WATER RETICULATION AND

DRAINAGE IN BUILDINGS

SANS10252-1
SANS10400-W
SANS10252-2
SANS10400-P

1
10:00 – 10:30 Tea/Coffee

12:30 – 13:30 Lunch

Attendance Register will be circulated during the day –

please ensure all data is correct (please PRINT)

SACAP registered professionals will be able to claim 3.0

Cat 1 credits

Certificates will be available on our website –

www.saiat.org.za

2
WATER RETICULATION
IN BUILDINGS

LEGISLATIVE
BACKGROUND

3
 Government Notice
R509 of 08 June 2001

Water Services Act

(Act 108 of 1998)

4
13(2) If constructed or installed after promulgation of
these Regulations, a suitable water volume
measuring device or volume controlling device
must be fitted to separately measure or control the
water supply to every –

(a) individual dwelling within a new sectional title

development, group housing development or
apartment building;

(b) individual building, having a maximum

designed flow rate exceeding 60 litres per
minute within any commercial or institutional
complex;

5
14. Every consumer installation must comply with
SANS 10252: Water Supply (Part 1) and Drainage
for Buildings (Part 2) and SANS 10254: The
Installation of Fixed Electric Storage Water Heating
Systems, or any similar substituting re-enactment or
amendment thereof if the consumer installation is of
a type regulated by either standard.

6
National Building Regulations

National Building Regulations

and Standards Act
(Act 103 of 1977)

7
A2 Plans and Particulars to be Furnished

(1) Any person intending to erect any building, shall

submit to the local authority the following plans and
particulars, together with the application:

(v) particulars required in terms of any applicable

legislation, by-laws, or part of SANS 10400;

8
A7 LAYOUT DRAWING

Any layout drawing contemplated in regulation A2(1)(b)

shall indicate the occupancy classification, and shall
consist of as many plans, sections, elevations and
such other details as may be necessary to show.

(m) where provided, the location, type and capacity

of water heating installations;

9
A8 PLUMBING INSTALLATION DRAWINGS AND
PARTICULARS

(1)(a) The provisions of regulation A2(1)(c) [a fire

installation drawing] and A2(1)(d) [drainage
installation drawing] shall not be construed as
preventing the details contemplated in sub-
regulations (2), (3), (4) and (5) being clearly
indicated on any layout drawing required in
terms of regulation A2(1)(b).

10
(2) Any drawing of a fire installation as contemplated in
regulation A2(1)(c) shall contain as many plans,
sections and elevations as may be necessary to
show, where relevant, the following:

(a) The location and size of any existing or

proposed communication pipe serving or
intended to serve any building or site;
(b) the location of any pipe, the size of such pipe
and the material of which it is manufactured;
(c) the location and capacity of any storage tank;
(d) the location of any overflow;
(e) the location of any pump; and
(f) the pressure for which the installation has
been designed.
11
XA ENERGY USAGE IN BUILDINGS

XA2 At least 50% (volume fraction) of the annual

average hot water heating requirement shall be
provided by means other than electrical
resistance heating including but not limited to
solar heating, heat pumps, heat recovery from
other systems or processes and renewable
combustible fuel.

12
WATER RETICULATION
IN BUILDINGS

HOW TO COMPLY
(RESIDENTIAL UNITS)

13
WHAT IS IMPORTANT?

1. Water supply
2. Water pressure
3. Water quality

NOTE:

None of the above can be guaranteed by a water service

authority due to several reasons, therefore we may
require

• Emergency storage
• Boosting of pressure

14
WATER QUALITY

7.1.2 Water supply quality — Human consumption

Conditions unfavourable for the development of the

bacterium Legionaella pneumophila shall be maintained
as far as possible in installations where cold water is
stored for drinking purposes, or where hot water could be
used for drinking purposes. For this reason,

a) the presence of organic matter in the water as well

as the final products of metal corrosion, mainly iron,
shall be kept to a minimum,
b) compositions of rubber used shall not form a source
of nutrient for the bacterium,

15
c) storage tanks shall be regularly cleaned and kept
free of contamination,
d) stored cold water shall be maintained at a
temperature not exceeding 20 °C,
e) in a hot water installation, there shall be no zones
where water is stored at temperatures of between
25 °C and 45 °C,
f) the stored hot water shall be maintained at a
temperature of at least 55 °C, and
g) the quality of the water shall be such as to comply
with SANS 241-1 and SANS 241-2.

16
WATER DEMAND

Demand, or volume of water needed per period, is related

to the number of people in the building who will be using
the water.

