millimeter.
Weapons:
Mauser Type Rifle (probably no longer used).
Bren Type L.M.G. Box-type magazine similar to U.S. B.A.R.
Type 98 Flex. A.C.M.G.
(copy German M.G.15) Saddle type magazine.
Type 100 Flex. A.C.M.G.
(double-barreled) Saddle type magazine.

Identification of Rounds:
Blank (for rifle) Paper bullet.
Blank (for M.G. practice) Wooden bullet.
Ball:
(Type 98) Rifle and L.M.G.
(Type I) A.C.M.G.
*A.P. (Type I) Black band.
*I. (W.P.) (Type I) Magenta band.
*I. (H.E.) (Type 3) White band.
Remarks:
(1) Only those rounds marked by asterisks above have been recovered.
(2) Tracer ammunition for Army 7.92 millimeter weapons has neither been listed in
documents, nor recovered.
8 Millimeter Ammunition (Figure 190)
Pistol Ammunition:
Use:
Nambu pistol.
Type 14 Yr. pistol.
Type 94 pistol.
Recognition:
A cupro-nickel jacketed bullet with a rimless necked case 13/16 inches in length;
over-all length, 1 1/4 inches.
Types:
Type 14 Year Ball -- no markings.
Type 90 Tear Gas -- documentary.
Specifications indicate that this is a relatively large missile (60 grams of tear
agent) suggesting that it is probably launched from the pistol somewhat in the manner
of launching grenades from rifles.
Blank cartridges are listed for this use. The tear gas projectile is made to fit the
Type 26 Year 9 millimeter revolver directly and an adapter is supplied for the Type
14 Year pistol.
Submachine Gun Ammunition:
Use:
Solothurn Submachine gun.
Bren Type Submachine gun.
Type 100 Submachine gun.
Recognition:
Uses same ammunition as the 8 millimeter pistol.
9 millimeter Ammunition (Figure 191)
Pistol Ammunition:
Use:
Type 26 Year Revolver (Webley type).
Smith and Wesson pistol.
Recognition:
A cupro-nickel jacketed bullet with a straight rimless case 13/16 inch in length;
over-all length is 1 3/16 inches.
Types:
Ball -- no markings.

Type 90 Tear Gas -- documentary. Refer to 8-millimeter above.
12.7 Millimeter Ammunition (Figure 192)
Recognition:
Short semirimmed necked cartridge case 3 3/16 inches long. This ammunition is
interchangeable with Italian 12.7 millimeter. A.C.M.G. ammunition and some Italian
rounds used by the Japanese have been recovered.
Weapon:
HO-103 (Browning Type) A.C.M.G. formerly designated Type 1. A HO-105 gun
has also
been listed, but this gun has not been positively identified.
Ball (Type 1) Red band
Tracer (Type 1) Green band
APT (Type 1) Black band
Also recovered, labeled Type 1 Green/White band
HEI- fuzeless (Ma-102) Purple band
HEI- fuzed (Ma-103) White band
HEI- fuzed (Italian) Red body, Blue body, Green body.
Remarks:
This ammunition is packed in 10-round cartons and is reloaded into metal link belts
for use.
AIRCRAFT CANNON (20-millimeter and over)

Aircraft machine gun ammunition has already been described in the previous section.
Aircraft machine guns use the same ammunition as ground machine guns, but usually
employ incendiary and H.E. incendiary rounds not used in ground weapons.
The ammunition for aircraft cannon uses the marking system of medium and large
caliber ammunition, which will be explained in the next section.
Instead of designating aircraft guns by a type number, a new system called the "Ho"
(*) system is used. Under this system each gun is given a "Ho" number, e.g., Ho.
103. A certain range of numbers is assigned to a certain size gun. According to
documentary evidence, which has been partially substantiated by recoveries, the
designations are as follows:
13-millimeter Ho 100-103.
20-millimeter 1-5.
25-millimeter 50-(?).
30-millimeter 150-155.
120-millimeter 600-(?).
From recent documents and recoveries it is known that 13-millimeter, 20-millimeter,
and 37-millimeter guns exist with "Ho" designation outside of the above ranges.
These are evidently developments which have been made since this chart was
compiled. In the nomenclature of aircraft ammunition, individual projectiles of some
designs are designated by a different system than are other rounds of the same
ammunition. This consists in assigning a three digit number preceded by the symbol Ma
Figure 474 to these rounds in addition to, or in place of, the usual "Type" number.

Number groups may possibly be allotted to given sizes of ammunition. To date the
rounds of ammunition found labeled in this manner have been: Ma 101, Ma 102, Ma
103 in ammunition under 20-millimeter (given in previous section) and Ma 201 amd Ma
202 in 20-millimeter sizes to be listed in this section.
20-Millimeter-Type 94 Flexible Automatic Cannon.

This gun is reported in documents, but neither the gun nor the ammunition has been
recovered. It is thought to be an obsolescent gun. The following types of
projectiles are reported to be used in ammunition for this gun:
Type 94 HE- Uses the Type 93 Small Instantaneous Fuze.
Type 94 HET- same fuze as above.
Type 94 Substitute HE- same fuze as above.
Type 94 Tracer
Type 94 Substitute Tracer
According to documents, the cartridge case is marked: Figure 475
The case illustrated for this ammunition is a very long, rimless, unnecked case which
is only slightly tapered.
Ho-1 (Flexible) and Ho-3 (Fixed) Aircraft Cannon (Figure 193)

Recognition:
These guns were developed for aircraft use from the Type 97 20-millimeter Anti-tank
gun. The case is identical to that for Type 97 ammunition, but new types of
projectiles have been developed for aircraft use and in the aircraft ammunition the
case is marked: Figure 476 (Fixed or Flexible Machine Cannon).
The case is a necked, rimless case 4 7/8 inches long. The projectiles are painted
black over-all and have identifying color bands painted around the body.
Types:
H.E.I. (fuzed) -- red band aft of the bourrelet and yellow band around middle of
body. The projectile uses a Type 93 fuze. The characters Figure 476 are stencilled
on the body.
H.E.I. (fuzeless) Ma 201 -- red band aft of the bourrelet. A brass explosive-filled
nose piece completes the ogival contour of the projectile. The Ma number (=o-) is
stencilled on the body.
H.E.I.T. -- red band aft the bourrelet and green and yellow bands around the body.
The projectile uses a Type 100 fuze and has Figure 476 (Flexible or Fixed cannon)
Type 100 APT -- green and white bands forward of the rotating band. The same
characters as above are stencilled on the body.
Type 97 Substitute AP (documentary).
Ho-5 Aircraft Cannon (Figure 194)

Recognition:
Necked rimless case 3 3/4 inches long. The projectiles are painted either black or
silver grey with some rounds having identifying color bands. The fuzed rounds use
one of four types of fuzes.
Types:
Empty -- a blunt-nosed empty projectile painted black over-all.
Type 2 APT -- a pointed solid bullet with a cavity in the base for tracer. There are
three types of rounds differing in grades of hardness of steel. Figure 477 (Type 2)

is stencilled on the body in white paint.
(1) Soft round -- Black over-all. This round is thought to be designated Type 2 APT
Substitute.
(2) Medium round -- Black with a green band around the body.
(3) Hard round -- black with green and white bands around the body.
Type 2 HEI -- There are three variations of this round differing in fuzes and color
schemes. Some rounds have been found with a yellow band around the body, but the
use of this seems to be rare. These projectiles are designated H.E. by the Japanese,
but they do contain both HE and Incendiary. They are painted black over-all and use
either a Type 2 fuze or a Type 2 Modified fuze. The Type 2 fuze is a striker type
identical to the Type 100 fuze used in Type 97 20-millimeter ammunition except that
the body is made of aluminum instead of brass.
Type 4 HEI (Ma 205) -- silver gray with a two-piece fuze. The fuze is designated the
Type 4 Super detonating fuze, an air column type with the gaine enclosed in the body
of the fuze.
HEI (fuzeless) Ma 202 -- black over-all with a brass explosive-filled nose piece.
The Ma number, =o= (202), is stencilled in white on the body. Also mentioned in
documents are Type 2 Tracer, Type 2 HET, Type 2 Substitute HE and Type 2
Substitute HET projectiles.
German MG 151 (Figure 195)

During one period German guns and German-made ammunition were supplied to the
Japanese for use on Japanese Army planes, and recoveries of this ammunition were
made frequently in the New Guinea-New Britain area. Though the use of German guns
is believed since to have been abandoned, with quantity production of Japanese
designs, German ammunition may still be encountered in Japanese stocks.
Recognition:
A short rimless case 3 1/4 inches long. Only the first two rounds listed below are
known to be used by the Japanese, but other German rounds may be encountered in
the future.
Types:
HE (SD) -- yellow body with a blue band.
HET (SD) -- yellow body with blue and red bands.
AP -- black body.
API -- black body with a blue band.
APHE -- black body with a wide yellow band.
HEI -- yellow body with green and red bands.
HEI -- yellow body with a green band.
Also reported are Ho 6, Ho 7, Ho 10, and Ho 11 guns, but there is no information on
the guns or ammunition.
30-Millimeter. -- Ho 155 Aircraft Cannon
This gun is known only from documents and there is no information on the ammunition.
This gun is only known from documents and there is no information on the ammunition.
It is probably the predecessor of the Ho 203 and Ho 204.
Ho 203 Aircraft Cannon (Figure 196)

Recognition:
A very short rimmed necked case 4 3/8 inches long. Figure 450 (HO 203) is stencilled

on the case.
Types:
HEI -- black body with a red band at the nose and a yellow band around the body. The
projectile uses a Type 100 small fuze and has Figure 450 (Ho 203) stencilled on the
body in white paint. (a) Figure 196.
Ma 438 -- an empty practice projectile similar in appearance to the HEI but having
the nose piece and dummy fuze constructed in one piece. The projectile is painted
black over-all and has Figure 450 (Ho 203) and Figure 451 (Ma 438) stencilled on the
body in white paint. (b) Figure 196.
Ho 204 Aircraft Cannon (Figure 197)

Recognition:
A necked rimmed case 4 5/8 inches long. Figure 452 (Ho 204) is stencilled on the
case.
Types:
HEI -- same projectile as that used in HEI round for the Ho 203. The projectile is
painted black with a red band at the nose and a yellow band around the body. It uses
a Type 4 Super-Detonating fuze and has Figure 452 (Ho 204) stenciled on the body in
white paint. (a) Figure 197.
Ma 700 -- an empty practice projectile resembling an AP projectile. It is painted
black overall and has Figure 453 (Ma 700) stencilled on the body in white paint.
40-Millimeter -- Ho 301 Aircraft Cannon (Figure 198)

Recognition:
A short steel projectile with the propellant and primer contained in the base. No
cartridge case is used.
Type:
HE -- black body with a red band at the nose and a yellow band at the center of
gravity.
57-Millimeter. -- Ho 401 and Ho 402 Aircraft Cannon
These guns are known only from documents and there is no information on the
ammunition.
75-Millimeter. -- Ho 500 and Ho 501 Aircraft Cannon
These guns are known only from documents and there is no information on the
ammunition.
This gun is known only from documents and there is no information on the ammunition.
MEDIUM AND LARGE CALIBER

The color scheme and marking system of medium and large caliber ammunition is
important for identification purposes. Two different marking systems, an old and a
new, are used. See table 20 and table 21.
20-Millimeter Type 97 Antitank Gun (Figure 199)

Recognition:
Necked rimless case 4 7/8 inches long and identical to the case used in ammunition
for the Ho-1 and Ho-3 Aircraft Cannon. The projectiles are painted black and have
identifying color bands painted around the body. Stencilled on the case in purple

ink is Figure 454 (indicates Type 97 Automatic Antitank Gun). The fuzed projectiles
use either the Type 93 or the Type 100 Small Instantaneous Fuze.
Types:
Type 98 HET -- Red band after the bourrelet and green and yellow bands around the
body. The projectile uses a Type 93 fuze and has Figure 455 (Type 98) stencilled on
the body.
Type 97 APT -- white band forward of the rotating band.
Type 97 Substitute APT -- documentary.
Type 100 APT -- green and white bands forward of the rotating band. Type 100 Figure
456 is stencilled on the body.
Type 100 Substitute HET (SD) -- documentary.
Type 100 HET (SD) -- a red band aft of the bourrelet and green and yellow bands
around the body. Not recovered for this gun.
Type 98 AA-A/Tk Gun (Figure 200)

Recognition:
A necked rimless case 5 5/8 inches long with projectiles similar to the Type 97
20-millimeter guns. The projectiles are painted black over-all and have identifying
color bands painted around the body. Stencilled on the case is Figure 457 (indicates
Type 98 Machine Cannon). The fuzed projectiles use either a Type 93 or a Type 100
Small Instantaneous Fuze.
Types:
HET -- a yellow band aft of the bourrelet and a white band around the body. The
projectile uses a Type 93 fuze.
Type 97 APT -- same as for Type 97 gun. Not recovered for this gun.
Type 100 APT -- same projectile as that used in ammunition for the Type 97
20-millimeter guns.
Type 97 Substitute APT -- documentary.
Type 100 Experimental HET -- a red band aft of the bourrelet and green and yellow
bands around the body. The projectile uses a Type 93 fuze and has Figure 458
Type 100 HET (SD) -- same color bands as the experimental model. The projectile uses
a Type 100 fuze and has Figure 456 stencilled on the body. There are two rounds,
differing only in the color of the tracer.
Type 100 Mod. I HET (SD) -- same projectile and color bands as the Type 100, but it
is filled with black powder instead of a high-explosive. There are two rounds
differing only in the color of the tracer. The projectile uses a Type 100 fuze and
has Figure 460 (indicates Type 100 Mod. I) stencilled on the body.
Type 100 Mod. 2 IT (SD) -- same projectile and color bands as the Type 100 and the
Mod. 1, but there is no high-explosive other than that used in the gaine. The
projectile uses a Type 100 fuze and has Figure 459 (indicates Type 100 Mod. 2)
Type 100 Substitute HET (SD) -- documentary.
37-Millimeter (Figure 201)

There are eight 37-millimeter Anti-Tank and Tank Guns, all of which fire the same
projectiles but have different length cartridge case. Presented below is data on the
projectile case lengths and markings, over-all length of rounds, and projectiles that
are used in the various guns.

Projectile Data:
Type 94 HE -- both the old and new color schemes have been found. Over-all length of
the projectile (unfuzed) is 4 7/8 inches. The type 83 Small Instantaneous fuze is
used. (a) Figure 201.
Type 94 AP -- recovered with both the new and old color schemes. Over-all length of
the projectile (unfuzed) is 4 1/2 inches and the fuze is the Type 94 Small Delay Base
Fuze. (b) Figure 201.
Type 1 AP -- recovered only with the new color scheme. Over-all length (unfuzed) is
4 1/8 inches and the fuze is the Small Mk. 1 Base Fuze.
The following projectiles have been reported in documents, but not recovered.
Type 94 Substitute HE -- reported to be used in ammunition for the Type 11th Year
A/Tk. gun, the Type 94 Tank gun, and the Type A/Tk. gun.
Type 94 Substitute AP -- reported to be used in ammunition for the Type 11th Year
A/Tk. gun, the Type 94 Tank gun, the Type 94 A/Tk. gun, and the Type 98 Tank gun.
Type 96 Improved Substitute -- reported to be used in ammunition for the Type 94 Tank
gun.
12th Year Type Substitute -- a base fuzed projectile reported to be used in
ammunition for the Type 11th Year A/Tk. gun.
12th Year Type HE -- a base fuzed projectile reported to be used in ammunition for
the Type 11th Year A/Tk gun.
Cartridge Case Data: See table 22.
Complete Round Data: See table 23.

There are two 47-millimeter guns, a Type 1 Tank and a Type 1 A/Tk., which use the
same ammunition.
Projectile Data:
Type 1 HE -- recovered with the new color scheme. Over-all length (unfuzed) is 5 1/2
inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Instantaneous (Gun Type) or the Type 88 Short
Delay (Gun Type). (a) Figure 202.
Type 1 AP -- recovered with the new color scheme. Over-all length (unfuzed) is 5 5/8
inches and the fuze is the Small Mk. 2 Base Fuze. (b) Figure 202.
HEAT (Type unknown) -- this projectile is known only from captured documents and has
not been recovered.
Cartridge Case Data:
Both guns use the same cartridge case, the over-all length of which is 11 1/8 inches.
Stencilled on the case is Figure 461 (indicates Type 1 A/Tk.) and Figure 462
(indicates Type 1 Tank).

There are two 57-millimeter guns, the Type 90 Tank and the Type 97 Tank, which use
the same ammunition.
A Type 1 57-millimeter Tank Gun is mentioned in documents, but there is no
information available on either the weapon or the ammunition.
Projectile Data:
Type 90 HE -- has been recovered with both the new and old color schemes. The
over-all length (unfuzed) is 7 1/2 inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Short Delay
(Gun Type). (a) Figure 203.

Type 90 Substitute HE -- a cast-iron projectile painted black overall with a red band
at the nose. The over-all length is 7 3/8 inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Short
Delay (Gun Type). The projectile is filled with black powder.
Type 92 AP -- has been recovered with the and old color schemes. The over-all length
(without fuze) is 7 11/16 inches and the fuze is the Type 92 Small Base Fuze. (b)
Figure 203.
Type 3 HEAT -- This projectile is known only from captured documents. The over-all
length is 6 3/4 inches. The Type 100 Small Instantaneous Fuze is used.
Both guns use the same cartridge case, the over-all length of which is 4 3/4 inches.
There are no markings pertaining to guns on the case.
Projectile Over-all Length of Round
Type 90 HE 11 inches (without fuze and adapter).
Type 90 Substitute HE 10 5/8 inches.
Type 92 AP 11 3/16 inches.
Type 3 HEAT 10 13/16 inches (documentary).