• NBR A21: Design population

• SANS10252-1: Table 1
Table 2
Table 3

17
NBR A21

(1) The population of any room or storey or portion thereof

shall be taken as the actual population of such room,
storey or portion thereof where such population is
known or, where such population is not known, the
population shall be calculated from the criteria given in
table 2.

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19
SANS10252-1

4.2.1.2 An estimate shall be made

a) of the total daily water demand, using table 1 and

table 2, or using any other approved data,
b) of the probable (or design) flow demand, in
accordance with 4.2.2, and
c) of the total hot water demand, in accordance with
4.2.3, and of the time of peak hot water demand in
terms of 4.2.3.2.

20
21
22
4.2.3 Hot water demand

4.2.3.1 For the assessment of the hot water demand, the

following factors shall be considered:

a) the influence that the type of activity performed in the

building might have on the demand pattern;

And

b) the influence that external environmental factors (for

example, climate) might have on the demand pattern.

Differentiation between the peak and the design hot water

demand is advised so that the implications of an
installation not meeting the peak demand can be
recognized.
23
24
EXAMPLE

Domestic residence (H4), 3 bedrooms

Hot water demand:

NBR A21: 2 persons per bedroom

3 × 2 = 6 persons

SANS10252-1 Table 5:

6 × 140ℓ/person = 840ℓ

This will be the demand over a 24h period.

Storage required depends on heating cycle of the heater.

25
DIFFERENT TYPE OF WATER HEATERS &
ASSOCIATED STORAGE

1. Conventional electrical element

- Approx. 50ℓ/capita (4h/140ℓ)

2. Solar without backup electrical element

- 120% of daily demand under winter conditions

3. Solar with backup electrical element

- 100% of daily demand under summer conditions

4. Solar with backup electrical element

- total hot water demand

5. Instantaneous
- No storage
26
EXERCISE

Calculate the storage capacity required to achieve

maximum efficiency for a 2 bedroom dwelling for

1. Conventional electric element geyser

2. Solar geyser without backup element
3. Solar geyser with backup element

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EXERCISE

Calculate the storage capacity required to achieve

maximum efficiency for a 2 bedroom dwelling for

1. Conventional electric element geyser

2 × 2 = 4 persons

4 × 50ℓ = 200ℓ

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EXERCISE

Calculate the storage capacity required to achieve

maximum efficiency for a 2 bedroom dwelling for

2. Solar geyser without backup element

2 × 2 = 4 people

4 × 140ℓ = 560ℓ

560ℓ × 120% = 672ℓ

29
EXERCISE

Calculate the storage capacity required to achieve

maximum efficiency for a 2 bedroom dwelling for

3. Solar geyser with backup element

2 × 2 = 4 people

4 × 140ℓ = 560ℓ

30
NATIONAL BUILDING REGULATIONS

XA2 At least 50% (volume fraction) of the annual average

hot water heating requirement shall be provided by means
other than electrical resistance heating including but not
limited to solar heating, heat pumps, heat recovery from
other systems or processes and renewable combustible
fuel.

• Conventional electrical geyser not compliant

• Solar geysers and heat pumps with backup elements
will only be compliant if correctly installed with correct
minimum storage capacity

ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ⨯ 365 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Q=
50%
31
A20 Classification: H4
A21 Occupancy: 2 persons/bedroom
Type of hot water generation: Solar with back-up element
Hot water demand (SANS10252-1): 140ℓ per day per person
Number of Bedrooms: 3
Total demand: 3 × 2 × 140 = 840ℓ
Hot water storage capacity required: 840 × 50% = 420ℓ (50% XA2)
Capacity provided: 300ℓ + 150ℓ

A20 Classification: H1
A21 Occupancy: 2 persons/bedroom
Type of hot water generation: Solar with back-up element
Hot water demand (SANS10252-1): 140ℓ per day per bed
Number of Bedrooms: 10
Total demand: 10 × 2 × 140 = 2800ℓ
Hot water storage capacity required: 2800 × 50% = 1400ℓ (50% XA2)
Capacity provided: 5 × 300ℓ
32
GUIDELINE: STORAGE CAPACITY OF DOMESTIC
SOLAR GEYSERS WITH BACKUP ELEMENT

EFFICIENT XA2

1 Bedroom 230ℓ - 280ℓ 115ℓ - 140ℓ

2 Bedroom 460ℓ - 560ℓ 230ℓ - 280ℓ
3 Bedroom 690ℓ - 840ℓ 345ℓ - 420ℓ
4 Bedroom 920ℓ - 1 040ℓ 460ℓ - 560ℓ

33
34
SANS1307 - Domestic storage solar water heating
systems

4.5.5 Frame and stand

4.5.5.1 Any stand or frame that carries a storage tank on

top of a roof shall comply with the following:

a) The stand shall include a structurally sound load

spreading support that evenly distributes the loads, on the
rear legs and that protrudes at least 300 mm past each
leg.

b) The stand shall include cross braces that stabilize the

frame.

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4.5.5.2 Any stand or frame that will determine the angle of
the collectors or the storage tank (or both) shall comply
with the following:

a) The stand or frame shall allow for the system to be

installed at the inclination specified by the
manufacturer, on any roof pitch as nominated by the
manufacturer.

b) The manufacturer shall provide clear instructions on

how to adjust the inclination of the frame.

c) After adjustment the frame shall still comply with all

material, corrosion and structural requirements stated
in this standard.

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SANS10160 - The installation, maintenance, repair
and replacement of domestic solar water heating
systems

37
Design considerations and positioning of solar
collectors

Solar heaters effectively absorb heat from the sun from

about 10:00 until about 16:00.

Solar irradiance is at its peak between about 12:00 and

14:00.

However, sufficient quantities of hot water have to be

stored for use after 16:00.

A critical factor in the installation of solar heating systems is

the position of the collector relative to the movement of the
sun.

38
In the southern hemisphere, collectors should be pointed
true north and tilted at an angle above the horizontal equal
to the latitude of the site plus 10°.

This angle is chosen mainly to favour the collection of solar

heat during winter when the sun is fairly low in the sky, to
obtain year round efficiency.

A deviation of up to 45° east or west of north may, however,

be acceptable in many cases.

The design of the absorber unit can vary from a simple flat
plate to an evacuated tube reflector type absorber.

Ideally, the exposed surface of the collector should absorb

the maximum amount of incident solar radiation with a
minimum of heat loss.
39
The transparent cover over the collector prevents ingress
of rain, reduces the cooling effect of outside air movement
over the collector and restricts re-radiation losses, the latter
probably being the most important.

This means that the incident solar radiation has to be

transmitted through the transparent cover with a minimum
loss of heat energy due to absorption.

Thermosiphonic circulation can be created by placing the

absorber at the lowest point of the system.

The resulting circulation pressure is fairly small and any

obstruction or an accumulation of air bubbles in the system
can impede the natural flow of the water.

40
The absorber and all pipes are therefore sloped in such a
way that air can escape to the tank to be vented off.

While the thermosiphonic system is the most popular one

for domestic applications, pumped systems permit greater
freedom in the placement of the absorber(s), which can
then be situated either above or below the storage tank.

A typical pumped system is shown in figure 3. Pumped

systems can be direct (where the potable water itself
circulates through the solar collector) or indirect as shown
in figure 4, where the potable water is heated via a heat
exchanger.

In an indirect system, additives can be added to the solar

panel water (or primary circulating water) to control
corrosion.
41
42
Figure 5 shows a more complex arrangement in which a
solar installation is used to preheat the feed tester for the
main hot water storage tank.

Indirect systems are less efficient than direct systems,

owing to losses from the heat exchanger.

Indirect systems do, however, have the following

advantages over both thermosiphonic and pumped direct
systems:
a) frost damage can be prevented by the use of a
suitable heat transfer fluid, usually water with an
antifreeze additive;
b) damage due to boiling can be prevented if a suitable
heat transfer fluid with a high boiling temperature is
selected;

43
44
c) corrosion within the primary system can be
minimized by the use of a corrosion-inhibited heat
transfer fluid; and
d) scale formation within the primary system can be
more effectively controlled.

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46
47
SANS1352 - The installation, maintenance,
replacement and repair of domestic air source water
heating heat pump systems

4.3.5 Locating and positioning of the heat pump unit

and components

Notwithstanding any National standard the heat pump unit

and components shall be located and installed in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and in
such a manner and position to ensure:

a) the safe and effective operation (both mechanical and

electrical) of the system and of each individual
component part;
b) the safe, easy, effective and correct removal and
replacement of component parts or spare parts during
48
maintenance, replacement or repair,
c) the effective discharge and drainage of condensation
water from the heat pump unit;
d) the provision of adequate and sufficient ventilation and
airflow stream around the heat pump unit, so as not to
impede energy efficiencies or the performance of the
heat pump unit (or both);
e) the prevention of the build up of water, snow, ice, dirt
and debris;
f) the minimisation of noise transmission of the heat pump
unit into the environment especially during the night.
The noise transmission of the heat pump unit shall not
be greater than 45 decibels between 11:00pm and
7:00am and 55 decibels at other times;
g) that, and not withstanding 5.5.1(a) and 5.5.1(b), the
pipe network layout for the heat pump units primary
circulation loop shall be such that length and directional
changes are minimized;
49
h) that the heat pump unit can be supplied with electrical
power in an effective and safe manner;
i) that the orientation of the heat pump unit should be
such that the heat pump unit is exposed to the
maximum incident solar radiation;

In the southern hemisphere, to ensure maximum operating

efficiency, the heat pump unit should preferably be
positioned on the northern side of the dwelling. If this is not
possible the heat pump unit should be mounted in order of
preference , to (1) either north east or north west side, (2)
then on east or west side of the dwelling and then only
south east or south west and finally on the (3) South face
side of the dwelling.