There are two 70-millimeter guns, the Type 92 Infantry Gun (Howitzer) and the Type 94
Tank Gun. They use the same length cartridge case, but use different propellant
charges.
Projectile Data:
Type 92 HE -- recovered with both the new and old color schemes. Over-all length
(unfuzed) is 9 1/4 inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Instantaneous (Howitzer-Mortar
Type) or the Type 88 Short Delay (Howitzer-Mortar Type). (a) Figure 204.
Type 92 Substitute HE -- a cast-iron projectile painted black overall. Over-all
length (unfuzed) is 7 3/8 inches and the fuze is the same as for the Type 92 HE.
This projectile is filled with black powder. (b) Figure 204.
Type 3 HEAT -- recovered with the new color scheme. Over-all length (unfuzed) is 9
inches and the fuze is the same as for the Type 92 HE. (d) Figure 204.
Type 97 Semi-Steel HE -- this projectile has not been recovered, and is known only
from captured documents.
Type 95 AP -- this projectile has never been recovered and is known only from
captured documents. According to documents, the fuze is the Type 95 Small AP Base
fuze.
Type 95 Illuminating -- this projectile has never been recovered and is known only
from captured documents. According to documents, the fuze is the Type 89 Small Time
fuze.
Type 98 HE -- documentary. According to documents, this projectile uses a Type 98
Instantaneous Short Delay fuze.
Type 92 Infantry Gun (Howitzer) -- there are two types of cases, designated "A" and
"B." The "A", or older design case, is crimped to the projectile and has a threaded
base which may be unscrewed to vary the charge. The "B" or newer design is one piece
and is removed from the projectile to vary the charge. (c) Figure 204.
The over-all length is 4 inches. The "A" case has no marking pertaining to the gun,
but the "B" case is marked Figure 463 (indicating Type 92B).
Type 94 Tank Gun -- the case has never been recovered, but according to documents it

appears to be the same as the "B" design for the Type 92 Infantry Gun. It is 4
inches long and is stencilled Figure 464 (Type 94 Tank).
75-mm. (Figure 205)

There are nine 75-millimeter guns known to be in use by the Japanese Army and three
more have been mentioned in captured documents. The cases and propellant charges
vary for the different weapons, but the projectiles are designed to be
interchangeable. The specific purpose of a given projectile or a given gun will
limit the use of some projectiles in some of the guns. See table 24.
Cartridge Case Data. -- There are four different sizes of cartridge cases used in the
various guns. Table 25 gives the over-all length and markings on the case which
pertain to the type of gun.
A single specimen of another 75-mm. gun, a Type 31 Year Rapid Fire Mountain Gun
has been recovered, but this is believed to be obsolete and out of use. See Table 26.
According to documents, it fires the following projectiles:
Type 94 HE.
Type 97 Improved HE.
Type 98 Modified HE.
88-mm. (Figure 206)
The only 88-millimeter gun known to be in use by the Japanese is the Type 99
8-centimeter AA gun. Although designated 8 centimeter by the Japanese, the bore
diameter is 88 millimeter. This gun is modeled after one of the German 88 millimeter
guns.
Projectile Data:
Type 100 HE-AA Long-Pointed -- recovered with the new color scheme. The over-all
length (without fuze) is 11 11/16 inches and the fuze is the Type 100 Mechanical Time
Fuze with the 75 millimeter Auxiliary Detonating Fuze. The projectile has a double
rotating band.
Cartridge Case Data: The length of the case is 22 3/8 inches.
Complete Round Data: The over-all length of the round (without fuze) is 31 9/16
inches.
90-mm. (Figure 207)

According to documents two guns of this size have been used: a Schneider Type Rapid
Fire Gun and a Rapid Fire Gun (type not given). These are believed to be obsolete
weapons. According to these documents, these guns fire two projectiles: Shrapnel
projectile A, and Shrapnel projectile B. The only 90 millimeter weapon recovered, other
than the 90-millimeter trench mortars (see Mortar Ammunition), has been a very
antiquated weapon found in service on Okinawa. Though this weapon is classified as a
"mortar" by virtue of the length of tube, the muzzle velocity, and the probable
employment in combat, it bears only remote resemblance to other common Japanese
mortars. It is breech-loading, using an interrupted thread breech block, and employs
projectiles embodying the conventional features of design of common breech-loading
artillery pieces. The projectiles are fitted with conventional rotating bands and use Type
88 fuzes, armed by rotation. Two projectiles have been recovered.
H.E. (one-piece body). -- This projectile is painted black and has a yellow band near
the middle of the body. The rotating band has two grooves. Over-all length
(unfuzed) is 10 3/8 inches. Fuzing: Type 88 (Howitzer-mortar type). (a) Figure 207.

H.E. Semisteel (?)(two-piece body). -- This projectile is similar in form to the one
above, but has a short body with a screw-in nose-piece completing the ogival contour
of the nose. The length with nosepiece is the same as the projectile above. There
is a shallow groove immediately below the bourrelet. The body is painted black with
a green band in the grooved area. The rotating band is smooth. Fuzing: Type 88
(Howitzer-mortar type). (b) Figure 207.
105-mm. (Figure 208)

There are several 105-millimeter guns and howitzers known or reported from
documents to be in use. Ammunition has been recovered for only a few of these;
consequently, much of the information given below is documentary. This size of weapon
is designated 10 centimeters by the Japanese, but the actual bore diameter is 105
millimeters. The AA gun rounds are fixed ammunition but the field gun and howitzer
rounds are semi-fixed ammunition.
Projectile Data:
Type 91 HE -- has been recovered with both new and old color schemes. The over-all
length (without fuze) is 16 13/16 inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Instantaneous or
the Type 88 Short Delay. (Either the Gun Type or the Howitzer-Mortar Type is used,
depending upon the type of weapon in which the projectile is used.) Stencilled on
the body in white paint is Figure 465 (Type 91). (c) Figure 208).
Type 91 Long-Pointed HE -- has been recovered with both new and old color schemes.
The over-all length (without fuze) is 19 7/8 inches and the fuze is the Type 88 (see
above). Some of these projectiles have a copper bourrelet, but others have a
machined bourrelet. Other than this there is no difference in the two projectiles.
(b) Figure 208. The projectiles listed below have been mentioned in documents, but not
recovered. There is no information available on length or marking of these projectiles.
Type 98 HE. Type 14 Year Schrapnel.
Type 1 HE. Type 95 Schrapnel.
Type 14 Year HE. Type 95 AP-HE.
Type 95 Long-Pointed HE. Type 14 Year AP-HE
Type 100 HE AA Long-pointed. AP-HE, A, B, and C.
Type 91 Semisteel HE. Cast-Iron AP-HE, A, B, C, and D.
Type 14 Year Semisteel HE. Chilled AP-HE, A, B, and C.
Type 14 Year Substitute. Type 14 Year Smoke.
Type 14 Year Substitute "A". Type 95 Incendiary.
Type 14 Year Substitute "B". Type 92 Long-Pointed Blue Gas.
Type 98 Substitute HE. Type 92 Long-Pointed Yellow Gas.
Type 95 Substitute Projectile. Type 93 Long-Pointed Red Gas.
HEAT (Hollow Charge). Type 87 Target.
Type 91 Substitute Long-Pointed AA.
Type 38 Shrapnel.
Cartridge Case Data: The over-all lengths of recovered cartridge cases are:
Type 91 Howitzer ...... 9 1/2 inches (a) Figure 208.
Type 92 Field Gun ..... 29 inches (d) Figure 208.
Cartridge cases for the following 105 millimeter weapons have not been recovered, but
length of case can be supplied from documents is some instances:
Type 14 Year Modified Howitzer No data.
Type 38 Field Gun 11 1/8 inches (approximately).
Type 14 Year Field Gun 18 1/8 inches (approximately).

Type 14 Year AA Gun 22 1/4 inches.
Complete Round Data: See Table 27.

There is only one weapon of this size known to be in use. This weapon, a Type 38
Howitzer, was thought to be obsolete, but has been encountered in recent operations.
Another weapon, an Experimental 12 centimeters Fixed AA Gun, has been reported in
documents, but no information is available on the gun or the ammunition.
Projectile Data:
Schrapnel -- recovered with the old color scheme. The over-all length is 12 3/8
inches and the fuze is the Type 5 Year Combination fuze. Three shrapnel projectiles,
designated A, B, and C are listed in captured documents. It is not known which of
these the recovered projectile is. (c) Figure 209.
AP-HE -- recovered with the old color scheme. The over-all length is 14 15/16
inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Small Base fuze (Howitzer-Mortar Type). (b)
Figure 209 Several other projectiles have been mentioned in documents, but not
recovered.
Type 98 HE.
Type 98 Semisteel HE, A and B.
Cast-Iron AP-HE.
Type 96 Improved Substitute.
Type 88 Substitute A, B, F, H.
AP-HE, A and B.
Case Data: A straight rimmed case 3 1/4 inches in length. (a) Figure 209.
Two other guns, a Schneider Type Rapid Fire Gun and a Krupp Type 40 Caliber Rapid
Fire Gun are mentioned in documents, but nothing is known about the guns or the
ammunition.

There are several 150-millimeter guns and howitzers known to be in use or reported
from documents. Ammunition has been recovered for only a few of these so much of
the information given below is documentary. All of the rounds are semifixed ammunition.
Propellant Case Data: The over-all lengths of recovered propellant cases are:
Type 38 Howitzer ..... 4 1/4 inches (a) Figure 210.
Type 96 Howitzer ..... 12 5/8 inches (b) Figure 210.
Propellant cases for the following weapons have not been recovered and there is no
information on their length.
Type 4 Year Howitzer:
Case "A" 10 3/16 inches
Case "B" (two piece) 8 7/8 inches
Type 45 Gun 48 1/32 inches
Type 7 Year Gun 48 1/32 inches
Type 90 Gun 48 1/32 inches
Type 89 Gun uses a bag charge approximately 26 inches long.
Projectile Data:
Type 92 HE -- has been recovered with both new and old color schemes. The over-all
length (without fuze) is 22 3/16 inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Instantaneous or
the Type 88 Short Delay (either Gun type or the Howitzer-Mortar type may be used,
depending upon which type of weapon the projectile is used in). Stencilled on the

body in white paint is Figure 466 (Type 92). (e)
Type 92 Long-Pointed HE -- has been recovered with both the new and old color
schemes. The over-all length (without fuze) is 22 7/8 inches and the fuze is the
Type 88. Stencilled on the body in white paint is Figure 466 (Type 92). A variation
of this round with a double rotating band and copper bourrelet has been recovered.
(d).
Smoke (type unknown) -- recovered with black body, yellow band at bourrelet and white
band at rotating band. The smoke symbol Figure 467 is stencilled on the on the body
in white paint. Over-all length (without fuze) is 19 3/16 inches and the fuze is the
Type 88. This projectile corresponds to a Type 13 Year Smoke mentioned in
documents.
Gas (type unknown) -- recovered with the old color scheme (has a broad red band).
Over-all length (without fuze) is 23 inches and the fuze is the Type 88.
Type 95 AP-HE (for Howitzer) -- recovered with old color scheme. The over-all length
is 17 1/2 inches and the fuze is the Type 95 Medium Base Fuze. (c)
The projectiles listed below have been mentioned in documents, but not recovered.
Lengths are given were available from documents.
Type 96 HE.
Type 11 Year HE ................. 23 5/16 inches (without fuze).
Type 93 HE ...................... 25 3/4 inches (without fuze).
Type 90 Long-Pointed HE.
Type 93 Long-Pointed HE ......... 27 inches (with Type 90 fuze).
Type 96 Long-Pointed HE.
HEAT.
Type 10 Year Semisteel HE.
Type 96 Substitute A and B. Substitute A, B, and C.
Improved Substitute A and B.
Shrapnel "A" (for howitzer) ..... 17 1/4 inches (with Type 5 Year Fuze).
Shrapnel "B" (for howitzer) ..... 15 inches (without fuze).
Shrapnel (for gun – two rotating bands) ............... 19 1/4 inches (with Type 5 Year
Fuze).
AP (type unknown) Cast-Iron AP-HE, A, C,
D, G, and H ................... 17 9/16 inches (A and D). Modified Cast-Iron AP-HE.
AP-HE (for howitzer) ............ 17 9/16 inches.
AP-HE (for gun – two rotating bands)................ 23 inches.
Type 95 AP-HE (for howitzer)..... 17 9/16 inches.
Type 95 AP-HE (for gun – two rotating bands) ............... 20 inches.
AP-HE "A".
Substitute AP (type unknown).
Substitute AP-HE.
Type 11 Year Smoke.
Type 13 Year Smoke.
Type 89 Illuminating.
Type 92 Long-Pointed Yellow Gas.
Type 92 Long-Pointed Blue Gas.
Type 93 Long-Pointed Blue Gas.
Type 93 Long-pointed Red Gas table 27.
240-mm.
Two weapons, the Type 45 Howitzer and the Type 96 Howitzer, have been reported in

documents. No information is available other than a list of the projectiles that may
be used in these weapons. Type 95 AP.
AP (type unknown).
Cast-Iron AP (type unknown).
Substitute AP (type unknown).
270-mm.
Only one weapon, a Krupp type howitzer, has been reported in documents. The only
projectile known from documents is a cast-iron AP which uses a Type 88 Coastal Gun
Base Fuze.
280-mm.
The only weapon of this size known from documents is a howitzer (type unknown). This
howitzer is reported to fire two projectiles, a Type 95 AP which uses the Type 95
Large Mk. 3 Base fuze and a cast-iron AP which uses a Type 88 Coastal Gun Base
Fuze.
Only one weapon of this size, a Type 7-Year Howitzer, has been encountered. This
howitzer is designated 30 centimeters by the Japanese, but the bore diameter is 302
mm.
Projectile Data:
AP-HE (large) -- recovered with new color scheme. The over-all length is 48 4/5
inches and the fuze is the Type 95 Large Mk. 2 Mod. 2 Base fuze. (c).
AP-HE (small) -- recovered with new color scheme. The over-all length is 42 1/6
inches and the fuze is the Type 95 Large Mk. 2 Mod. 2. Base fuze. According to
documents there are two projectiles using this fuze, a Type 95 and a Type 95 "B" but
the type numbers of the recovered projectiles are not known. (b)
Type 90 AP-HE -- Reported in documents. Uses a Type 90 Large Delay Base Fuze.
Cartridge Case Data. -- A very large case 19 1/2 inches long and 12 1/2 inches in
diameter at the mouth. (a)
MORTARS
The Japanese Army uses a large number and many types of mortars varying in size
from 50-mm. to 320-mm. In addition to the usually finned type of projectile, stick
mortars and spigot mortars are used. Mortars are an important weapon in the Japanese
Army, being used by the Artillery as well as the Infantry. Weapons larger than any used
by Allied forces may be encountered.
50-mm.
TYPE 10 YEAR GRENADE DISCHARGE

This is the forerunner of the "Knee Mortar" and though it is old, is still in limited
use. The following ammunition may be used:
Type 91 Hand Grenade. (See Grenades.)
Type 11 Year Smoke Grenade. (See Grenades.)
Type 10 Year Flare -- a cylindrical tube with an ogival nose and a propellant
assembly attached to the base. The over-all length is 5 7/8 inches, the color of the
body is natural brass, and the propellant assembly is black. There are eight sets of
perforations covered with silver foil disks on the main body (Figure 212).
Signal Flares. (See Pyrotechnics.)
Also reported from documents are Type 92 Red and Type 92 Green Gas shells. (See

Color Markings in Introduction.)
TYPE 89 GRENADE DISCHARGER (Figure 213). -- This is the weapon referred to as

the "Knee Mortar." It has a rifled bore and a provision for varying the range with a
fixed angle of elevation.
Type 91 Hand Grenade. (See Grenades.) (a) Figure 213.
Type 89 HE -- a steel projectile with a brass nose fuze, rounded nose and smooth
copper rotating band. The propellant charge is contained in the base. The over-all
length is 6 1/4 inches and the fuze is the Type 88 Small Instantaneous fuze. Both
old and new color schemes have been recovered. Also Navy color markings -- green
nose band, black body, yellow and white body bands. (b) Type 95 Smoke -- Similar in
appearance to the Type 89 HE. Over-all length is 6 ¼ inches and the fuze is the Type
89 Small Time fuze. Color is black overall with a red band at the nose, a white band
below the bourrelet, and a white band above the rotating band. The smoke symbol
(Figure 467) is stencilled on the body in white. (c) Figure 213. Type 10 Year Flare --
(See "Type 10 Year Grenade Discharger" above.) Type 89 Flare -- similar to the Type
10 Year Flare. (See above.) The over-all length is 6 1/4 inches and the over-all color is
aluminum. Around the side of the body are four silver foil disks, each covering seven
ports in the body. (d) Figure 213. Signal Flares. (See Pyrotechnics.)
Type 94 Practice -- same dimensions as the Type 89 HE. Has a dummy fuze in the
nose. Type 94 Substitute -- documentary. Type 98 Spigot Mortar -- This is a unique
weapon designed to neutralize enemy positions immediately before an assault.
Demolition Block -- a cast-iron body containing blocks of picric acid, mounted on a
stick 21 inches long. When the projectile is fired, two pull igniters in the charge
ignite a delay train of 7 seconds. Two sizes have been recovered- one is 4 1/2
inches by 6 inches, the other 4 3/4 inches by 4 3/4 inches Figure 214.
FINNED BANGALORE TORPEDO. -- This bangalore is described in Chapter VII. It is

fired from the Type 98 Mortar.
FINNED PROJECTILE (Figure 215). -- A tear-drop shaped projectile with 6 fins. A hole
5/8 inch in diameter is drilled through the tail just forward of the fins. The body
is black with a red nose band and a yellow band forward of the bourrelet. The
propellant, fuze, and weapon are not known.
70-mm. Type 11 Year Mortar (Figure 216). -- An old weapon of poor design and
probablyobsolescent.
Type 11 Year HE -- a projectile similar in appearance to the Type 89 50-millimeter
projectile. Recovered with the old color scheme. The over-all length (fuzed) is 8
5/8 inches and the fuze is the Type 93 Mortar fuze. (a) Figure 216.
Type 11 Year Substitute HE -- reported in documents only.
Type 89 Illuminating -- reported in documents only.
Type 11 Year Smoke -- reported in documents only.
AA Barrage Mortar (Figure 216. -- A weapon used for area bombardment or AA fire.
Barrage Shell -- A cylindrical tube with a wooden plug in the top and a metal cover
with gas ports on the base. The over-all length is 11 1/4 inches and the color is
black with a red band at the nose and a white characters on the body. (b)