50
j) that adverse weather conditions such as high winds and
heavy rains or excessive water discharges onto the heat
pump unit do not affect the efficient and effective
operations of the heat pump unit;
k) when the heat pump unit is positioned above the storage
water heater, provision shall be made to prevent the heat
pump unit from draining of water.

51
52
53
CAUTION:

Most literature provided with domestic heat pumps state

that a COP of 4 will be achieved if correctly installed.

Climatic conditions should be checked before a decision is

made to install a heat pump.

The average ambient temperature to achieve the COP of

4 is stated as 20°C which is much higher than the average
ambient temperature of most towns in SA.

For example, the average annual temperature in Cape

Town is 17ºC, and in Pretoria, 17.5ºC

54
55
5 Materials, pipes, fittings, components and fixtures

5.1 General

5.1.1 Materials, components, fittings and fixtures shall be

so selected that they are suitable for the expected
conditions of use.

5.1.2 If required, approval shall be obtained from the local

authority regarding the use of specific materials or
workmanship in the area concerned.

NOTE The schedule of approved products is normally the

Joint Acceptance Scheme for Water Installation
Components (JASWIC) acceptance list.

56
57
58
5.1.3 If it is desired or deemed necessary to use materials,
components, fittings or fixtures not covered by this part of
SANS 10252 or by an appropriate standard, proof of
quality and performance of the material or workmanship
shall be established by tests or by reference to other
appropriate standards.

PRESENTER’NOTE:

The designer needs to prove that the product complies

with the minimum testing standards as per the applicable
SANS standard.

59
5.1.4 The following factors shall be considered when
materials, components, fittings and fixtures are being
selected:

a) life cycle costs;

b) effect on water quality;
c) internal and external corrosion;
d) compatibility of different materials;
e) aging, fatigue and temperature effects;
f) mechanical properties;
g) durability;
h) availability;
i) water quality; and
j) dezincification resistance.

60
5.1.5 All materials, components, fittings and fixtures in
every part of a water installation shall

a) operate effectively under all normal conditions likely to

be experienced when the water installation is in service,
and

b) withstand, without damage or deterioration, sustained

temperatures of

1) up to 40 °C in the case of cold water installations,

and
2) up to 60 °C and occasionally up to 100 °C in the
case of hot water installations (in order to allow for
malfunctions of heated water fittings or
components) or to allow for periodic high
temperature flushing as part of Legionella control
regimes. 61
5.1.6 Selected fittings or components or any other
apparatus shall not induce pressure surges that can cause
damage to any part of the water installation.

NOTE Quick-closing valves and pressure booster pumps

can (for example) induce undesirable pressure surges in a
water installation unless special measures are taken to
absorb such surges

5.1.7 Materials selected for the manufacture of purpose-

made water heaters and storage containers shall be
compatible with the quality of the water to be heated or to
be stored, and shall comply with the relevant details given
in the appropriate of 5.2.

62
5.1.8 All rubber components that are in contact with potable
water, such as joint rings, tap washers and flange packings,
shall, in order to control the multiplication of Legionaella
pneumophila bacteria in water installations, be of a
composition that will not promote microbiological growth.

Rubber joint rings that comply with the relevant

requirements of SANS 4633 and that have the dimensions,
composition and hardness that are suitable for the
particular application, shall be deemed to be acceptable.

63
5.2 Pipes and pipe fittings

NOTE 1 Piping materials used for water installations in

buildings include, but not limited to galvanized mild steel,
copper, stainless steel, polypropylene, polyethylene,
cross-linked polyethylene, PVC-u, chlorinated PVC).

NOTE 2 Metals and metal alloys (such as copper and

stainless steel) that rely on the presence of protective
surface films for their corrosion resistance are particularly
at risk to pitting corrosion under unfavourable conditions.

64
NOTE 3 Where galvanized mild steel pipes and copper
pipes are used in the same system, the corrosion rate of
galvanized steel is usually substantially increased by the
traces of copper present in the water. Dissolved copper
ions can stimulate the corrosion of zinc coatings and bare
steel surfaces, either by direct electrochemical exchange
reactions or by galvanic attack. Dissolved copper is,
however, usually only found in cases where galvanized mild
steel hot water outlet pipes are used together with copper
domestic water heaters that operate at excessively high
temperatures.

NOTE 4 Where galvanized mild steel pipes and copper

pipes are to be used in the same system especially at
temperatures in excess of 60 °C, it is recommended that
the copper pipe is downstream to the galvanized steel pipe.
65
5.2.1 Copper and copper alloy

5.2.1.1 All copper alloy components in contact with potable

water shall comply with the minimum standard when tested
in accordance with SANS 6509. The maximum penetration
shall not exceed 250μm.

5.2.1.2 Notwithstanding the requirements in 5.2.1.3, the

following shall be deemed to be acceptable:

a) copper tubes recommended in SANS 460 for the

design conditions;
b) solders, fluxes and the method of soldering
described in SANS 460; and
c) copper-based fittings for copper tubes that comply
with the requirements of SANS 1067-1or SANS
1067-2, as relevant.
66
SANS 460 Class 0:
A hard drawn thin-walled tube for use without bending, and
recommended for above ground use only. Hard drawn
tubing is not recommended for underground use due to its
thin wall and lack of flexibility. Any change of direction
using SANS 460 Class 0 should be made using capillary
fittings and not compressive fittings.

Local annealing in order to produce a bend, offset or

crossover is not recommended. Oxyacetylene brazing of
SANS 460 Class 0 using capillary fittings is not
recommended.

67
SANS 460 Class 1:
A half hard thin-walled tube for above ground use only.
This tube can be bent using a bending tool with inner and
outer formers. Spring bending is not advised due to the
spring being too loose in the tube and the walls of the tube
collapsing. SABS 460 Class 1 - 28mm to 108mm is ideally
suited for the drawing of “T” joints.

68
SANS 460 Class 2:
A half hard, heavy gauge tube with excellent bending
qualities. This class is also used underground under normal
conditions i.e. non-aggressive soils. This is the only class
that can be bent by using an Internal Bending Spring. Care
should be taken when installing tube underground. The
tube should be protected against external corrosion using
CXP tape. SABS 460 Class 2 - 28mm to 108mm is ideally
suited for the drawing of “T” joints.

69
SANS 460 Class 3:
This class is a heavy, thick walled, half hard copper tube
with excellent bending qualities, designed specifically for
underground use where soil movement takes place. Care
should be taken when installing tube underground and it
should be protected against external corrosion using CXP
tape.

70
5.2.1.3 Unless the water is suitably treated, copper piping
shall not be used where

a) the water can so dissolve an undue amount of

copper that an unacceptable green staining is
produced, or

b) copper deposits onto aluminium or zinc surfaces will

promote galvanic attack.

71
5.2.1.4 Copper or copper alloy pipes and fittings shall not
be used, unless suitably protected against external
corrosion, where they might be in contact with materials
such as

a) ash,

b) sodium chloride (salt),

c) ammonia, or

d) any compound that consistes of of magnesium

oxychloride (magnesite).

72
5.2.3.7 Plastics pipes and fittings for hot and cold water
supply systems shall comply with one of the following
standards:

a) for PE-X (cross- linked polyethylene): SANS 15875-

1, SANS 15875-2, SANS 15875-3 and SANS
15875-5;
b) for PB (polybutylene): SANS 15876-1, SANS 15876-
2, SANS 15876-3 and SANS 15876-5;
c) for PVC-C (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride): SANS
15877-1, SANS 15877-2, SANS 15877-3 and SANS
15877-5;
c) for PE-RT (raised temperature cross linked
polyethyelene): SANS 22391-1, SANS 22391-2,
SANS 22391-3 and SANS 22391-5; and
d) for PE-X Multi-layer piping systems: SANS 21003-1,
SANS 21003-2, SANS 21003-3 and SANS 21003-5.
73
5.2.3.8 The minimum rating of a polymer pipe used in hot
and cold water systems in buildings is class 2, PN16 at 20
°C, 8 bar at 70 °C, and shall be marked as such on the
pipe.

5.2.3.9 Algae growth can occur in plastics pipes if there is

any translucence. Plastic pipes on hot and cold systems
shall only be used inside buildings.

5.2.3.10 For pipes and fittings, guidance on the application

of the system shall be found in SANS 4427-5, SANS
15874-5, SANS 15875-5, SANS 15876-5, SANS 15877-5,
SANS 22391-5 and SANS 21003-5. Any plastic piping
systems for hot water use shall be class 2 (70 °C
operating temperature), and shall have a minimum
operating pressure (M.O.P) of 600 kPa (6 bar) at 70 °C.
74
All SANS standards for plastic polymer piping system for
hot and cold water supplies are approved for use inside
buildings only. All plastics pipes used in hot and cold water
installations near external doorways and windows, shall be
protected from sunlight.