CAUTION: This shell carries seven small explosive tubes attached to parachutes.
Dismantling this shell is particularly dangerous. 81-mm.
ANTIAIRCRAFT MORTAR (Figure 217). -- A smooth bore mortar designed for use
against low flying aircraft. The three types of rounds that are used have the same
external construction. The body is a steel tube with six fins attached to the after end and
an ogival wooden nose piece in the forward end. The propellant container is attached
to the base, but is lost in flight.
HE AA Round -- The forward portion of the body contains a steel tube filled with HE
and attached to two parachutes. The after portion contains a delay train and an
expelling charge. A pull on the parachute cord operates a friction igniter. A
self-destroying element operates after 45 seconds of fall. The color is black
over-all with a plain wooden nose. The over-all length is 21 inches. Figure 217.
Flare Round -- The main body contains a flare and attached parachute, an ejection
charge, and a delay ignition tube. The after portion contains a propellant charge
and primer. The flare is ignited directly by the ejection charge when expelled. The
body is unpainted galvanized iron; the wooden nose plug is painted red. The length
is 22 1/2 inches. (b) Figure 217
HE Smoke Round -- similar to the HE AA Round, except that there ia a smoke pellet in
the bottom of the suspended cylinder. The expelling charge ignites the smoke-flare
pellet which burns about 53 seconds and which then ignites the short delay train
which burns 7 seconds before the self-destroying element functions. As with the HE
AA round, the line to the upper parachute is attached to a pull igniter and if pulled
before the self-destroying feature operates, will detonate the charge. The body is
unpainted galvanized iron with a yellow wooden nose and green band on the body.
Over-all length is 21 7/8 inches. (a) Figure 217.
82-mm.
CHINESE MORTAR (Figure 218). -- HE projectiles have been recovered for an 82

millimeter mortar. They are tear-drop shaped with eight flat, radial tail fins. The
over-all color is either gray or black. Chinese characters are stamped in the body
and fuze. Left-handed swastikas are painted or stamped on the body.
81-mm., 90-mm., 120-mm., and 150-mm. See Figure 219A, Figure 219B, Figure 220A,
Figure 220B, Figure 221, Figure 222A, and Figure 222B. Standard Japanese mortars of
these sizes are smooth bore, muzzle loading weapons similar to United States mortars.
Because of the similarity in construction and appearance of the ammunition all four
sizes are discussed together. The ammunition consists of a tear-drop shaped body with
either 6 or 12 fins on the tapered end. The propellant cartridge and primer fit in the tail
with additional charges placed in the fins or around the tail section forward of the fins.
On the forward part of the projectile is a bourrelet with several bearing surfaces
separated by grooves. The chart (table 28) gives the necessary identification data on
the ammunition. 320-mm.
SPIGOT MORTAR (Figure 223). -- This is a very large crude weapon designed for
defensive warfare.
HE -- a large bomb-like projectile made in three pieces. The tail section is a

hollow cylinder which fits over the spigot of the mortar. Four fins are welded on to
the tail section. Over-all length is 59 1/2 inches. Color is a black body with a
red nose tip and a yellow band at the base of the nose section.
IMPROVISED MORTARS
Several sizes of crude, improvised mortars designed to fire artillery projectiles or
improvised mortar projectiles have been found in the Philippines. To date, there is
no record of their effective use against United States forces. Their use emphasizes
the extent to which mortars are used by the Japanese Army.
58-mm. (Figure 224).

The mortar was not found, but several HE rounds of improvised ammunition of this size
have been recovered. In appearance the round is similar to the U.S. Army
60-millimeter Illuminating projectile M83A1.

The projectile is crudely made consisting of three parts. Four fins are welded to
the tail and the igniting cartridge is a cut-down .50 caliber shell. The fuze is the
Type 88 modified so that the centrifugal action is not necessary to arm the fuze.
Miscellaneous.
Also recovered have been improvised 60-millimeter, 75-millimeter, 78-millimeter
120-millimeter, and 127-millimeter mortars. Two improvised stick mortars, a
75-millimeter, and a 120-millimeter, have also been found. The 75-millimeter and the
120-millimeter mortars were used to launch standard artillery projectiles.
The 78-millimeter mortar closely resembles the 70-millimeter barrage mortar in
appearance and is thought to fire remodelled 75-millimeter projectiles with fins
attached to the base. Ammunition has not been recovered for the other weapons listed
above.
FUZES
The fuzes employed in Japanese Army artillery are generally of conventional design,
having setback and centrifugal arming features and impact firing. Frequently the
firing pin protrudes above the body. This type fuze is particularly sensitive and
must be handled with respect. It is beyond the scope of this publication to describe the
construction or operation of these fuzes Figure 225, Figure 226, Figure 227, Figure 228,
Figure 229, Figure 230 , Figure 231, Figure 232, Figure 233, Figure 234, Figure 235,
Figure 236, Figure 237, Figure 238, Figure 239, Figure 240, Figure 241, Figure 242,
and Figure 250. They are included for purposes of identification only.
NAVY AMMUNITION
Navy ammunition has been divided into the following classes:
Small arms (7.7 millimeters, 7.9 millimeters, 13 millimeters, 13.2 millimeters).
Aircraft Cannon Ammunition (20 millimeters and 30 millimeters).
Antiaircraft "Automatic Weapons" (25 millimeters and 40 millimeters).
Large Caliber Ammunition (5 centimeters and above).

SMALL ARMS
Navy small arms ammunition typically is marked by a colored ring around the primer in
the base of the cartridge case and a standard color scheme is followed in
7.7-millimeter, 7.9-millimeter, and 13.2-millimeter. In the 13-millimeter
ammunition, patterned directly after a German design, this system is not followed,
but instead, the body of the projectile is painted in a distinctive color for each
type.
7.7-mm. (Figure 251)Weapons:
Type 92 -- A.A.M.G.(Lewis design) -- Drum magazine.
Type 92 -- Flexible A.C.M.G. (Lewis design) -- Drum magazine.
Type 97 -- Fixed A.C.M.G. (Vickers design) -- Link belt feed.
Recognition. -- Rimmed brass bottle-necked case 2 3/16 inches long. Interchangeable
with British caliber .303. Length of complete round is 3 1/8 inches.
Types:
Ball -- Black around primer.
Tracer -- Red around primer.
A.P. -- White around primer.
I (WP) -- Green around primer.
I (HE) -- Purple around primer.
7.9-mm. Weapons.
Type 1 -- Flexible A.C.M.G.
This gun is the Navy version of the Japanese Army Type 98 A.C.M.G. and the German
M.G. 15. Though the weapon has been recovered, ammunition is known from
documentary sources only. It is presumed to be identical to the Army 7.9 ammunition
except for marking.
Type.
I (WP) -- Green around primer.
I (HE) -- Purple around primer.
13-mm. (Figure 252) Weapon.
Type 2 -- A.C.M.G. (Copy of German 13-millimeter Rhein-metall Borsig)
Recognition. -- Reduced-rim brass case 2 1/2 inches long with a shoulder on the case
above the extractor groove. Over-all length of complete round is 4 1/8 inches. All
rounds have a nose fuze or a dummy fuze plug. The body of the projectiles are painted
in distinctive colors after the system used in 20-millimeter aircraft cannon ammunition.
Types.
Tracer (dummy fuze plug) -- Red body.
HET (fuzed) -- Red body, brown band.
*HE (fuzed) -- Maroon (rust)
I (WP) (fuzed) -- Yellow body.
*APT -- White body.
*Practice -- Black body.
Rounds marked by an asterisk (*) have not been recovered.

13.2-mm. WEAPONS.
Type 93 -- A.A.M.G. (Figure 253)
Type 3 -- Fixed or Flexible A.C.M.G. (Figure 254)
RECOGNITION. -- Rimless brass case 3 7/8 inches long. Very similar in appearance
but
not interchangeable with U.S. Cal. 50. Over-all length of round is 5 5/8 inches.
The standard Navy code for marking small arms ammunition is used.
TYPES.
I (WP)(documemtary only) -- No data.
I (HE) -- Recovered: Yellow around primer;
Documentary: Purple around primer.
AIRCRAFT CANNON AMMUNITION (20-MM. AND 30-MM.)

20-mm. Naval 20-millimeter ammunition is divided into two classes, Type 99 Mk I and
Type 99 Mk. II. Both use reduced-rim cases which may be identified by length.
Mk I case -- 2 3/4 inches (Figure 255).
Mk II case -- 4 inches (Figure 256).
Both guns listed below use the same projectiles with their respective cases.
Type 99 -- Mk I fixed or flexible AC.
Type 99 -- Mk II fixed or flexible AC.
Nose impact fuzes are used with the projectiles listed. They are:
Small jump-out Type (Swiss).
Model 1 -- Large jump-out type.
Model 2 -- Rotor type.
Model 3 -- Air column fuze.
Two-piece Fuze (undesignated).
Types.
HE (Swiss) -- Yellow or dark brown.
HE (Swiss) -- Light brown.
HET (SD) (Swiss) -- Black.
HE -- Dark brown.
HE Mod. 2 -- Dark brown with two white bands.
HET -- Red (this round may or may not be self-destroying).
HET Mod. 1 -- Red with one white band.
HET Mod. 2 -- Red with two white bands.
HET Mod. 3 -- Red with three white bands.
HET Mod. 4 -- Red with one wide white band.
HET Mod. 5 -- Red, no bands. Has a two-piece steel and brass fuze.
HEI -- Greenish-yellow.
HEI Mod. 1 -- Greenish-yellow with one white band.
HEI Mod. 2 -- Greenish-yellow with two white bands.
HEI Mod. 3 -- Greenish-yellow with three white bands.
HEI Mod. 4 -- Greenish-yellow with one wide white band.
HEI Mod. 4 (Special) -- Greenish-yellow with Figure 468
in white. (documentary).
HEI Mod. 5 -- Yellow. No bands. Fuze tipped red.

API -- White with copper nose cap. No fuze.
AP-HE -- White. No fuze. (documentary)
Tracer -- Red. No fuze.
Tracer Mod. 2 -- Red with two white bands. No fuze.
Tracer Mod. 3 -- Red with three white bands. No fuze.
Practice -- Black. No fuze.
30-mm. (Figure 257)

Use: Type 2 -- 30 mm. Aircraft Cannon.
Recognition. -- A short brass reduced-rim case 3 5/8 inches long with a comparatively
short projectile. Only one fuze, a rotor type, has been recovered. Over-all length
of round is 6 5/8 inches.
Types.
HEI -- Greenish-yellow.
HET -- Red.
Practice (Tracer) -- Black with a red dummy fuze.
The following rounds have been reported in documents, but have not been recovered.
The color scheme given in the document does not conform to the standard scheme
previously reported.
Types:
Practice -- Yellow with three white bands or overall black.
Tracer -- Yellow with three white bands or black with red nose.
Incendiary -- Black.
Designation "Ordinary" is thought to mean HE. If this is true, the color for this
projectile is refuted by the recovered round.
HE -- Yellow or rust colored.
AP-HE -- White.
Also reported in documents is a 17 Experimental 30-millimeter Model 1 which has
higher velocity and rate of fire and uses a heavier projectile than the Type 2 gun.
40-mm. Only one gun, designated 17 Experimental 40-millimeter Model 1, has been
mentioned in documents. Neither the gun nor the ammunition has been recovered.
ANTI-AIRCRAFT "AUTOMATIC WEAPONS' (25-MM. AND 40-MM.)

25-mm. (Figure 258)
Use. -- Type 96 25-millimeter Antiaircraft Gun.
Recognition. -- A large tapering bottle-necked rimless case of either brass or steel.
Length of the case is 6 3/8 inches. The projectile has a wide rotating band and is
painted one color over-all. The nose fuze may be either all brass or half brass and
half steel. The over-all length of the round is 8 7/8 inches. Two types of fuzes, a
Model 1 and a Model 4, have been recovered.
TYPES:
HE -- Maroon or dark brown. The maroon rounds may have a green band at the nose.
Model 1 or Model 4 Fuze.
HET -- Red or orange with or without a green band at the nose. Some of these rounds
have a removable tracer and a red-ringed primer. Model 1 or Model 4 Fuze.
HET (SD) -- Red with or without a green band at the nose. These rounds are
self-destroying and there is no way of distinguishing them from the HET. Both brass
and steel cases have been recovered. Model 1 and Model 4 Fuze.
HEI -- Green over-all. Both brass and steel cases have been recovered. Model 1 and

Model 4 Fuze.
APT -- White, smokey blue or black. The cavity is filled with tracer and clay. This
projectile appears to be converted from a Practice projectile. Both brass and steel
cases have been recovered.
Tracer -- Orange over-all with dummy fuze.
Practice -- Black over-all with dummy fuze in the nose.
Tracer -- Red (documentary).
Tracer (Models 1 and 2) -- (documentary).
40-mm. (Figure 259)

Use. -- Vickers-Armstrong Type Antiaircraft or Antitank Gun.
Recognition. -- Straight rimmed brass case 6 1/4 inches long with a deep crimp in the
neck, and a large screwed-in primer. The type of projectile is indicated by the
over-all color. The length of the rounds is 11 3/8 inches, with the exception of the
AP round which is 10 3/8 inches long.
Types.
HE -- Maroon with a green band at the nose. This projectile uses a Vickers Type time
fuze (small powder-train fuze).
HE (British) -- Brown with a red band around the body and a green band at the nose.
Projectile has a blue point detonating fuze.
AP -- White with green nose. Base detonating fuze.
Tracer -- Orange. The explosive cavity of this projectile is empty and closed with a
nose plug.
In addition the following are listed in documents:
Practice -- HET.
Time Practice -- HET Mod. 1
LARGE CALIBER (5-CM. AND ABOVE)

Japanese naval large caliber projectiles are divided into the following classes:
HE -- Nose-fuzed projectiles with high charge/weight ratio.
Common -- Solid nosed base-fuzed projectiles for light penetration.
This group includes capped or uncapped projectiles with high charge/weight ratio.
AP -- Capped rounds for penetration of heavy armor. These projectiles have a much
lower charge/weight ratio than Common.
Illuminating -- Contains a parachute-suspended illuminating flare.
Incendiary shrapnel -- Contains an HE bursting charge and a canister of white
phophorus steel pellets.
Shrapnel -- None recovered.
Smoke Tracer -- No specimens recovered. Details not known.
Target -- Identification not complete. May be a target-indicating projectile.
Practice -- Inert loaded projectiles for practice firing.
Drill -- Dummy projectiles or complete rounds for drill in handling. Not to be
fired.
COLOR SYSTEM OF JAPANESE LARGE CALIBER NAVAL AMMUNITION

The Japanese Navy designates types of projectiles by over-all coloring, while
specific features are indicated with color bands. The data in Figure 479 were first
obtained from documents and later substantiated from recovered rounds. Certain
projectiles have been found that do not fit the color scheme in the present form.

Whenever such a discrepancy occurs in the following pages, the over-all color and
markings for the projectile concerned will be given.
5-cm. (Figure 260)

Use. -- Short 5-cm. Gun (bore diameter 47-mm.).
RECOGNITION. -- A fixed round with a short rimmed brass case 5 1/8 inches long. The
projectile has an extremely wide corrugated rotating band, probably the best
identification feature. Over-all length of the round is 8 1/4 inches.
TYPES.
Common -- Filled with black powder. A base ignition
fuze closes the cavity.
Practice -- Long ogive (documentary).
Practice -- Short ogive (documentary).
6-cm. A 6-cm. gun with Common and Practice projectiles is listed in documents.
8-cm. The caliber of this ammunition actually is 3 inches but is designated 8-cm. by the
Japanese. There are both fixed and semifixed rounds in this class.
Fixed Ammunition
Use:
Type 3 Year -- 8-cm. 40-caliber Dual Purpose Gun.
Type 88 -- 8-cm. 40-caliber Dual Purpose Gun (documentary).
RECOGNITION. -- A long brass-rimmed case 16 1/4 inches in length.
TYPES.
HE (nose-fuzed) -- A relatively short-ogived projectile. It may be fitted with
either a brass pointed nose time fuze, the Type 89, or a short brass impact fuze, the
Type 5 Year. An adapter ring is used with the impact fuze. Over-all length of the
round is 28 inches (Figure 261).
Special Common -- This projectile is designated AP by the Japanese but has common
projectile markings. The over-all length of the round is 25 7/8 inches Type 1 fuze (
Figure 262).
Unidentified projectile -- A long ogived projectile of three-piece construction,
consisting of lower body, upper body, and windshield. Black over-all except for
nose, which is unpainted.
Documentary evidence indicates the use of these rounds:
Anti-Submarine.
Smoke Tracer.
Tracer.
Target.
Shrapnel.
Practice.
Semifixed Ammunition
Use -- 8 cm. 40 caliber gun.
Recognition: A separate brass rimmed cartridge case, with a protruding primer. Case
length is 15 1/8 inches.
Types.
HE -- Projectile is similar to the fixed round but has no adapter ring. It takes the
Type 5 Year impact fuze. The base plug is designed to take a plug but it has not
been recovered. Length of projectile is 10 1/4 inches. (Figure 263).
Practice -- Two rounds. One is similar to the HE round, having a long ogive and a
solid pointed nose. The length of the projectile is 10 1/4 inches. The other round

is shorter and has a blunt nose. Both projectiles are filled with sawdust.
The following 8-centimeter guns have been listed in documents:
(a) 8-centimeter Short Dual Purpose Gun.
Projectile Types:
HE.
Shrapnel.
Practice.
Time Practice.
(b) 8-centimeter Short Gun.
Projectile Types:
HE.
Practice.
(c) Type 98 -- 8-centimeter 60-caliber gun.
No data.
10-cm.
Use.
Type 98 -- 10-centimeter, 50-caliber Dual Purpose Gun (documentary).
Type 98 -- 10-centimeter, 65-caliber Dual Purpose Gun (recovered).
Recognition. -- Fixed ammunition with a bottle necked, rimmed case. 32 3/4 inches
long.
Types.
HE -- Type 88 nose impact fuze or Type 98 time fuze. Projectile is 12 5/8 inches
long. Over-all length of the round is 43 1/8 inches.
Dummy -- Uses a nonstandard steel case. Length of complete round is 46 inches.
Dummy brass fuze in the nose. Black over-all (Figure 264).
Practice -- (Documentary).
Time Practice -- Reported in captured documents.
12-cm. Semifixed Ammunition (Figure 265).
Use.
12-centimeter, 45-caliber Type 11 Year Gun.
12-centimeter, 45-caliber Type 3 Year Gun.
Recognition. -- A separate rimmed brass cartridge case 21 1/2 inches long and with a
protruding primer. (f) Steel cartridge cases have been reported in documents.
Types. -- These projectiles are of conventional design and have an extremely high lip
on the rotating band.
HE (no adapter ring) -- The nose is threaded to receive a Type 5 Year impact fuze.
Length of projectile is 16 1/4 inches. (a) Figure 265.
HE (adapter ring) -- This projectile is threaded to receive the Type 5 Year impact
fuze (with adapter). Over-all length of projectile is 16 1/4 inches.
Common (base fuzed) -- Over-all length of projectile is 16 3/8 inches. Type 3 Year
Mk. I Base fuze. (b) Figure 265.
Practice -- a blunt nosed round with the cavity closed by a solid base plug.
Projectile length is 15 inches. (c) Figure 265.
Practice -- Black with no yellow band on nose. This projectile has a dummy nose fuze
and is filled with sawdust. The cavity is closed with a solid base plug. Projectile
length is 16 1/4 inches.
Practice -- A sharp nosed projectile painted over-all black with a white band at the
center of gravity. Length of projectile is 16 1/2 inches. (d)Figure 265.
Drill -- Black over-all with two heavy brass bands around the body. This projectile