Unlike metal pipes (steel and copper) that have generic

pipe and fitting standards, thermoplastic pipe systems are
required to be installed using the fittings and tools that are
tested and approved as a complete system, The use of
pipes, fittings and tools from other manufacturers or
suppliers, that are not the same as the approved system,
shall not be acceptable.

75
76
ABC PIPES

77
5.2.5 Iron and steel

5.2.5.1 The following shall be deemed to be acceptable:

a) malleable cast-iron pipe fittings that comply with the

requirements in SANS 14;
b) ductile iron pipes that comply with SANS 1835;
c) steel pipes and pipe fittings with a nominal bore up to
150 mm that are suitable for screwing, in accordance
with SANS 1109-1 pipe threads, and that comply with
the requirements in SANS 62-2;
d) galvanized steel tubes, tubulars and fittings that have
been galvanized in accordance with the requirements
of SANS 32; and
e) steel pipes and fittings that comply with the
requirements of SANS 62-1, SANS 719, SANS 815-
1 and SANS 815-2, as applicable.
78
5.2.5.2 Where buried galvanized steel tubes and fittings
can suffer rapid corrosion in acidic soils, special
precautions shall be taken to protect such pipes and fittings
against external corrosion.

Several coastal local authorities do not allow the use of

galvanized steel pipes in water supply installations.

79
5.3.3 Taps, mixers and showers

5.3.3.1 Taps and mixers

5.3.3.1.1 Metallic water taps and mixers shall comply with

the requirements in SANS 226, SANS 1480, SANS 1808-
9, SANS 1808-16, SANS 1808-30, SANS 1808-35, SANS
1808-37, or SANS 1808-66, as relevant.

5.3.3.1.2 Draw-off taps shall operate effectively at the

internal water pressure recommended by the
manufacturer.

5.3.3.1.3 Plastics taps shall comply with SANS 1021.

80
5.3.3.2 Showers
Showers shall be of a type that can operate effectively at
the internal water pressure recommended by the
manufacturer.

81
8.6.3 Pipes laid in or through floors, concrete slabs
or walls

8.6.3.1 Where any portion of a pipe is concealed in a

floor, concrete slab or wall, the following shall
apply:

a) adequate measures shall be taken to protect

such portion from external pressure or from
the transmission of any load to it;

b) should a leak develop in such portion, the

installation shall be such that the portion of
the pipe can be removed without danger to
the building structure; and

c) plastics pipes shall not be rigidly encased in

floors, concrete slabs or walls. 82
8.6.3.2 Where any portion of a pipe passes through a
wall or under a floor, such portion should
preferably be installed inside a sleeve of
internal diameter of at least 15 mm plus the
outside nominal diameter of such portion (see
figure 15 and figure 16).

8.6.3.3 Pipes installed within a cavity wall shall be

securely fixed. No pipe shall pass through
concrete expansion or concrete joints, unless
acceptable provisions have been made to the
pipework for movement.

83
84
85
86
WATER SYSTEM:

• “Volume” is related to the number of people

• “Flow” is related to number of fixtures simultaneous

use

• Size of piping relates to QP = (∑Q)N

87
4.2.2 Probable (or design) flow demand

4.2.2.1 The probable water flow demand for pipes in

installations without automatic shut-off flush valves shall
be calculated using the following equation:

Qp = (ΣQ)n
Where

Qp is the probable flow demand, in litres per

minute;

ΣQ is the arithmetic sum of the design flow rates of all the individual
fittings supplied by the pipe (see table 3 for design flow rates), in
litres per minute; and

n is a factor related to the probable simultaneous use of the fittings.

Values of n are given in table 4. 88
4.2.2.2 The probable water flow demand for pipes in
installations with low-pressure automatic shut-off flush
valves shall be calculated using the following equation:

Qp = (ΣQ)n + 80

4.2.2.3 The probable water flow demand for pipes in

installations with high-pressure automatic shut-off flush
valves shall be calculated using the following equation:

Qp = (ΣQ)n + 45

89
4.2.2.4 The probable water flow demand for pipes in
installations where all the fittings supplied by a pipe
would probably operate simultaneously (automatic shut-
off flush valves excluded) shall be calculated using the
following equation:

Qp = ΣQ

4.2.2.5 Equation (4) can be used in all cases for the final
two fittings (automatic shut-off flush valves excluded)
supplied by a branch pipe. Working upstream from this
branch, the calculated value of Qp shall be retained until
it is replaced by a new value obtained from using
equation (1), (2) or (3).

90
Table 3 — Flow rates from terminal water fittings

91
Table 3 — Flow rates from terminal water fittings

92
Table 3 — Flow rates from terminal water fittings

93
Table 3 — Flow rates from terminal water fittings

94
 Table 4 — Values of na

1 2
Nature of use of building Value of n
Dwellings (economic) 0,5 - 0,70
Dwellings (low-cost) 0,5 - 0,75
Offices 0,5 - 0,70

Shops 0,5 - 0,70

Hostels 0,75 - 0,80
Public facilities 0,75 - 0,80
Kitchens 0,70 - 0,80
Hotels 0,5 - 0,75
Factory ablutions 0,75 – 0,80
Day school ablutions 0,5 – 0,80
a In large installations, the n value adopted for the main supply pipes shall in general be
less than that adopted for branch pipes. Where the flow exceeds 60 000L/min, the value
of n shall not exceed 0,7

95
7.7.1.3 Unless otherwise stated, the length of an
unheated pipe (dead leg) conveying water direct
from a fixed water heater to a terminal water
fitting, or from the point of take-off from a hot
water circulating system to a terminal water
fitting, shall be such that the internal volume of
that pipe does not exceed 4ℓ. The internal volume
of pipes and permissible lengths in terms of the
4ℓ volume limit are given in table 19 and
recommended limits are given in table 20.

96
97
98
99
EXERCISE

100
DESIGN FLOW RATES
(Table 3)

Showerhead (standard) 15ℓ/min

Cistern float valve 5ℓ/min
Wash-hand basin mixer 10ℓ/min
Bath mixer 25ℓ/min

COLD WATER HOT WATER

Qp = (ΣQ)n Qp = (ΣQ)n
= (15 + 5 +10 +25)0,7 = (15 + 10 +25)0,7
= 550,7 = 500,7
= 16,53ℓ/min = 15,46ℓ/min

The flow rate required for the bath mixer is 25ℓ/min

which is more than 16,53ℓ/min or 15,46ℓ/min
Use 25ℓ/min 101
Go to manufacturer’s data

Ø22 ND Class 0 Copper

The total length of the dead leg (hot water) is less than
8m (Table 20) – less than 4ℓ of water will be wasted
before water is hot at tap - therefore no HWR required.
102
In the case of dwelling houses, it will usually not be
necessary to carry out a detailed exercise to size the
pipes for the installation. For the internal hot and cold
water supply systems, certain basic pipe sizes will be
generally applicable.

The service pipe between the boundary and the house

should be sized.

Where automatic shut-off flush valves are used in lieu of

cisterns for WCs, it will be necessary to size the pipes
supplying such valves.

103
104
The recommended pipe sizes for installations that
incorporate a storage tank and a type 3 standard water
heater as given in SANS 151, are given in table F.2.

105
Residual water pressure in our domestic water systems
is determined by gravity, pipe size, elevation, water
volume and distance from source.

Residual water pressure is defined as the water pressure

in the line when water is flowing, as opposed to static
pressure, which is the pressure of the water when it is
not flowing.

In cases of domestic demand (how water gets into our

home), water pressure is never static because the
system is always being drawn on from somewhere.

106
Drag and pipe friction reduces residual water pressure.
This is the same as any other material traveling by
another. Think about dragging your feet across the floor.
It requires more effort to drag your feet across the floor
than it does to lift them through the air. This is because
there is less friction and drag in the air than on the solid
floor.

Most domestic water supply systems use gravity to

maintain water pressure and deliver water to homes. If
residual water pressure is low, it could be caused by a
low volume of water in the system, pipes being clogged
and pipes that are too small. Pipes that are too small
reduce the amount of pressure that can travel through
the system. Long periods of small pipes in a system will
reduce the volume of water passing through, making
water pressure drop regardless of the strength of supply
pressure. 107
Another determination of residual water pressure is
elevation. It is a given that it would take more pressure to
run water uphill, and the further away from the pressure
source you are, the more your elevation will affect your
water pressure.

1 atm (Atmosphere) = 101 300 Pa (101.3kPa)

= 1.013 Bar
= 14.7 psi
= 10.3m water
= 760 mm Hg

108
TYPICAL HOUSE

109
110
EXERCISE

Typical dwelling
• 5 bedrooms
• 3 bathrooms
• 1 kitchen
• Laundry
• Scullery

Solar geyser(s) with electrical backup element will be used.