is never fired from a gun, being used entirely for practice loading. Over-all length
of projectile is 15 inches.
Star -- Blue over-all with a yellow band below bourrelet. Uses a 30-second nose time
fuze. Projectile length is 13 13/16 inches. (e) Figure 265.
Type 3 Illuminating -- Reported in documents.
Fixed Ammunition
Two 12-centimeter guns using this type of ammunition have been recovered with
several of their respective rounds. Others are mentioned in documents but have not
been identified. Each gun and its ammunition are listed separately.
Use. -- 12-centimeter 45-caliber Type 10 Year Dual Purpose Gun.
Recognition (Figure 266). -- A fixed round with a very long necked brass cartridge
case, 28 inches in length. Steel cartridge cases have been reported in documents.
Types.
HE Mod. 1 -- No base plug. Over-all length of projectile unfuzed is 14 inches. Type
91 Time or Type 88 Impact fuze. A Type 91 or a Type 4 gaine is used with the Type 91
fuze. (a) Figure 266.
He Mod. 2 -- Same size and shape as Mod. 1 but contains a base plug. Same fuzing as
Mod. 1.
Common (base fuzed) -- Length of projectile not available.
Incendiary Shrapnel -- Characters meaning Incendiary-Shrapnel are stencilled on the
body in white. Length of the projectile fuzed is 16 3/4 inches. Type 91 Time fuze
with Type 91 or Type 4 gaine. (b) Figure 266.
Time Practice (Spotting) -- Length of projectile is 15 3/4 inches. Same fuze as
above. (c) Figure 266.
Dummy -- Over-all length is 37 inches. Projectile has a dummy nose fuze. (e) Figure
266.
Practice -- Converted from service projectile. Maroon with yellow nose and black
band at the center of gravity. Length of projectile is 16 inches. (d) Figure 266.
Documentary evidence indicates the following additional projectiles exist:
Antisubmarine.
Practice.
Time Practice.
Target.
Star.
Use -- 12 centimeter, Short Antiaircraft and Antisubmarine Gun.
Recognition Figure 267. -- Fixed ammunition with a short, tapered, rimmed brass case
11 1/4 inches long.
Types.
HE -- Projectile length is 12 5/8 inches while the over-all length is 22 1/8 inches.
Type 0 Time or Type 88 Model 4 Impact fuze. This projectile is thought to be
designated "Antisubmarine" by the Japanese. 12.7 centimeters (Figure 268)
Use.
12.7-centimeter, 40-caliber Type 88 Dual Purpose Gun.
12.7-centimeter, 40-caliber Type 89 Dual Purpose Gun (documentary).
Recognition. -- A fixed round with a brass rimmed, bottle-necked case, 22-inches
long. Steel cartridge cases have been reported in documents.
Types.
HE -- May use either a Type 91 Time or a Type 88 Impact fuze. Projectile length is
15 1/8 inches. Over-all length is 38 1/4 inches. A Type 91 or a Type 4 gaine is

used with the Type 91 fuze. Information concerning several new important
developments in 12.7 ammunition has been obtained from PW sources.
These projectiles are included with rounds reported in documents.
Star -- Burns 15 seconds and extinguishes when contacting water. A Type 3
Illuminating projectile is listed in documents but it is not known if it is the above
round.
Special Star -- Burns longer and brighter than that listed above.
Antisubmarine -- Fuze may set at 0 or 5 (not known whether time or depth setting).
If set at 0 it explodes just before entering the water or on impact. If set at 5 the
shell will explode about 100 feet under water and not on impact. A bottle-shaped
projectile.
Type 3 AA -- Blunt-nosed, time-fuzed projectile loaded with steel shot.
Type 4 Antiradar -- Time-fuzed, aerial-burst projectile loaded with "floating, light
material" (a window projectile).
Practice.
Time Practice.
Type 3 -- Incendiary Shrapnel.
A 12.7-centimeter, 50-caliber Bag Gun is mentioned in documents with the following
projectiles:
Practice.
Time Practice.
Star.
HE (nose fuzed).
Type 3 -- Illuminating.
Type 3 -- Incendiary-Shrapnel.
14-cm. (Figure 269).
Use.
14-Centimeter, 50-Caliber Type 3 Year Bag Gun.
14-Centimeter, 40-Caliber Gun (documentary).
Recognition. -- Separate loading rounds, with the propellant in silk bag. All the
projectiles, except one HE design, have a double rotating band with a high lip on the
after band.
Types.
Common (capped) -- Has a soft iron cap crimped to the nose. Projectile is 22 inches
long. The base plate is threaded internally to receive the Type 13 Mk 1 Mod. 1 base
fuze. (a) Figure 269.
Common (uncapped) -- Same fuzing as the capped Common. Length of projectile is 22
inches. (b) Figure 269.
HE (for AA fuzing) -- Projectile is 21 inches long. The nose is threaded to take
either a Type 91 time fuze or a Type 88 impact fuze.
HE (for impact fuzing only) -- This projectile has a single rotating band and has a
large nose adapter to take the Type 5 Year fuze. No other fuze fits with the adapter
removed. Length, with adapter, 21 inches. (c) Figure 269.
Illuminating -- Length of projectile is 23 inches. Uses the Type 91 time fuze. (d)
Figure 269.
Documentary Rounds:
Practice.
Antisubmarine.
The 15-centimeter (152-millimeter, 6-inches) and 15.5-centimeter (155-millimeter)

ammunition are so nearly the same diameter that they are often confused. Each size
represents a definite class.
15-centimeter Semifixed (Figure 270)
The Japanese have both semifixed and bag guns in 15-centimeter size. Of these, two
guns using semifixed ammunition, a Japanese Type 41 (Meiji) 15-centimeter/40 Gun
and the British-made prototype of this weapon have been observed and identified.
Rounds recovered indicate that these guns use the same ammunition. The propellant
case for these guns is 29 1/4 inches long. Only one projectile known to be used with
these guns has been recovered.
Common -- Projectile has a short ogive and a single rotating band. Over-all length,
23 3/4 inches Type 13 Mk. 1 Base Fuze. (c) Figure 270.
15-Centimeter Separate Loading (Bag) Ammunition (Figure 270).
Three 15-centimeter guns using bag ammunition are listed in documents:
(1) 15-centimeter, 40-caliber Gun (Bag);
(2) 15-centimeter, 45-caliber (Bag);
(3) 15-centimeter, 50-caliber Gun (Bag).
The projectiles listed below are believed to be for use in any of these guns. No
propellant charges have been recovered for 15-centimeter bag guns. The projectiles
are characteristically of more modern design than those recovered for the case guns,
having typically two rotating bands and long streamlined nose.
Types:
Mk. 4 Common -- Projectile has a long ogive and is 23 3/4 inches in length. Type 13
Mk. 1 Mod. 1 Base fuze. (b) (Figure 270).
Type O HE -- Length of projectile is 23 3/4 inches. Type 3 Mod. 2 nose fuze. (a)
Figure 270.
Practice -- Solid nose, base closed by plug. Projectile length is 22 3/4 inches.
(d) Figure 270.
Illuminating -- Short ogival nose with large adapter ring. Type 91 Time fuze. A
Type 3 projectile is mentioned in documents but it is not known if it is the one
above.
Antisubmarine -- Reported in documents.
15.5-cm. (Figure 271)
Use. -- 15.5 Bag Gun.
Recognition. -- A separate loading round. Propellant not recovered. Projectile has
a wide double rotating band.
Types.
Type 91 AP -- Recovered with base plug; the fuze is not known but it is probably a
Type 13 Mk. 1. Projectile length is 27 1/2 inches. (c) Figure 271.
Illuminating -- Short ogival nose with large adapter ring. Type 91 Time fuze.
Length is 27 1/2 inches. A Type 3 projectile is mentioned in documents, but it is
not known if it is the one above. (b) Figure 271.
Type O HE -- Length of projectile is 27 1/2 inches. The round was recovered with a
shipping plug in the nose. It probably uses either a Type 91 Time or Type 88 Model 4
Impact fuze. (a) Figure 271.
Type 91 Practice -- Documentary.
20-centimeter Semifixed Ammunition (Figure 272)
Use. -- Short 20-centimeter Antiaircraft, Antisubmarine Gun.
Recognition. -- A semifixed round, having a very short cartridge case, 11 1/4 inches
in length.

Types.
Type O HE -- Length of projectile is 24 inches. Threaded to receive Type "O" nose
time fuze or Type 88 Model 4 impact fuze. The projectile is characterized by the
small rotating band.
Type 4 Incendiary-Shrapnel -- Reported in documents.
Bag Ammunition (Figure 273)
Use. -- 20-centimeter, 50-caliber Mk 2 Dual Purpose Gun.
Recognition. -- A separate loading round with propellant contained in a silk bag.
The propellant has not been recovered.
Types.
Type 91 AP -- Projectile length is 35 1/4 inches. Type 13 Year Mk 4. Base Fuze. (b)
Figure 273.
Type O HE -- Projectile length is 35 1/4 inches. Type 88 Model 2 fuze. (a) Figure
273.
Documentary Rounds:
Type 91 Common.
Type 91 Practice.
Time Practice.
Star Projectile.
Type 3 Illuminating.
Type 3 Incendiary-Shrapnel.
The following guns and projectiles are listed in documents:
Use. -- 20 centimeter, 45-caliber Bag Gun.
Types:
Practice (converted from AP).
AP.
HE.
Use. -- 20-centimeter, 50-caliber Bag Gun.
Types:
Practice.
Time Practice.
Type 88 AP.
AP.
Common (base fuzed).
AMMUNITION LARGER THAN 20 CM

Data on the following guns and ammunition is derived entirely from documents, and is
undoubtedly incomplete. 25-cm.
Use. -- 25-centimeter, 40-caliber Bag Gun.
Types:
Common -- Type 3 Year Mk 1 base fuze.
Practice -- No data. 36-cm.
Use. -- 36 centimeter, 45 caliber Bag Gun.
Types:
Type 91 AP -- Type 13 Mk 4 base fuze.
Common (capped) -- Fuzing not known.
Practice (converted common).
Type 91 Practice (converted from Type 91 AP).

Type O HE.
Type O Practice.
40-cm.
Use: 40-centimeter, 45-caliber Bag Gun.
Type 94 40-centimeter Gun.
Types:
Mk 5 AP -- Type 13 Mk 3 base fuze.
Type 88 AP -- Type 13 Mk 4 base fuze.
Practice no data.
Practice -- Converted from AP.
Type 91 AP -- Fuzing not known.
Type 91 Practice -- Probably converted from Type 1 AP.
Type 0 HE.
Type 0 Practice.
8-cm. (81-mm.)(Figure 274).
Use. -- Navy Type 3 -- 8 centimeter Mortar.
Recognition. -- A standard type of fin stabilized mortar projectile. The body has a
short ogive, a forward bourrelet with five separate bearing surfaces, and a
combination time and impact fuze in the nose.
Types.
HE -- black or grey with green and maroon bands around the nose. Type 3 combination
fuze. The following types of projectiles have been reported in documents, but not
recovered:
Incendiary-Smoke.
Illuminating.
Barrage.
Barrage Mod. 1.
FUZES. See Figure 275, Figure 276, Figure 277, Figure 278, Figure 279, Figure 280,
Figure 295, Figure 296, and Figure 297.
Except for a single case of joint use, the Type 89 Powder Time Fuze, Japanese Navy
projectile fuzes are developed independently of Army designs. Like the Army fuzes,
operation is based on relatively simple arming features. The mechanical time fuzes,
representing the most advanced of Japanese fuze designs, are built around a clockwork
mechanism showing strong influence of German design.
GRENADES HIGH EXPLOSIVE HAND GRENADES
Type 91 Grenade
This grenade can be recognized by the serrated cylindrical body with a fuze
protruding from one end and a threaded opening at the base. A propellant charge
container may be threaded into this opening when the grenade is to be fired from the
Type 89 Grenade Discharger (Figure 213). A finned tail stabilizer is attached when
the grenade is to be used as a rifle grenade. When thrown as a hand grenade the fuze

is actuated as follows:
(a) Turn down the exposed screw in the head of the fuze.
(b) Remove the U-shaped safety pin.
(c) Strike the fuze on a hard surface.
The delay time is 6 to 7 seconds.
Type 97 Grenade (Figure 298).

This grenade is similar to the Type 91 except that it does not have an opening for
the attachment of a propellant container or a tail stabilizer. The fuze is actuated
in the same manner as the Type 91 but the delay is 4 to 5 seconds. A Type 91 grenade
with an aluminum body, instead of steel, has been recovered.
Type 99 (A) Grenade ("Kiska" type) (Figure 299)

This is a smooth-sided cylindrical grenade with a fuze similar to the one used in the
Type 91 and Type 97 grenades. A variation of this grenade (Figure 300) has a
waterproof metal cap threaded onto the flash guard.
To use as a hand grenade:
(a) Remove safety pin.
(b) Strike the fuze on a hard surface.
The delay is 4 to 5 seconds.
Type 99 (B) Grenade.

This a smooth-sided cylindrical grenade of the same construction as the Type 99 (A),
but smaller. It has a pull igniter fuze in the top. Never recovered.
Type 98 Stick Grenade (Figure 301)

This grenade is similar to the German "potato-masher," and consists of a steel case
fixed on a wooden handle. Under the screw cap on the end of the handle is a pull
string for the friction igniter.
Type 23 Pull Type Grenade (Figure 302)

This grenade has horizontal grooves running around the cylindrical body. There are
two rings on each end of the body. On one end is fitted the fuze, covered by a
threaded lead cap which is released by a thumb lever; underneath this cap is the pull
string for the friction igniter.
Type 3 Conical Hand-Thrown Mine (Figure 303)

This is a hollow-charge grenade for use against tanks. The conical case is made of
cloth with a wooden ring around the base. There is a hemp or grass tail and an
impact fuze at the top of the grenade. If this grenade fails to function, it may be
in extremely sensitive condition and should not be handled. Several different sizes
of conical mines have been recovered, some fitted with the Type 99 AP mine fuze.
Type 4 Pottery Hand Grenade (Figure 304)

This grenade is made of pottery and filled with Type 88 explosive. It is ball-shaped
and is ignited by scratching a friction igniter with a scratch block. The delay is 4
1/2 seconds. The entire grenade is encased in a rubber sack. Total weight 1 lb.,
maximum diameter, 3 inches.

Experimental Hand-Thrown Mine (Figure 305)
A hand-thrown A/Tk mine has been described in a captured document. The mine
weighs 3 1/5 pounds and is 4 1/4 inches in diameter. The body is made of aluminum
and carries an all-ways action instantaneous impact fuze, and may be found in a very
dangerous condition. The filling is tanoyaku.
Chemically Fuzed Grenade

This grenade has a cone-shaped, segmented cast-iron body fitted with a percussion
chemical firing device. The percussion hammer, held up by a safety pin, is
positioned over a small glass vial containing a sensitive explosive liquid. A length
of safety fuse under the vial leads to a blasting cap set in Type 88 explosive.
Over-all length is 4 5/8 inches.
To operate the grenade:
(a) Remove the safety pin.
(b) Strike the percussion hammer.
(c) Throw immediately.
Sling Grenade (Figure 306)

This is a black-bodied steel grenade which has a metal ring attached to its tapered
wooden base plug. A protective metal cap and scratch block cover the
friction-igniter fuze. The fuze incorporates a 4 to 5 second delay. Over-all length
is 5 5/16 inches.
To operate the grenade:
(a) Remove the protective cap and scratch block.
(b) Rub abrasive surface of scratch block against match head of fuze.
(c) Throw the grenade directly by hand or by means of a line attached
to the base ring.
HIGH EXPLOSIVE RIFLE GRENADES

Type 91 Grenade (Figure 307)
This grenade can be fired from a rifle by removing the propellant container and
screwing on a finned tail stabilizer.
Type 99 (A) Grenade

Fitted with a propellant container, this grenade may be fired from the Type 100
Discharger.
Hollow Charge Rifle Grenades (Figure 308)

Two different sizes of this hollow-charge grenade have been recovered; a
30-millimeter size 6 1/2 inches long, and a 40-millimeter size 7 inches long. Both
sizes are fitted with a base impact fuze. The base of the grenade is pre-rifled for
firing from a rifle discharger. If the grenade fails to function on impact, it will
usually be found in a sensitive condition.
Small Rifle Grenade Model 3 (Figure 309)

This grenade is similar in size and design to the Type 99 (A) grenade except that the
fuze is instantaneous rather than containing a delay, and could not be substituted as
a hand grenade fuze. This grenade is designed for firing from Type 39 and Type 99
rifles by use of a wooden bullet.

CHEMICAL GRENADES
1/2-Kilogram Smoke Grenade (Figure 310)
This grenade may be thrown by hand or projected from a 50-millimeter grenade
discharger. The fuze is the same as that used in the Type 91 and 97 grenades. The
grenade has a TNT burster charge and a WP main charge contained in a brass body. It
also may be used for incendiary effect.
Incendiary Stick Grenade (Figure 311)

The body of this grenade is long and cylindrical with hemispherical ends. The wooden
handle threads onto the base and the fuze to the other end. The Type 97 hand grenade
fuze is used.
Small Incendiary Rifle Grenade Mod. 1 (Figure 312)

This is a light steel-bodied grenade filled with WP. The fuze is the Type 97
hand-grenade fuze. The tail section consists of a steel tube screwed onto the base
of the body with four tail fins welded to the tube. The color is grey over-all with
a red tip on the nose fuze and a purple body band.
Frangible Incendiary Grenade (Molotov Cocktail) (Figure 313)

This grenade consists of a bottle into the top of which is fitted an all-ways action
fuze. The fuze fits into the neck of the bottle in the manner of a crown stopper,
and the neck is sealed by a rubber washer.
New Type Frangible Incendiary Grenade (Figure 314)

This grenade also consists of a bottle, but it has no fuze. The neck is closed by a
bottle cap. An igniter plate of red phosphorus is held to the base by an elastic
strap and is ignited by the friction of impact. There are khaki colored rubber
carrying straps around the bottle.
Frangible Smoke Grenade (Figure 315)

This grenade is a flat bottomed spherical container made of clear glass. Though the
filler is irritating to the skin as a liquid, in ordinary field concentrations the
smoke is hardly irritating enough to cause coughing. Maximum diameter is 2 1/2
inches.
Rifle Smoke Grenade (Figure 316)

The body of this grenade is painted silver and thoroughly waterproofed with coats of
heavy lacquer and paraffin. It is used with a special adapter which fits over the
end of the rifle barrel. Smoke escapes through the emission holes at the base.
Over-all length 8 1/2 inches.
Hydrocyanic Acid Frangible Grenades (Figure 317)

These are round glass bowls filled with HCN. There are two types differing in minor
detail. These grenades contain very strong systemic poison and should be treated
with caution. Maximum diameter 4 inches.

MORTAR GRENADES
Type 89 HE.
Type 89 Flare.
Type 89 Smoke.
Type 91 HE.
All of the above are fired from a Type 89 50-millimeter grenade discharger. For a
discussion of them, refer to the mortar section under Army ammunition. (Figure 213).
IMPROVISED GRENADES
Numerous improvised Japanese hand grenades have been encountered in recent
campaigns.
These have included:
(1) Gas pipe, frequently scored, closed at both ends and fitted with a .22 cartridge
case and a safety fuse as a method of ignition.
(2) 25-millimeter shell cases, filled with explosive, and fitted with a length of
safety fuse or a pull igniter protruding from the top of the case.
(3) Aluminum or steel pipe closed with cement, filled with explosive and fitted with
a safety fuse.
(4) Heavy paper or braided cord container filled with explosive and ignited by means
of a safety fuse (Figure 318).
(5) 1/3-Kilogram Army bombs removed from their containers, armed and thrown by
hand.
One very effective weapon is an improvised conical grenade (Figure 319). This
grenade is constructed from the tail cone section of the Navy 30-kilogram Practice
bomb. The tail cone is removed, the space around the burster tube is filled with
granular picric acid, and a grass or hemp tail attached. The B-6(a) practice bomb
tail fuze is fitted to the cone and is armed by hand. The grenade is then thrown at
the target. This fuze has a light creep spring and will probably be in sensitive
condition if found unexploded.
ROCKETS
Army Rockets
The Japanese Army was late in putting rockets into field use. They were first
encountered in the hills east of Manila. The Army, however, has at present the most
practical launcher. To date the 20-centimeter rocket is the only size recovered. A
24-centimeter rocket is mentioned in documents. The Type 4 20-centimeter rocket
launcher (Figure 320) consists of a metal tube on a mounting permitting fine
adjustments in elevation and train. The launcher consists of three parts which can easily
be disassembled for transporting. A rate of fire of from 1 to 2 rounds per minute can be
maintained.
Type 4 20-centimeter Rocket
Spin-stabilized:
Over-all length 37 inches.
Weight 180 pounds.
Propellant Ballistite.
HE filling TNT.

Fuze Type 100 mortar fuze.
Range About 3,000 yards.
There are two rounds differing slightly in external appearance. The motor of the
older experimental round has a pronounced bourrelet (Figure 321), the newer motor
(Figure 322) has an almost straight body. Color and markings are the same as for
ammunition.
Navy Rockets Figure 323, Figure 324, Figure 325, Figure 326, Figure 327, Figure 328,
Figure 329, Figure 330, and Figure 331.
The Japanese Navy (Table 29) has in service use two kinds of HE and one incendiary
rocket. Effectiveness of the ammunition is limited by the type of launcher used.
Defects include flimsy construction, difficulty in accurate laying, and lack of
mobility. One kind of HE rocket employs No. 6 and No. 25 bombs propelled by rocket
units. For the No. 6 size, the rocket unit is simply a motor with tail fins, which fits behind
the bomb and pushes it during the rocket burning time. For the No. 25 bomb the
rocket motor is attached in place of the tail cone. These rockets have the color and
markings of Navy bombs. The second kind of HE rocket is a conventional spin stabilized
rocket design in two sizes, 20- and 45-centimeter. The 20-centimeter rocket may
employ a modified naval projectile for a warhead. The naval projectile color and
markings are used. The incendiary rocket is designed to be fired from a suicide motor
boat. It is black overall with two yellow bands. All rockets use a ballistite propellant
consisting of a number of single perforated sticks.
VI. LAND MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS See Table 10.

As expected when recent campaigns brought our forces against the Japanese in open
country with highways and bridges, and in towns and cities, a greatly increased
concentration of mining and booby trapping has been encountered. Use of all types of
land mines in particular has increased. Since the Japanese lacked any semblance of
equality in armored forces and in many cases any effective antitank firepower, mining
and suicide attacks have become a mainstay of their defense. On the basis of this
experience and of information from captured documents, there is every reason to
expect greater and greater emphasis on this type of warfare as the heart of the
Empire is reached. Three features of Japanese mining methods are especially
important. The first is the relatively small number of standard production mines and the
even smaller number of standard firing devices. As a result, the amount of field
improvisation is great and the adaptations of other ordnance, Japanese and Allied, are
frequent. The second is the common use of extremely large charges. Bombs, sea and
beach mines, torpedoes, and depth charges which can no longer serve their original
purpose are readily available for this use. The potential danger area of land mines is
thus great. The third is the emphasis on all types of controlled mines. Documentary
evidence and a parallel development in the use of sea mines indicate that this type of
mining will continually increase. Both electrical and pull wire controls are found. For
priming, demolition equipment or fuze adaptations are used. As in other types of mining,
the technique to date has been spotty. In some cases fields have been extensive, laid in
patterns, with weather-proofed and concealed leads, and coordinated with observation
and fire from pill boxes. At the other extreme there have been single mines, poorly
concealed, fired by lanyard, with the operator exposed to enemy fire and very
unlikely to escape the explosion of the mine. One unusual use of the controlled mine
field has been against enemy aircraft bombing from minimum altitude or strafing.

Decoys are planted on airfields and the minefield detonated when the planes are low
over field. Integration of all types of mine fields with defensive firepower is increasing.
Warning signs, to prevent their own personnel from walking into preset land mine
fields and booby traps, are often used by the Japanese. Frequently these signs have
been left standing and have served as a warning for Allied forces. Typical signs
which may be encountered are shown in Figure 478. The purpose of this chapter is to
give thorough coverage of all types of ordnance used as mines and booby traps
(whether designed originally for this purpose or for something else). Thorough
knowledge of this ordnance and of the principles involved in its use should suffice for
dealing with the improvised mines and booby traps which are too varied and
unstandardized to be completely listed in this book. Examples of typical improvised
mines and booby traps are included. In any classification of this subject there is
overlapping of categories. Japanese tactics, which do not follow the patterns of the
European war, increase the difficulties in definition. The organization used in this
chapter offers convenient divisions which correspond roughly with groupings
encountered in the field.
ARMY LAND MINES

Type 93 "Tape Measure" Mine (Figure 332).
Color: Tan; Weight: 3 pounds.
This is a circular metal container filled with picric acid. Threaded into the center
of the top, over the fuze, is a small brass disc. Pressure on the mine will crush
the top and force the small disc down on the fuze, breaking the shear wire and
releasing the spring-loaded striker. Antitank and antipersonnel fuzes requiring 250
pounds and 25 pounds firing pressure, respectively, have been recovered. The A/P fuze
has a black upper body (Figure 333) and holes for two shear wires, while the A/Tk. fuze
is of white metal with a single shear wire hole. Japanese documents report a third fuze
with a pressure of slightly over three pounds will fire. The spring-loaded striker in this
mine is of particular danger because the downward force maintained by the spring may
be sufficient to cause the fuze to fire when the shear wire becomes badly corroded.
The Japanese frequently reinforce the explosive power of this mine by stacking
several mines or placing other charges around it. Of particular note is the fact that in
Burma the Japanese have occasionally used an antilifting device with these mines. A
box charge is buried below the mine and attached to it by a pull igniter. To date such
instances of booby-trapping land mines are rare. The fuzes have also been used to
initiate prepared demolition charges or block-sections of explosive from Army bombs.
Type 99 "Armor Piercing" Mine (Figure 334)

Color: Tan; Weight: 2.7 pounds.
This is a circular canvas container filled with blocks of picric acid. Four magnets
are attached around the circumference. The fuze threads into a pocket in the side.
The mine is designed to be placed on the side of tanks or other metal vehicles. The
fuze is initiated by depressing the fuze cap prior to placing the mine. The delay is
4-6 seconds. This mine has also been thrown as a hand grenade and planted, fuze cap
up, as a land mine. Less than 5 pounds of pressure initiates the fuze.
Since this mine, like the Type 93, has an inadequate charge, the mines are often used
in pairs, held together by the magnets.

Dutch "Mushroom" Mine (Figure 335)
Color: Dark Tan; Weight: 9.5 pounds.
This mine, captured in quantity by the Japanese in Java, is easily recognized by the
dome shape of the cover. A spring holds the cover of the fuze. Pressure on the lid
forces the cover down upon the fuze. The shear wire retaining the spring-loaded
striker breaks under pressure of 50 pounds and fires the mine.
"Lunge" Mine (Figure 336).

Color: Unpainted sheet metal; Weight: 14.3 pounds.
This is a crudely constructed suicide antitank weapon. The mine is conical-shaped,
filled with a poor grade of TNT or other substitute explosives, and contains an inner
cone which gives a shaped-charge effect. A detonator or blasting cap is seated in
the top of the cone at the base of the guide-pipe welded to the top of the cone. A
broom-stick-like handle 6 feet long, with a striker at the base, fits into the guide
pipe. The attacker, lunging at the tank, drives the striker into the detonator
initiating the charge. Three 6-inch legs provide the stand-off distance.
At least one fatal accident has occurred from failure of untrained personnel to
recognize this weapon as ordnance. The accident resulted from an attempt to use a
lunge mine as a tent pole.
"Suction-Cup" Mine (Figure 337).

Color: Black; Weight: 7 pounds 8 ounces.
This a metal-encased 4-pound 7 1/2-ounce cylindrical charge of RDX 53 percent/TNT
47 percent secured to the end of a 5-foot pole. Two suction cups on the charge
container secure the mine to the target when pressed against it. Initiation is
effected by two friction pull igniters which are lashed to the after end of the
handle. The igniters set off two lengths of safety fuse with an estimated delay of
10 seconds, which in sequence set off two blasting caps, two lengths of primacord,
two more blasting caps in the main charge, and the main charge.
5-Kilogram Hemispherical Mine (Figure 338).

Color: Black; Weight: 11 pounds.
To date this mine has not been recovered, but photographs appear in captured
documents. It is designed for use as an antitank mine and is similar in shape to the
Navy Small Model Mine. (See chapter III.) The Type 99 "Armour Piercing" Mine fuze
fits in the top. The mine is to be placed against an armored vehicle, either by hand
or by means of a pole or line.
NAVY LAND MINES

Antivehicle "Yardstick" Mine (Figure 339).
Color: Dark Tan.
This is an oval-shaped, metal tube, 36 inches long. Contained within the tube are
eight blocks of Shimose with up to four pressure fuzes fitting between adjacent
blocks. A weight of about 300 pounds crushes the tube and forces the pressure head
of the fuze downward to shear the shear wire and release the spring-loaded striker.
A safety wire running the length of the tube through the fuzes is removed when the
mine is armed. These mines are often used to initiate larger charges such as bombs or
depth charges.

Type 3 (A) "Flowerpot" Mine (Figure 340).
Color: Brown or Tan; Weight: 11.5 pounds.
A captured document reports this mine in two sizes; however, only the small size (8
1/2 inches in diameter) has been recovered. The case of this mine is made of glazed
ceramic material. In contains Type 88 Explosive in a rubber sack. The fuze is
primarily made of black bakelite and threads into a rubber adapter in the top center.
The mine is thus effectively nonmetallic. The fuze is initiated by pull or pressure.
Approximately 22 pounds pull or 20-25 pounds pressure will fire it. This fuze has
been found with the plunger spring removed. In this condition only 2-5 pounds
pressure are necessary to fire it. Three types of fuzes and adapters have been
recovered (Figure 341). One is packed with an attached green or dark brown trip line
and has thread sizes identical to those of the Type 88 projectile fuze. The second has
different threads, no trip line, and a slightly smaller gaine. A third fuze resembles the
second except for threads identical to those of the Type 88 projectile fuze. The adapters
differ only in thread size. This fuze is the most effective Japanese standard initiating
device. The fact that one type can be used in standard artillery and mortar shells adds
to its importance.
Type 3 (B) "Wooden Box" Mine (Figure 342).

Color: wood; Weight: 6.2 pounds.
This is a square wooden mine manufactured according to standard specifications. The
filling is Type 88 and it uses the Flowerpot mine fuze. It is not as hard to locate
with a detector as the Type 3 (A) but it is obviously more difficult to find than a
conventional land mine.
Antipersonnel Mine (Figure 343).

An antipersonnel mine made of serrated cast iron was recovered on Okinawa. An
adapter plug and a cap with an opening for an igniter thread in the top of the mine.
Type 88 Inst. projectile fuzes, and fuzes for the Type 99 and Type 3 (A) mines were
found to fit the adapter. This is not definitely identified as Navy ordnance but it
was recovered in storage with other Navy mines.
IMPROVISED LAND MINES

A great amount of Japanese minelaying is necessarily done with awkwardly improvised
materials. This has been characterized by a certain amount of ingenuity, a poor
understanding of the use of explosives, and an entire disregard for the safety of the
personnel laying the mines. The following examples show typical improvisation.
Floating Mine (Figure 344).

A 2-gallon petroleum drum, two-thirds filled, has been floated down stream against a
pontoon bridge. The air space in the can provides some buoyancy, but in addition a
"life belt" consisting of a kapok-like material in a cloth sack partially encircles
the drum. Pieces of bent steel wire, 12 to 18 inches long, stretch outward stiffly
from the "life-belt". These are probably designed to insure that the mine will foul
the bridge. The mine is fired by safety fuse ignited when it is launched.
"Wooden Box" Mines

These are charges encased by many shapes and kinds of wooden boxes. Either

improvised initiators or land mine fuzes, bomb fuzes (Figure 345), projectile fuzes
or hand grenades (Figure 346), may be used to fire the charge.
Pull and Pressure Box

This device, recovered on Tinian, is a wooden box, 1 foot square, containing 8 pounds
of explosive. It was slightly covered with sand. Three trip wires led in a
spider-web fashion from a pull igniter inserted in one end of the box. A pressure
firing device protruded above the top of the box, and was covered by a board, held
off the box by a strip of bent tin. An estimated pressure of 40 pounds will fire the
pressure device (Figure 347).
"Sack" Mine (Figure 348)

This is a standard prefabricated mine that has the outward appearance of a burlap
sack. The charge is contained in a rubber bag inside the sack. A pull igniter fits
into a small "booster" sack inside of the bag. The mine has been used as a trip wire
trap, as a demolition charge, and with the pull igniter attached to the outer bag so
that movement of the outer bag fires the mine. In addition to these types of
improvised explosive containers, many mines are laid which consist merely of an
initiating device and any type of explosive charge, possibly with some metal added
for fragmentation. The same type of initiators are used as the other improvised
mines.
Burma Mine.
A mine recently reported from Burma illustrates the extreme in crude improvisation.
Two picric blocks and a hand grenade were buried with a blasting cap in one of the
blocks. A wooden board with a nail driven through it was placed over the charge so
that the nail rested inside the cap. Pressure on the board would drive the nail into
the cap.
NAVY ORDNANCE USED AS LAND MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS

Beach Mines
Both the Small Model Mine and the Small Model Mine Model 2 (see Chapter III) play an
important part in Japanese land mine tactics. The chemical horn contact firing
mechanisms and the relatively large explosive charge combine to make these excellent
antitank and antivehicular mines. Even more than on beaches they have been used on
roads, bridges, airstrips, in buildings, and in extensive fields to protect
strong points (Figure 349). They have been planted in patterns, sometimes with wires,
cable, or steel bars connecting the horns to give a greater striking area.
They also have been fired from control points either by direct electrical connection
or by pull wires attached to the horns. In some cases these mines have been planted
next to larger charges such as bombs and depth charges. In one such situation
(Figure 350) there was a possibility that removal of the beach mine would fire the
depth charge. This is another of the few instances to date of booby-trapping of land
mines.
Depth Charges
Japanese Navy Type 2 Depth Charges (see Chapter III) have been used in various
ways as land mines. Their large explosive charge makes them an especially effective
menace in confined areas even though at times the ratio of charge to objective may be

inefficient. One way of adapting them as pressure-actuated mines makes use of the
standard booster and detonator and parts of the Type 2 pistol. The striker is placed so
that it rests upon the percussion cap. A wooden block is put into the central tube of the
depth charge so that it rests on the striker. A wooden pressure board on top of the block
protrudes above the planted charge and is usually camouflaged. A downward force on
the board drives the striker into the cap and explodes the mine (Figure 351).
This same arrangement is used when a weight is suspended above the pistol to be
dropped when a trip wire is pulled. In another similar, though less successful
arrangement, the pistol is suspended in the top of the tube to be dropped on the cap.
Type 99 hand grenade fuzes have also been employed to initiate the charge by
pressure. If a length of safety fuse is included in the rig, they can be, as
Japanese documents suggest, initiated and rolled from high ground in to tank and
infantry formations below (Figure 352). Depth charges are used to reinforce the
explosive power of other land mines, notably the Small Model Mine Model 2 and the
Type 3 "Flowerpot" mine (Figure 353). With electrical priming or with pull igniters and
pull wires they are encountered singly or in series as controlled charges.
Sea Mines
The Japanese sea mine Type 3 Mk 1 Aircraft Mine Model 1 (JJ) (see Chapter III) has
been found in an armed condition with wires attached to the horns. This enables it
to be fired either by trip wire or by remote control (Figure 354). Type 93 (JB) sea
mines have been laid as electrically controlled land mines.
Mine Horns to Initiate Other Charges

A clever device guarding a roadblock approach utilized a depth charge and sea mine
chemical horns (Figure 355). The depth charge, buried in the ground, was
electrically primed. Three leads from the cap ran above the ground to three chemical
horns set in concrete blocks, and buried in the road. Impact of a vehicle would
crush the horns and detonate the charge. A similar set-up was discovered with 500
pounds of dynamite replacing the depth charge. In some cases, a long steel tube was
fitted over the mine horn to increase the possibility of the horn being crushed.
Torpedo Warheads
The Type 3 Hydroplane warhead and exploder (see Chapter III) have been rigged as a
trip wire booby trap. The hydroplane on its cable is strung out and secured. It may
be set to fire when the cable is cut or when the cable is pulled and tension then
released. This is a particularly dangerous mechanism.
The Type 90 Model 2 Torpedo exploder (see Chapter III) has been recovered with trip
wire attached to the striker release sleeve. In addition, the exploder may be rigged
so that removal of a nail or weight holding the spring-loaded bail down causes the
exploder to fire (Figure 356). Warheads have also been used as controlled mines, using
either electrical firing or lanyard firing of a prearmed exploder.
Bomb and Fuzes

Aircraft bombs are adaptable and convenient charges for use as land mines or booby
traps. They may be used to reinforce the charges of other mines and traps. Simple
friction igniters are frequently used as initiators for trip or controlled charges.
Bomb fuzes have often been adapted for this use. The A-3 (a) has been wired
electrically into light circuits (Figure 357). On other occasions it has been fired

electrically from a control point. It has been used as a trip wire trap. The shear
wire was replaced by a pull pin to which was attached a trip wire. A heavy rubber
band was looped over the fuze cap and around the fuze body. A pull on the trip wire
withdraws the pin and the rubber band snaps the striker down upon the detonator
(Figure 358). Bombs are often buried nose up with the prearmed fuze protruding,
serving as pressure devices.
40-Kilogram Smoke Float Igniter.

This device, used normally to set off the smoke float, is fired by pressure. Its use
as pressure igniter to set off an explosive charge is known (Figure 359).
ARMY ORDNANCE USED AS LAND MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS

Army 120-Kilogram Depth Charge
This charge, though designed for use on suicide crash boats, has also been used as a
mine. (See Chapter III.) The charge is initiated by a pull igniter inserted in the
central tube. It has been recovered with lines leading from the pull igniter to
control posts, as well as rigged with trip wires. It has also been fired
electrically by means of demolition charges planted beside it.
Bombs and Fuzes

Japanese Army bombs have been used much in the same way as Navy bombs. One
variation, however, is that Army bombs have been buried with the nose down as well as
up. The A-2 (b) is frequently encountered with vanes removed as a pressure igniter,
both in bombs with other charges. The B-1 (a) has been rigged with a rubber band as
a pull trap (Figure 360). The C-3 (a) chemical long delay fuze has been armed and
fitted in a bomb as a delay-demolition charge. (See Chapter IV.) A U-shaped steel
frame fits over the tail struts of a 30- or 50-kilogram bomb to convert it into a pull type
controlled or trip wire mine. The spring-loaded hammer fires the armed tail fuze when
the trip wire is pulled (Figure 361). Friction igniters with detonators are placed in a bomb
fuze pocket and fired by control or trip. Another pull firing mechanism, similar to that
used in the Type 90 Flare and in the 120-Kilogram. Army depth charge, has been used
both on Luzon and Okinawa. A spring-loaded striker is released when the wire is pulled
(Figure 362). A/P and small GP bombs have been set in trees to be released by trip
wires. In several instances the igniter from the 1-Kilogram "anarchist" bomb has been
used as a booby trap initiator. (See Chapter IV). Electrical remote control firing has
also been used. In Lashio, for instance, several of the surviving buildings were
mined with Army bombs wired for electric firing. The plan was to infiltrate after
the buildings were occupied and fire the charges. It was defeated by a fortunate
discovery of the leads.
HAND GRENADES
Japanese hand grenades have been used in a variety of ways.
A type 91 mortar grenade has been found suspended in a 75-millimeter shell case
(Figure 363). Withdrawal of a suspending trip wire allows the grenade to fall to the
base of the shell case, setting off the impact igniter in the grenade fuze.
Another effective trap found in New Guinea consists of a Type 97 grenade wired
together with a fuzed 50-millimeter mortar shell. The fuze of the grenade projects
from one end of the assembly and the whole device is suspended by a string. A trip

on the string releases the assembly to fall on the grenade fuze. Explosion of the
grenade detonates the mortar (Figure 364). The mine made from a grenade and a
coconut is a standardized field improvisation (Figure 365). Grenades are used as
igniters and boosters for many types of wooden box mines. The pull type grenade and
the stick grenade (see Chapter V) are easily and often adapted for various trip devices.
Artillery Projectiles
The standardized procedure in the use of projectiles as land mines is to bury the
projectiles, usually 75-millimeter or 105-millimeter sizes, nose up and use the Type
88 Instantaneous gun fuze. The fuze is disassembled and armed. In that condition a
slight pressure will fire it. The Type 88 Short Delay Fuze with an added delay time has
also been so used. These fuzes are often used to ignite prepared charges other than
projectiles. The 3rd Year Type Japanese Army projectile time fuze has been modified
so that ignition is accomplished by means of a pull cord in the nose (Figure 366). While
the fuze is described by the Japanese as for use in Aircraft Propaganda Bombs, it is
readily adaptable for turning 75-millimeter projectiles into booby traps. Projectiles have
been buried nose down with wooden blocks covering the base and a firing device in the
nose actuated by downward pressure on the projectile (Figure 367). Projectiles
themselves are handy A/P charges. It may be expected that they will also
be encountered fitted with standard pull igniters or with improvised pressure
igniters. It should also be borne in mind that one type of Flowerpot mine fuze fits
these sizes of Army projectiles. The 70-millimeter Barrage Mortar has been used
effectively as a booby trap. The dangers of this mortar are discussed in the Army
projectile section.
Bangalore Torpedo and Igniter

The Bangalore torpedo with its convenient pull igniter can be employed as a trip wire
booby trap. The igniter is frequently found set up with other charges. (See Chapter
VI.)
ALLIED ORDNANCE USED AS LAND MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS.

The successful campaigns of early 1942 provided the Japanese with stocks of British
and American ordnance. Additional quantities have subsequently been captured or
recovered as duds. Adaptation of this material to these uses has been similar to the
Japanese adaptation of their own ordnance. Burma, where the pinch of supplies has
been felt, is where use of Allied ordnance has been greatest.
Examples are:
U.S. FRAGMENTATION BOMBS (Figure 368). -- The M40 23-pound parafrags have
been buried nose up with armed M120 fuzes. The fuzes were covered with sheet iron.
These bombs also have been rigged in trees to be released by a trip wire and to fire on
impact.
U.S. GP BOMBS. -- These have been used in bridge demolition charges and as
charges for contact or controlled mines. Demolition equipment rather than United States
bomb fuzes has been the means of firing.
BRITISH BOMBS. -- GP and fragmentation bombs have been frequently used. A trip
wire firing mechanism, manufactured in Burma, is one type initiator. Recently a new

device was recovered in Burma to adapt these bombs to electric firing. It consists
of a firing bridge and a Navy bomb gaine mounted in a bakelite fitting threaded to
fit the nose pocket of the British bombs.
U.S. 150-MILLIMETER PROJECTILES. -- According to documents the Japanese are

planning to use 150-millimeter shells with M46 fuzes modified to take a blasting cap.
Spikes In a pressure board fire the cap which initiates the fuze and projectile (Figure
369) . By using an electric blasting cap, these projectiles can be used as controlled
mines.
HAND GRENADES AND MORTARS. -- United States and British grenades are used in
a variety of ways. By utilizing the hand-release firing mechanism they are used as
pull traps with the trip wire attached to the safety pin. They have been placed
under the armpit or between the legs of a corpse so that movement of the body would
allow them to fall free and release the firing device. A trap left at Myitkyina consisted of
an American mortar shell and a British grenade laid together under a board so that the
board rested on the release handle. Movement of the plank would allow the grenade to
fire, thus setting off the mortar shell (Figure 370). Land Mines. -- Captured British Mk. V
land mines were used in quantity in the Burma campaign.
TIME DELAY DEVICES

Demolition Clocks
Though by name demolition equipment, these devices belong in the field of time delay
devices. They are becoming increasingly important in Japanese withdrawal tactics.
The last three of these reported clocks have appeared for the first time in the Luzon
campaign. In this campaign, too, the first known use of time charges in an
ammunition dump was observed.
Type 92 7-Day Clock (Figure 371).

This was recovered by Australian forces at Alexishafen, Australian New Guinea. The
maximum time setting is 7 days. Electric leads connect the contacts on the clock,
through a battery to the placed charges. A day indicator indicates the number of
days before the clock will fire. In addition to firing electrically, the clock is
capable of firing mechanically. Drawings show a groove in the bottom of the clock to
receive a safety fuse, and it is assumed that a firing pin and primer are located
inside the clock. For this reason, cutting the battery leads may not render the
clock inoperative. This clock was wired to a charge under the airstrip consisting of thirty
100-Kilogram bombs and a large quantity of picric acid. The entire installation was
under a turf-covered sheet of iron connected by a switch (wired in parallel to the clock)
that would close the circuit if the iron was lifted or forced down.
24-Hour Clock (Figure 372)

This clock is spring driven and wound by hand. It has time settings up to 24 hours
in 1 hour increments. The dial revolves clockwise, carrying two bridging contact
arms which close a circuit on completion of the set run.
Type 99 Long Delay Clock (Figure 373)

This clock may be set at two hour increments up to 10 days 12 hours. It winds itself
electrically every 4 3/4 minutes. At the termination of its set run it allows a tit

on the spring loaded bridging arm to drop into a notch on the dial, closing the
firing circuit.
7 1/2-Day Clock (Figure 374)

This clock is spring driven, hand wound, and apparently of European design. The
clock face is graduated in one hour intervals from 0 to 7 days and 12 hours. When
the set time has elapsed, a trigger is released firing the spring-loaded firing pin.
The striker opening is threaded internally to receive a cap and externally to fit
into a prepared demolition block. This clock was found set in an ammunition dump.
Chemical Delay Firing Device (Figure 375)

The case of the device is made entirely of black bakelite. An ampoule of solvant is
contained in the top, a striker and plastic retaining plug in the center, a delay
train and booster in the bottom. When the ampoule is crushed, the striker spring is
also compressed. After the solvant has acted on the retaining plug, the striker is
freed and fires the device. The solvent ampoule has not been recovered so the delay
time is unknown. Navy bomb fuzes of similar design (C-1(a)) have a delay between 17
and 24 hours. A large factory-made wooden box demolition charge specially fitted to
take this firing device has been recovered.
Time Firing Device Mk. 1 (Figure 376)

This is a 3 3/4-inch lucite tube containing a spring loaded striker held up by a wire
attached to a metal bridge in the top of the tube. To set the device, the end cap is
removed, acid poured into the well through which the striker retaining wire runs, and
the end cap replaced. After a certain delay the acid will eat through the wire
allowing the striker to fire. This device found constructed of brown or white lucite. The
brown tube contains a finer retaining wire and has a shorter delay. Tests show less than
an hour delay for both devices. A 2-inch explosive gaine threads into the base of the
tube.
"SUCKER TRAPS"
In addition to mines and traps laid in more or less direct coordination with
defensive tactics, in the European war, large numbers of traps were set mainly for
the purpose of lowering enemy morale. These were the charges set in living quarters,
on abandoned equipment, corpses, etc. Mention has already been made of the use of
hand grenades on corpses by the Japanese, but in general there has been little of
this type of trapping in the Pacific. Proper precautions should be observed, however, in
all contact with buildings and equipment left by the enemy. The following are four typical
traps of this type which have been found in this theater.
Explosive Radio (Figure 377)

All batteries except one were removed from a radio and the cavity filled with
explosive. The electric circuit was closed when the switch was turned.
Phonograph Charge (Figure 378)

An electric contact on the pick-up assembly was so arranged that sufficient movement
of the arm to play a record would close the circuit and set off the charge, concealed
with battery, under the floorboards.

Explosive Telephone (Figure 379)
A pull igniter fitted to an explosive charge was found inside a telephone. The line
from the igniter was secured to the crank of the telephone so that an attempt to ring
would set off the charge.
"Tin Can" Booby Trap (Figure 380)

This is an explosive filled can made to resemble an ordinary food can. A friction
pull igniter threads into the side of the can.
VII. DEMOLITION EQUIPMENT.
INTRODUCTION.
Japanese demolition equipment is similar in appearance, construction and operation to
that used by the Allies. As a result, captured demolition gear lends itself readily
to our uses, but it must be noted that age and storage conditions are not known, and
the effects of tropical climate may reduce its usefulness. This section illustrates
various items used in demolition, presenting them as the ordinary components of the
explosive train.
Safety Fuse Igniters Trigger Type (Figure 381)

The igniter consists of housing, firing assembly and scar lever. A pull on the
lanyard cocks the firing pin by compressing the spring, and the sear is forced under
the firing pin, holding it in position. The device is on "safe" when the solid
portion of the safety ring is rotated beneath the trigger. To fire the device, the
safety ring is rotated until the cut-away portion is opposite the trigger.
Depressing the trigger raises the sear, releasing the firing pin.
Pull Igniters (Figure 382)

Red Type: A brass-bodied friction igniter with a red plastic outer sleeve.
Black Type: Longer and larger than the red igniter, with depressions on the body to
give a firm grip.
Type 99 Demolition Tube Igniter: This device differs from the ordinary pull igniter
in that it contains a seven-second delay train and houses a fulminate of mercury
detonator assembly. Several metal-bodied spring loaded pull igniters have recently
been recovered. Although these are used to ignite such ordnance as depth charges and
flares, they are readily adaptable for demolition use.
Safety Fuse.
Tan: Tan colored fuse 7/32 inch in diameter. Rate of burning is approximately 32
seconds per foot.
Black: Black colored fuse 3/16 inch in diameter. Rate of burning is the same.
White: White colored fuze 9/32 inch in diameter. Rate of burning is approximately
45 seconds per foot.
Type 1: Waterproof fuse with layers of silk, hemp, and cotton over the powder train;
the outer surface is coated with white paint. Diameter is 13/32 inch; rate of
burning approximately 30 seconds per foot.

Blasting Caps Nonelectric.
(1) Copper-cased cap corresponding to U.S. No. 6. Cone-shaped base produces
shaped-charge effect.
(2) Brass-cased cap closely resembling, but slightly longer than U.S. No. 6.
(3) Brass-cased cap longer and more powerful than any used by the U.S. forces.
Length is 2 3/4 inches.
Electric.
(1) Type 97: Brass-bodied outer case with fulminate of mercury filled plastic tube
crimped into outer case. Length is 3 1/4 inches.
(2) Type 98: Construction and appearance is similar to Type 97.
(3) Platinum Wire Type: Inner tube contains a platinum wire bridge which ignites a
gun-cotton compound. Used for detonating old-type explosive multiple charges.
(4) Unknown Type: This cap is mentioned in documents; length 3 1/8 inches.
EXPLOSIVES TYPE 97 DETONATING CORD

The core is PETN, surrounded by wrappings of cotton, hemp and waterproof layers,
with a tan outer surface. Diameter is 1/4 inch and rate of detonation is 6 kilometers per
second.
PLASTIC EXPLOSIVE
Issued for field use in 4 ounce rolls 4 inches long, with three such rolls packed in
a paper package. Explosive is light brown and contains 80% cyclonite.
PREPARED CHARGES
The Japanese use three main explosives in demolition blocks; Picric acid, haishoyaku
(a combination of ammonium perchlorate, cyclonite, silicon carbide and paraffin) and
tanoyaku (TNT/RDX). Dimensions of each block are 2 x 2 x 1 inches, weight 1/4 pound.
These blocks are used to make different size charges by joining them in strips,
inserting in cans or binding together by bags.
TNT AND PICRIC BLOCKS

These two blocks are identical in size and weight. One is made of pressed, wrapped
grain TNT, and the other consists of pressed, wrapped, grain picric acid. Weight, 7
ounces; dimensions, 2 3/4 x 2 x 1 1/2 inches; two holes are provided for the
insertion of blasting caps.
TNT AND PICRIC STICKS

These blocks are 4 1/2 inch long cylinders weighing 7 ounces. One stick consists of
pressed, wrapped, grain TNT, and the other is pressed, wrapped, picric acid.
DEMOLITION BLOCK (Figure 383)

This charge is made up of four blocks of picric acid packed in a light metal
container. The top block is twice the size of the others and contains a hole to
receive the detonator. Weight, 2 pounds, 14 ounces.
DEMOLITION BLOCK
Three 7 1/4 ounce blocks and one 1-pound block of grey-colored explosive. These
blocks fit in a tin-plated steel container.

DEMOLITION CAN
This charge consists of three pressed, wrapped, picric acid blocks in a rectangular
zinc can.
1-KILOGRAM DEMOLITION CAN

This can is filled with cast-wrapped picric acid. Strings are attached near the two
primer seats to facilitate attachment of blasting caps.
5-KILOGRAM DEMOLITION CAN

Can filled with cast, wrapped, picric acid. Weight is 5.5 kilograms. Two primer
seats on the top and one on the side have strings attached to facilitate attachment
of blasting caps.
30-KILOGRAM PICRIC BLOCK (Figure 384)

This charge contains 30 Kilograms of picric acid. Charges are rounded or square.
SUBSTITUTE EXPLOSIVES
(See table of Military Explosives, Chapter II.)
DEMOLITION TUBES
Bangalore Torpedo (Figure 385)
This torpedo is a brown steel tube filled with cyclonite and TNT, with a cap at one
end and a male plug threaded into the other. The fuze and locking collar are
constructed of light aluminum alloy. To assemble the torpedo, the pointed cover is
threaded from the locking collar and replaces the cap on the male end of the torpedo.
The plug is then removed from the female end of the tube and the locking collar with
fuze body threads in to replace it. Several torpedoes can be threaded together to
increase the length. To explode the torpedo, the safety pin is removed from the fuze
head and the lanyard is pulled. The fuze contains an eight-second delay. Length (with
fuze), 51 inches; diameter, 1 13/32 inches; weight, 10 pounds. The bangalore torpedo is
used against barbed wire obstacles, mine fields, and for other demolition purposes. It
may be rigged as a booby trap. A bamboo tube, filled with explosive and fitted with a
pull igniter (Figure 386) has been utilized for emergency field demolition.
Finned Bangalore Tube (Figure 387)

This tube is similar to the bangalore except that it is made of two-piece body with
fins attached to the after-body. The after-body section is so modified to fit into
the barrel of the Type 98 projectile discharger. A combination instantaneous-short
delay nose fuze fits into the tube. Length, 78 3/8 inches; diameter, 1 15/16 inches;
weight, 17 pounds, 14 ounces.
Type 99 Demolition Tube

This tube weighs 35 Kilograms and is 44 inches long. The fuze is actuated by a pull
cord and has seven seconds delay.
Obstacle Demolition Tube

The tube is over 35 feet long and weighs 102 kilograms. The construction is similar

to those above, but the fuze is actuated by electrical means. The exterior tube is
colored light brown.
VIII. PYROTECHNICS AND CHEMICAL ORDNANCE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers pyrotechnic and chemical ordnance not included under other
headings. Specific items include ground and aircraft flares, signals, smoke candles
and smoke generators, ground and navigation markers, and gas sticks. The aircraft
navigation sea markers, although not pyrotechnics, are included because they are used
in the same manner as smoke floats, and from their shape could easily be mistaken for
items of this type. In handling these pyrotechnics, reasonable care must be exercised
even though few contain large explosive charges. All pyrotechnics are a potential fire
hazard and must be treaded as such. Certain of the flares or smoke candles will
explode with a violence approaching that of a high explosive if they have been
overexposed to the weather or if the fire is confined. Special attention should be paid to
the markings on smoke candles since they are the only means of identifying vomiting or
tear gas candles from those giving off harmless screening smoke. Attempts should not
be made to souvenir these items as many contain charges which are
sensitive to friction or shock. Never pull on loose wires or cables or try to remove
parachutes as they may be attached to friction igniters.
ARMY FLARES
Flares for 50-Millimeter Type 10th Year Flare Discharger (Figure 388)
All known flares of this type are included in sheet 6 of Appendix A. The flare
cases, 6 1/8 inches long, are heavy tan-colored cardboard. The color of the bands
indicates the color of the flare and the number of stars is indicated by the number
of bands. The base of the flare, with the attached propellant container, is
constructed of yellow brass with tinfoil covered emission holes in the container.
The top surface of the case is painted the characteristic color of the flare, and
except in the case of the Black and Yellow Dragon flares, has raised symbols standing
for the different types: small squares for white flares, triangles for green flares,
and circles for red flares.
50-Millimeter Tenth Year Type "A" Flare (Figure 389)

According to Jap labels, this device is to be fired from the Type 89 Grenade
Discharger for use as a flare; however, the filling is of an incendiary type which
burns with an intense white flame. Length, 6 1/4 inches.
81-Millimeter Mortar Signal Flare

(a) Green Type -- Light iron cylindrical projectile 3 inches in diameter with eight
raised bearing surfaces on the upper and lower portions of the case. The top has
five green-colored circles on it. Attached to the base is a propellant container
similar to the 50-millimeter flares. Over-all length, 7 3/8 inches.
(b) Parachute Smoke Cylinder -- Identical to the 81-millimeter green in appearance,
except that a broken ring painted yellow is the identification mark on the top of the
flare.

Signal Cartridges
The following cartridges (table 30) are fired from the Type 97 Very Pistol. They
resemble the standard 12-gauge shot-gun shell.
Signal Rocket Mk. 1 (Figure 390)

The projectile is similar to the common commercial fireworks rocket. The brown
cardboard cylinder is attached to a stick, to the end of which is fixed a 6 1/2 feet
length of rope. A pull tab in the base of the rocket container covers a length of
fuze which is lit to fire the rocket. Over all length, without rope, 25 inches.
Type 93 4-Centimeter Signal Flare (Figure 391)

Two types: (a) Trailing white stars, brassy body; (b) Green comet, tin-colored body;
over-all length, 7 2/5 inches, diameter, 1 4/5 inches. At the base of the cylinder
are points of fixing the flare in the ground. The flare has a base friction striker
which ignites a safety fuse. The safety fuse, in turn, sets off the propellant
charge, which blows out the paper parachute and black flare powder container, at the
same time igniting the safety fuse leading to the burster charge which starts the
flare mixture.
Safety Fuse Flare (Figure 392)

This flare, 3 1/2 inches long and 1 1/4 inch in diameter, is housed in a cylindrical
paper container closed at the base with a wooden plug to which a short length of
safety fuse is attached. Above the plug is a small expelling and ignition charge
which blows the flare and its red paper parachute out of the container. The flare
burns for 23 seconds. It is possibly fired from the 30-millimeter rifle grenade
discharger.
NAVY FLARES
Navy Hand Signal Flare (Figure 393)
This cylindrical cardboard container is filled with a flare mixture and fixed on a
wooden handle. The signal is ignited by pulling a metal wire which extends down the
tube. A label with both English and Japanese writing on it is pasted on the
container, indicating that the item was probably manufactured for use as a distress
signal prior to the war. Length, 12 1/2 inches.
Illuminating Flare Bomb (Figure 394)

This flare body has a conical shape with a hemispherical nose welded to the body and
weighted for ballistic purposes. Two spring carrying handles are fitted to the body.
The flare is ignited by a pull igniter in the base and burns with a brilliant
greenish-yellow flame. Flares which have failed to function should be handled with
care as they burn with intense heat. Length, 22 1/2 inches, diameter, 6 1/4 inches.
Type 96 Floating Landing Flare (Figure 395)

This is a light sheet metal flare bomb with four sheet metal fins and a brass nose
parabolic in shape. The flare produces an extremely bright white light and is used
as a means of signaling landing spots during the night. It is dropped from airplanes
and due to its hollow construction will float in water. A pull igniter in the nose
ignites a length of safety fuse which fires the quickmatch in the after end setting

off the flare mixture. Length 16 1/2 inches, diameter, 5 inches.
Ground Signal Flares (Figure 396)

These cylindrical cardboard containers, filled with red, white or green flare
composition, are used to signal aircraft from ground stations. Openings at the top
of the flare indicate the color of the flare composition: Three -- green; four --
white; eight -- red. A pull igniter for setting off the flare composition is in the
base. Length, 3 3/4 inches, diameter 1 3/4 inches.
Type 94 Float Flare (Figure 397)

This grey-colored flare is of soldered tinplate construction throughout. A lead
weight in the nose and a buoyancy chamber in the rear section keep the flare upright
in the water. The flare has water inlet holes in the nose and the side, sealed by a
tear-off strip, and a removable end cap. Before dropping, the tear strip and end cap
are removed. After impact with the sea, water enters through the nose inlet, wets
the calcium carbide in the forward end and acetylene gas is generated. Simultaneously,
water enters through the side inlet hole, wets the calcium phosphide in the after end of
the flare and generates phosphine. The acetylene gas passes out through the tail
opening and is there ignited by the phosphine gas which is spontaneously inflammable
in the air. Length, 12 inches; diameter, 2 3/4 inches. A factory variation, painted black
with an additional lead weight soldered to the exterior of the nose to cause the flare to
float at an angle, has been recovered. It is 14 inches long, 3 inches in diameter.
Type 94 Mod. 1 Float Flare (Figure 398)

This is a larger flare than the Type 94. It is painted bright yellow and has
box-type struts supporting the tail fins. Preparations for dropping the flare and
the principles of generating gas and ignition are the same. Length, 20 1/4 inches,
diameter, 4 3/8 inches.

This is a smaller version of the Type 94. It is painted grey over-all. The methods
of dropping and ignition are the same. Length, 9 3/4 inches, diameter, 2 3/8 inches.
A similar flare 13 3/4 inches long has been reported.

This marker is similar in construction and operation to those listed above. Over-all
length, 13 3/4 inches, diameter, 2 7/8 inches, weight 2 pounds 3/4 ounce.
ARMY SMOKE PYROTECHNICS
Smoke Candle
Exclusive of self-projecting and floating smoke candles, all smoke candles are of the
same basic construction, differing only in size and filling. This type candle
consists of a cylindriacl sheet metal container with a removable metal cover held in
place by adhesive tape. The cover protects a match head in the top of the candle and
contains a wooden scratch block. To ignite the candle, the scratch block is rubbed
against the match head which, after a few seconds delay, ignites the main filler.
The candle is thrown to, or placed at the spot where smoke is desired. Details of
individual candles are given in table 31 and photographs figure 429, figure 430,

figure 431, figure 432, figure 433, figure 434, figure 435, figure 436, figure 437,
and figure 445.
Self-Projecting Candles
All self-projecting candles are of a similar type. Differences in dimensions and
filling are shown in table 31 and figure 429 figure 430, figure 431, figure 432,
figure 440, figure 441, figure 442, figure 443, figure 444, and figure 445.
In general, self-projecting candles consist of an outer tube sealed at one end by a
wooden block with protective metal covers held on each end with adhesive tape. The
smoke mixture is contained in a snug-fitting inner container. A match head in the
block at the base of the candle is ignited by the scratch block contained in the top
metal cover. This ignites a delay fuze which sets off the propelling charge and
shoots the inner smoke container outward. A delay element is ignited by the
explosion and in turn starts the smoke mixture. A rod encircles the candle and
extends along the length of the candle to form a spike which is inserted into the
ground to support the candle at the desired angle for firing.
Type 94 Floating Smoke Candle (Figure 401)

This candle consists of a cylindrical metal tube equipped with a supporting ring to
which a rubber tube is attached by means of two lugs. The body is painted grey with
a white label or brown with a white band. The filling is either Berger Mixture (Type
94 A), or HC (Type 94 B). When in use, the rubber tube is inflated to support the
candle in the water. A metal top covers the fuze pocket which is closed with a wing
nut during shipment. The fuzes are shipped separately. Two types of firing mechanism
may be used. One type is the ordinary hand grenade igniter without the blasting cap
detonator; this gives a delay of about 8 seconds. A friction igniter initiated by a small
piece of wood painted with abrasive may be used. This produces a delay of up to 30
seconds. The candle burns for about 3 ½ minutes, and gives off a dense cloud of white
smoke which hangs close to the surface of the water. Length 31 1/4 inches, diameter 3
1/4 inches.
NAVY SMOKE PYROTECHNICS

40-Kilogram Floating Smoke Generator (Figure 402)
This generator is a grey welded steel drum 14 inches high and 12 inches in diameter.
On the top are two carrying handles, a filling hole, the fuze and ignition system,
and the spray tube which extends inside to the bottom of the drum. An inflated
rubber tube may be attached to the eight lugs on the sides of the drum to float the
generator in water. In operation, the safety pin in the firing assembly is removed
and the plunger is struck to explode the detonator and ignite the fuse. This fires a
wick and starts the combustion of a slow-burning charge. As pressure from this
burning builds up in the upper part of the drum, the FS mixture in the lower part is
forced out through the emission tube. Upon contact with air, a dense white cloud is
formed.
Smoke Float (Figure 403)

This float has a streamline shape with an over-all length of 18 1/8 inches and
maximum diameter of 8 3/4 inches. Three rounded tail fins are soldered around the

after part of the body. A removable cap on the tail covers the smoke outlet and also
the ring attached to a pull igniter by means of which the main filler is initiated.
It has been found with both black and yellow smoke fillers. It is used as an
aircraft navigation marker and must be dropped from a height of less than 700 meters.
Floating Smoke Flare (Figure 404)

This is a large aircraft-laid spotting smoke flare. The 51 inches long bluish-grey
metal container holds an ejection charge, parachute, pull igniter and delay train,
and the smoke compound. The flare is ignited by the D-3 (a) aerial burst fuze with
cup vanes which fits into the side fuze pocket of the flare. The parachute slows the
descent of the flare and the delay train permits the flare to return to the surface
of the water before the smoke compound is ignited.
Type 2 Target Indicator (Figure 405)

This bomb is a fuzeless black bakelite container filled with FM (titanium
tetrachloride). The tail fins are made of sheet steel and the bomb is closed by a
paper nose cap filled with iron filings. A sealed glass tube closes the after end.
A steel ring held to the body by a tin strip is for suspension. If dropped from a
high altitude the case will rupture on impact and release the FM mixture. If the
case does not rupture the glass tube in the tail may break allowing the FM to be
ejected by air pressure within the bomb. Length 17 inches, diameter 3 inches, weight
3 pounds 14 ounces.
NAVY NAVIGATION MARKERS

This marker has an aluminum painted cylindrical sheet metal body with a weighted
ogival nose section and a conical sheet metal tail fitted with four fins. Passing
through the nose section and running the length of the body is a wooden plunger held
in place by tape. Impact with the water forces this plunger aft, pushing out the
wooden base plate and freeing the aluminum powder filler to form a film on the
surface of the water. Markers with a brass nose cup weighted with lead or with a
steel nose plug have been observed. Length 12 1/2 inches, diameter 3 inches, weight
3 pounds and 11 ounces.

This marker is similar to the Model 1 except that it is painted yellow overall and is
filled with a dark green powder which makes a green slick on the water.

This is a larger version of the Type 0 Model 1 sea marker. It is filled with
aluminum powder. Length 22 inches, diameter 5 inches, weight 18 pounds.
"Cardboard" Type This marker is filled with aluminum powder and is similar to the Type
0 Model 1 marker except that it is constructed entirely of cardboard and has no wooden
plunger. Instead, a paper sealing disc over the nose plug opening bursts on impact and
releases the filling. Weight 3 pounds, 8 ounces.
Aerial Burst Containers

Paper spherical containers filled with flare, smoke or HE mixtures have been
recovered, and flak reports indicate their use over the China coast. All are aerial

burst, and are believed to be launched from metal tubes of varying sizes.
Flare Ball (Figure 409)

This is a large round cardboard container with a dome top covering a paper-wrapped
black powder fuze and a dome bottom containing a black powder charge in a celluloid
cup. The main container carries a cluster of 12 flares attached to a large green
tissue parachute. The flare cluster is bedded in a quantity of cottonseed which
fills most of the lower half of the sphere. A pull wire permits removal of the top
dome and allows access to the fuse for ignition. Diameter 9 inches, weight 9 pounds.
Smoke Ball (Figure 410)

This container is similar in size, appearance, and operation to the flare, but it is
filled with 80 smoke pellets packaged around a black powder charge in a silk bag.
The upper section of the sphere is filled with cottonseed. In view of the large
quantity of black powder contained in the flare, it should be handled with care.
Diameter 9 inches, weight 9 1/2 pounds.
H.E. Ball
This is a slightly smaller white cardboard sphere containing three picric explosive
units, each in a tin container and each fitted with a paper parachute. A pull
igniter in the top of each unit detonates the explosive when an airplane comes in
contact with the parachute shrouds. This container is domed only at the end from
which the safety fuze emerges. The fuze leads to a black powder bursting charge.
Signal Ball (Figure 411)

These green paper containers carry a short length of fuse, a black powder bursting
charge, sand ballast and a paper parachute. A red paper flag has been found
suspended below some of the parachutes. This container is not domed at either end.
Diameter 4 1/2 inches, weight 11 1/2 ounces.
Signaling Shell No. 2 (Figure 412)

The shell is made up of a small light bulb shaped pressed paper container fitted into
a brass truncated cone base. The sphere contains iron fillings and black powder, the
latter ignited by a length of safety fuse which is ignited by the propelling charge
contained in the base. The cone has a primer cap in its base. The method of firing
is not known. Maximum diameter 2 3/8 inches, weight 6 ounces.
Type 2 Model 1 Torpedo Marker (Figure 413)

This marker is secured to practice torpedoes and the fiber closing plugs removed from
tubes located on the top of the marker. As the torpedo travels through the water,
water passes into one tube and forces a trail of green dye from the other. Length 13
inches, diameter 3 11/16 inches.
Mk. 1 Incendiary Cylinder "A" Large (Figure 414)

This charge is used by Japanese bomb disposal squads in an attempt to obtain a low
order detonation and subsequent burning of unexploded bombs. The charge is a
thin-walled grey metal container filled with a mixture of commercial thermite. An
igniter with a delay fuze of approximately 5 minutes fits in a well in the top of the
charge.

Type 89 Tear Gas Stick (Figure 415)
These sticks are packed in a grey metal cylinder 7 inches long and 2 inches in
diameter. White labels are fastened to the cover and the side of the package. The
container carries 20 brown sticks 5 1/2 inches long and 20 metal quills for sticking
in the ground. The sticks are ignited by a match and burn like punk.
Navy Special Sneezing Gas Stick (Figure 416)

Twenty tan sticks 3 3/4 inches long and 3/8 inch in diameter are packed in a yellow
cylindrical cardboard box. The box is 5 3/4 inches high and 2 3/8 inches in
diameter. Each stick is wrapped in wax paper and may be ignited with a match. The
sticks give off a gas, probably DC, that causes sneezing and vomiting.
ARMY AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES

Type 90 Small Model (Figure 417)
This flare is dropped from an airplane and is ignited by a pull igniter when the
parachute opens. It burns for 2 minutes and 40 seconds with an intense
greenish-white flame. The flare and cotton parachute are packed in a split, hinged
cardboard cylinder held closed by an end cap. When the flare is used the end cap is
removed, allowing the cylinder to swing open to releasing its contents.
Type 90 Wing Flare (Figure 418)

This flare is fired from the wing of a plane by means of an electrical igniter. It
burns with a bright white flame for approximately 1 minute and is presumably used for
night landings. Length 7 13/16 inches, diameter 2 inches.
T
ypes 1 and 2 Parachute Flares (Figure 419)
The flare case is constructed of cold rolled steel, painted black, and fitted with a
single hinged Army type lug for horizontal suspension. It fits a 15- or 30-kilogram
bomb station. An aerial burst nose fuze initiates a black powder charge and the
flash ignites the flare composition. The expanding gases expel the parachute and
burning flare composition out the base of the case, allowing the parachute to open.
The flare burns with a greenish-white light for an estimated 1 1/2 to 3 minutes. The
difference between Type 1 and 2 is not known. Length 37 inches, weight 29 1/2 pounds.
Type 3 Parachute Flare (Figure 420)

This flare is of cold rolled steel construction painted dull red. It is of the
correct size to fit a 50-kilogram bomb station and appears similar to the Navy Type 0
Parachute Flares. The aerial burst nose fuze ignites a black powder charge which
ignites the illuminant. The expanding gases propel the illuminant and parachute out
the base of the container. The flare burns with a bright white light over 3 1/2
minutes. Length 42 1/4 inches.
NAVY AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES

Type 0 Parachute Flare (Figure 421)
This flare is a rolled tinplate cylinder. Three colors are known:
(1) A white cylinder with a red band at the base -- burns white to red,
(2) a white cylinder with a green band -- burns white to green,

(3) a grey cylinder with a white band around the base marked with three red stars --
burns white to red stars.
A pull igniter in the top of the flare initiates a 5-second delay train which fires a
small black powder charge. This charge simultaneously ignites the flare and blows
the parachute and flare mixture out of the base. Length 11 1/2 inches, diameter 2
inches.
Model 2 Mod 1 Parachute Flare (Figure 422)

This flare is similar to the Army Type 90 Small Model Flare. The container is of
sheet metal with a removable cap fitted on the parachute end. Removal of the cap
exposes a pull igniter. When the igniter cord is pulled, a delay train is ignited
and fires a black powder charge at the base of the flare. The black powder ignites
the illuminant and the expanding gases blow the flare and parachute from the
container. Length 25 1/8 inches, diameter 3 1/8 inches, weight 10 pounds, 3/4 ounce.
Type 0 Parachute Flare Series

There are five flares in this group, employing the same case and illuminant and
varying only in details of ejection, ignition, and suspension. Tactically the
development is toward flares for release at high altitudes.
The case is of sheet steel construction, grey over-all with a red band just below the
end cap. The illuminant burns for 3 1/2 to 4 minutes. Length 42 1/2 inches,
diameter 6 3/4 inches, weight 86 pounds.

In this flare the aerial burst nose fuze ignites the illuminant directly and the
expanding gases force the illuminant and single parachute out the base of the
container. This is a flare designed to be dropped from low levels and ignition is
immediate.
Type 0 Model 1 Mod 1 (Figure 424)

This flare has the same dimensions and external appearance as the Type 0 Model 1
except for the addition of a white band around the nose indicating a 10-second
ignition delay. The illuminant is ejected by a black powder charge in the nose of
the container. A second small parachute is included to steady the flare prior to
ejection.

This flare is identical in appearance, construction and operation with the Type 0
Model 1, except for the addition of the ejection charge and 0.2-second ignition
delay. This flare is slightly shorter and has an over-all length of 38 1/2 inches.
Type 0 Model 3
This is known from documents only. It is supposed to be a high altitude flare.
Type 0 Model 3 Mod 1 (Figure 426)

This is a flare for use from high levels. A black band around the nose indicates a
long ignition delay of 85-seconds. A second small parachute is added to steady the
flare in flight prior to ignition.

Experimental Model 11
This is a larger flare of longer burning time and greater intensity than any other
Type 0 flares. It is painted grey over-all with a red band above the end piece.
Burning time is 4 minutes 40 seconds. Length 45 inches, diameter 9 1/4 inches,
weight 110 pounds. Two variations exist:
Ogival Shaped Nose (Figure 427).

This flare has a 10 second ignition delay and operates like the Type 0 Model 1 Mod. 1
Cone Shaped Nose (Figure 428).

This is a high altitude flare and operates like Type 0 Model 3 Mod. 1.
APPENDIX A
Color Sheets for Identification of Japanese Ammunition.
See figure 480, figure 481, figure 482, figure 483, figure 484, figure 485, figure
507, figure 508, figure 509, figure 510, figure 511.

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Table 1

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Table 2

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Table 3

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Table 4

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Table 5

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Table 6

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Table 6

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Table 6

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Table 6

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Table 7

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Table 7

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Table 8

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Table 8

h
Table 8

h

Table 9
h
Table 9

h
Table 10

h
Table 11

h
Table 11

h
Table 11

h

Table 11
h
Table 11

h
Table 12

h
Table 12

h
Table 13

h
Table 13

h
This Graphic is unavailable.
Table 14

h
Table 15

h
Table 15

h
Table 15

h
Table 16

h
Table 16

h
Table 17

h
Table 17

h

Table 17
h
Table 17

h
Table 18

h

Table 18
h
Table 19

h
Table 20

h
Table 21

h
Table 22

h
Table 23

h
Table 23

Page 132
h
Table 23
COMPLETE ROUND DATA (CONT.)

Page 133
h
Table 23
COMPLETE ROUND DATA (CONT.)

h
Table 24

h
Table 24

h
Table 25

h
Table 26

h
Table 27

Page 139
h
Table 27

Page 140
h
Table 27

h
Table 28

Page 142
h
Table 29

h
Table 30

Page 144
h

Table 31
h
Figure 1

Page 146
h
Figure 2

Page 147
h
Figure 3
TYPE 93 MODEL 1

Page 148
h
Figure 4

Page 149
h
Figure 5
TYPE 94 MODEL 2

Page 150
h
Figure 6
MARK 5 MOD 1

Page 151
h
Figure 7
MARK 6 MODEL 1

Page 152
h
Figure 8
SMALL MODEL MINE MODEL 1

Page 153
h
Figure 9

Page 154
h
Figure 10

Page 155
h
Figure 11

Page 156
h
Figure 12

Page 157
h
Figure 13

Page 158
h
Figure 14

Page 159
h
Figure 15

Page 160
h
Figure 16

h
Figure 17
BANANA

Page 162
h
Figure 18
JM

Page 163
h
Figure 19
POMEGRANATE

Page 164
h
Figure 20
GERMAN S MINE

Page 165
h
Figure 21

Page 166
h
Figure 22

Page 167
h
Figure 23
U.S. D4 FLOAT

Page 168
h
Figure 24

Page 169
h
Figure 25
JAPANESE TORPEDO

Page 170
h
Figure 26
TYPE 90 EXPLODER

Page 171
h
Figure 27
TYPE 90 MODEL 2

Page 172
h
Figure 28
TYPE 91 EXPLODER

Page 173
h
Figure 29
TYPE 2 EXPLODER

Page 174
h
Figure 30
TYPE 3 EXPLODER

Page 175
h
Figure 31

Page 176
h
Figure 32

Page 177
h
Figure 33

Page 178
h
Figure 34
THE PISTOL

Page 179
h
Figure 35
TYPE 2 DEPTH CHARGE

Page 180
h
Figure 36
THE PISTOL

Page 181
h
Figure 37

Page 182
h
Figure 38

Page 183
h

h
Figure 40

Page 185
h
Figure 41
MARK 3 SOUND MISSILE

Page 186
h
Figure 42

h
Figure 43

Page 188
h
Figure 44

Page 189
h
Figure 45
TYPE 92 15 KG

Page 190
h
Figure 46
TYPE 99 30 KG

Page 191
h
Figure 47
TYPE 94 50 KG

Page 192
h
Figure 48
TYPE 1 50 KG

Page 193
h
Figure 49
TYPE 94 100 KG

Page 194
h
Figure 50
TYPE 94 MODIFIED 100 KG

Page 195
h
Figure 51
TYPE 1 100 KG

Page 196
h
Figure 52
TYPE 3 100 KG

Page 197
h
Figure 53
TYPE 92 250 KG

Page 198
h
Figure 54
TYPE 1 250 KG

Page 199
h
Figure 55
TYPE 92 500 KG

Page 200
h
Figure 56

Page 201
h
Figure 57
TYPE 99 30 KG "SKIPPING"

Page 202
h
Figure 58

Page 203
h
Figure 59

Page 204
h
Figure 60
TYPE 4 100 KG ANTISHIPPING

Page 205
h
Figure 61

Page 206
h
Figure 62

Page 207
h
Figure 63

Page 208
h
Figure 64

Page 209
h
Figure 65

Page 210
h
Figure 66
TYPE 92 50 KG GAS

Page 211
h
Figure 67
TYPE 97 50 KG INCENDIARY

Page 212
h
Figure 68
TYPE 100 50 KG GAS

Page 213
h
Figure 69
TYPE 100 50 KG SMOKE

Page 214
h
Figure 70
TYPE 100 50 KG INCENDIARY

Page 215
h
Figure 71
TYPE 3 1/3 KG CLUSTER

Page 216
h
Figure 72
TYPE 2 1/3 KG CLUSTER

Page 217
h
Figure 73
1/3 KG CLUSTER BOMB

Page 218
h
Figure 74
TO 2 LONG AND SHORT

Page 219
h
Figure 75
TO 3 CONTAINER

Page 220
h
Figure 76
1/2 KG TO 3 CONTAINER BOMB

Page 221
h
Figure 77
50 KG PAMPHLET CONTAINER

Page 222
h
Figure 78
100 KG PAMPHLET CONTAINER

Page 223
h
Figure 79
TYPE 1 AIRCRAFT MISSILE

Page 224
h
Figure 80
TYPE 94 10 KG SUBSTITUTE

Page 225
h
Figure 81
TYPE 97 15 KG FRAGMENTATION

Page 226
h
Figure 82
TYPE 1 30 SUBSTITUTE

Page 227
h
Figure 83
TYPE 95 4 KG PRACTICE

Page 228
h
Figure 84

Page 229
h
Figure 85

Page 230
h
Figure 86

Page 231
h
Figure 87

Page 232
h
Figure 88

Page 233
h
Figure 89

Page 234
h
Figure 90

Page 235
h
Figure 91
A-6 (B)

Page 236
h
Figure 92
A-7(A)

Page 237
h
Figure 93

Page 238
h
Figure 94

Page 239
h
Figure 95

Page 240
h
Figure 96

Page 241
h
Figure 97

Page 242
h
Figure 98
B-5(A)

Page 243
h
Figure 99

Page 244
h
Figure 100

Page 245
h
Figure 101

Page 246
h
Figure 102
D-1 (A)

Page 247
h
Figure 103
D-A (B)

Page 248
h
Figure 104

Page 249
h
Figure 105

Page 250
h
Figure 106

Page 251
h
Figure 107
ARMY GAINES

Page 252
h

h

h
Figure 110

Page 255
h
Figure 111
TYPE 97 NO. 6 LAND

Page 256
h
Figure 112

Page 257
h
Figure 113
NO. 25 LAND

Page 258
h
Figure 114
TYPE 98 NO. 25 LAND

Page 259
h
Figure 115
NO. 80 LAND

Page 260
h
Figure 116
NO. 3 MODEL 2 ORDINARY

Page 261
h
Figure 117

Page 262
h
Figure 118

Page 263
h
Figure 119

Page 264
h
Figure 120

Page 265
h
Figure 121

Page 266
h
Figure 122

Page 267
h
Figure 123

Page 268
h
Figure 124
TYPE 99 NO. 6 MK 2

Page 269
h
Figure 125
TYPE 99 NO. 6 MK 2 MOD 1

Page 270
h
Figure 126
TYPE 1 NO. 25 MK 2 MODEL 1

Page 271
h
Figure 127

Page 272
h
Figure 128

Page 273
h
Figure 129
TYPE 99 NO. 3 MK 3

Page 274
h
Figure 130
TYPE 99 NO. 3 MK 3 MOD 1

Page 275
h
Figure 131
TYPE 3 NO. 6 MK 3

Page 276
h
Figure 132

Page 277
h
Figure 133
TYPE 99 NO. 80 MK 5

Page 278
h
Figure 134

Page 279
h
Figure 135

Page 280
h
Figure 136

Page 281
h
Figure 137
TYPE 2 NO. 6 MK 21 MODEL 1 CONTAINER

Page 282
h
Figure 138
1 KG HOLLOW-CHARGE BOMB

Page 283
h
Figure 139
TYPE 2 NO. 6 MK 21 MODEL 2 CONTAINER

Page 284
h
Figure 140
1 KG H.E. BOMB

Page 285
h
Figure 141

Page 286
h
Figure 142

Page 287
h
Figure 143

Page 288
h
Figure 144
BAKA

Page 289
h
Figure 145
BAKA WARHEAD

Page 290
h
Figure 146
TYPE 3 NO. 6 TARGET MARKER

Page 291
h
Figure 147
SILVER PAPER SCATTERING BOMB

Page 292
h
Figure 148
TYPE 99 NO. 3 PRACTICE

Page 293
h
Figure 149
1 KG MOD 3 PRACTICE

Page 294
h
Figure 150
A-1 (A) (TYPE 2 NOSE FUZE MODEL 2)

Page 295
h
Figure 151
A-1 (B) (TYPE 90 INITIATOR)

Page 296
h
Figure 152
A-1 (C) (TYPE 2 NOSE FUZE MODEL 1)

Page 297
h
Figure 153
A-3 (A) (TYPE 97 NOSE FUZE MODEL 2)

Page 298
h
Figure 154
A-3 (B) (TYPE 1 NOSE FUZE MODEL 2)

Page 299
h
Figure 155
A-3 (C) (TYPE 2 NOSE INITIATOR)

Page 300
h
Figure 156
A-3 (D) (TYPE 97 NOSE FUZE MODEL 1)

Page 301
h
Figure 157
A-3 (E) (TYPE 3 NOSE INITIATOR)

Page 302
h
Figure 158
A-3 (F) (TYPE 2 NO. 50 ORDINARY BOMB MODEL 1 NOSE FUZE)

Page 303
h
Figure 159
A-3 (G) (BAKA NOSE FUZE)

Page 304
h
Figure 160
B-2 (A) AND REACH ROD (TYPE 99 NO. 25 ORDINARY BOMB FUZE)

Page 305
h
Figure 161
B-2 (B) AND REACH ROD (TYPE 99 MK 5 BOMB FUZE)

Page 306
h
Figure 162
B-2 (A) AND REACH ROD (TYPE 2 NO. 50 ORDINARY BOMB MODEL 1 TAIL FUZE)

Page 307
h
Figure 163
B-3 (A) (TYPE 15 TAIL FUZE MODEL)

Page 308
h
Figure 164
B-3 (B) (TYPE 15 TAIL FUZE MODEL 1)

Page 309
h
Figure 165
B-5 (B)

Page 310
h
Figure 166
B-5 (C)

Page 311
h
Figure 167
B-6 (A) (TYPE 97 TAIL INITIATION)

Page 312
h
Figure 168
B-9 (A) (BAKA ALL-WAYS ACTION BASE FUZE)

Page 313
h
Figure 169
B-10 (A) (BAKA IMPACT BASE FUZE)

Page 314
h
Figure 170
C-1 (A) (TYPE 99 SPECIAL BOMB TAIL FUZE)

Page 315
h
Figure 171
C-2 (A) (TYPE 99 SPECAIL BOMB NOSE FUZE)

Page 316
h
Figure 172
D-2 (A) (TYPE 99 MK 3 BOMB FUZE)3

Page 317
h
Figure 173
D-2 (B) (TYPE 99 MK 3 BOMB FUZE)3

Page 318
h
Figure 174
D-2 (C) (EXP. 14 MK 3 BOMB FUZE)2

Page 319
h
Figure 175
D-2 (A) (TYPE 2 MK 3 BOMB FUZE)3

Page 320
h
Figure 176
D-3 (A) (TYPE O FLARE MODEL 2 FUZE)4

Page 321
h
Figure 177
D-3 (A) (SMOKE FLARE FUZE)4

Page 322
h
Figure 178
D-4 (A) (TYPE O FLARE MODEL 1 FUZE)5

Page 323
h
Figure 179
D-4 (A) (TYPE 3 INITIATOR)5

Page 324
h
Figure 180
STANDARD GAINE

Page 325
h
Figure 181
TYPE 3 ELECTRIC GAINE

Page 326
h
Figure 182
MK 5 GAINE

Page 327
h
Figure 183
SMALL MODEL GAINE

Page 328
h
Figure 184
PRACTICE GAINE

Page 329
h
Figure 185
MAGAZINE

Page 330

US ARMY Series 60a 26-1-3 Japanese Explosive Ordnance

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For Official Use Only

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

JAPANESE EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE (15 AUG 1945)

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

CHAPTER I. JAPANESE ORDNANCE MARKINGS

CHAPTER II. JAPANESE MILITARY EXPLOSIVES

CHAPTER III. JAPANESE UNDERWATER ORDNANCE

CHAPTER IV. JAPANESE BOMBS AND FUZES

CHAPTER V. JAPANESE AMMUNITION

CHAPTER VI. JAPANESE LAND MINES AND BOOBY TRAPS

CHAPTER VII. JAPANESE DEMOLITION EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER VIII. JAPANESE PYROTECHNICS AND CHEMICAL ORDNANCE

APPENDIX A. COLOR SHEETS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF JAPANESE AMMUNITION

HANDBOOK OF JAPANESE EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE

For Official Use Only

I. JAPANESE ORDNANCE MARKINGS

WRITINGS AND SOUNDS

System of Ordnance Designation

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

II. JAPANESE MILITARY EXPLOSIVES

III. JAPANESE UNDERWATER ORDNANCE MINES Table 9

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

TYPE 88 MOD 1 (Figure 1)

Type 93 Model 1 (Figure 3)

Type 94 Model 2 (Figure 5)

Mark 5 Mod. 1 (Figure 6)

For Official Use Only

Mark 6 Model 1 (Figure 7)

Small Model Mine Model 1 (Figure 8)

Small Model Mine Model 2 (Figure 10)

For Official Use Only

Type 3 Mark 2 Aircraft Mine Model 1 (Figure 14)

Type 96 (Figure 16)

Banana (Figure 17)

Pomegranate (Figure 19)

For Official Use Only

Mark 2 Mod. 1 Explosive Hook (Figure 21)

U.S. D4 Floats (Figure 23)

For Official Use Only

TORPEDOES (See table 14)

For Official Use Only

Type 90 Exploder (Figure 26)

Type 91 Exploder (Figure 28)

Type 2 Exploder (Figure 29)

Type 3 Exploder (Figure 30)

For Official Use Only

For Official Use Only

Japanese Depth Charges

ype 88 Depth Charge

Type 91 Model 1 Mod. 1 Depth Charge

Type 95 Depth Charge (Figure 33)