1. Determine the capacity of the storage required for a

efficient installation.
2. What will be the minimum storage capacity required to
satisfy Regulation XA2?
3. Provide a schematic water reticulation layout plan.
111
112
113
TYPICAL HOUSE

114
A20 Classification: H4
A21 Occupancy: 2 persons/bedroom
Type of hot water generation: Solar with back-up element
Hot water demand (SANS10252-1): 140ℓ per day per person
Number of Bedrooms: 5
Total demand: 5 × 2 × 140 = 1400ℓ
Hot water storage capacity required: 1400 × 50% = 700ℓ(50% XA2)
Capacity provided: 300ℓ + 300ℓ + 100ℓ

115
116
117
118
119
120
PLUMBING COC

• The Plumbing Industry registration Board CoC is a

system and process whereby a licensed plumbing
practitioner will self-certify their plumbing work by
issuing of a plumbing certificate of compliance to the
relevant owner, municipality, local authority and/or
insurance company. Through the process the
licensed plumber shall take ownership for their
plumbing work and be held accountable for the said
works.

• Plumbing Certificates of Compliance are issued by

licensed plumbers to certify that their plumbing work
complies with all regulatory installations
requirements.
121
• A plumbing certificate of compliance will be issued
for most plumbing work, including:

• Where the total value of work, including

materials, labour and VAT, is more than R1500.00
(material costs must be included, regardless of
whether the materials were supplied by another
person)

• The installation, relocation or replacement of any

Electric Water Heating System, regardless of the
cost

• For every separate installation on a site.

122
• A plumbing certificate of compliance will be issued
for most plumbing work, including:

• The construction, installation or alteration of any

above or below ground sanitary drain; regardless
of the cost

• The installation, relocation or replacement of any

Hot Water Solar Water Heating System

• The installation, relocation or replacement of any

Heat Pump Water Heating System

123
• A Plumbing certificate of compliance shall be issued
to the relevant owner with five working days of the
completion of the said plumbing works. Only a
licensed plumber may purchase and issue
compliance certificates.

• It is illegal for any person who works on plumbing

installation if he/she is not a qualified plumber or not
working under the adequate supervision of a
qualified plumber. Registered persons under the
category of qualified plumbers are qualified plumbers
and may carry out plumbing works and may
supervise non-qualified plumbers or plumbing
learners, however they will not be allowed to
purchase or issue Plumbing Certificate Compliance
for plumbing installations.
124
WATER RETICULATION
IN BUILDINGS

FIRE INSTALLATIONS

125
4.1 General

The functional regulation W3 contained in part W of the

National Building Regulations shall be deemed to be
satisfied where

a) fire installations comply with the requirements of 4.2,

4.3, 4.4 and 4.5,

b) a supply of water is provided in each division for the

effective operation of the number of hose reels,
hydrants and sprinkler heads that are required in
accordance with SANS 10400-T and which may be
operated or come into operation simultaneously, and

126
c) the fire installation is either

1) the subject of a rational design prepared by a

competent person (wet services) or a competent
person (fire engineering) in accordance with the
general principles and requirements contained in
SANS 10252-1 and, if relevant, SANS 10287, or

2) in accordance with the requirements of 4.6 where

the area in which the building is located is serviced
by a fire brigade, contains no sprinkler system,
and serves not more than three fire hydrants in a
division.

127
4.2 Communication pipe

A fire installation shall be connected to a communication

pipe provided by the local authority and located at a
position and depth as determined by such local
authority.

4.3 Water meter

Where so required by the local authority, provision shall

be made in a fire installation for the supply and
installation, by the local authority, of a water meter. Such
meter and any related valve(s) shall not significantly
restrict the flow of water.

128
4.4 Isolating valves

An isolating valve shall be fitted in a fire installation at a

position that is not more than 1,5 m inside the boundary
of the site, and shall be clearly marked as such.

129
4.5 Fire pump connections

4.5.1 In any fire installation

a) any pipe which serves any hydrant or an

automatic sprinkler installation, shall be
provided with a twin pumping connection; and

b) any pipe fitted with one or more fire-pump

connections, unless such pipe discharges
directly into a storage tank, shall be fitted with a
pressure gauge reading up to 2 500 kPa and a
non-return valve so located as to shut off
automatically the direct supply of water from
the local authority system to such installation
whenever and for so long as any such fire
pump connection is in use. 130
4.5.2 Any pumping connection shall be

a) situated in a readily accessible position outside

the building at ground level,

b) mounted on the face of the building in an

accessible position, and

c) clearly marked as such.

4.5.3 No non-return valve in a fire installation shall be

so positioned as to prevent or hinder the flow of
water from a fire-booster connection to a fire
installation.

131
4.6 Pipework

4.6.1 In any fire installation

a) the nominal diameter of

1) a communication pipe serving such

installation shall be not less than 75 mm,

2) a service pipe supplying water to a fire

hydrant shall be not less than 75 mm, and

3) a service pipe supplying water to a hose

reel installation shall be not less than
25mm;
132
b) the pressure head (PF), when calculated in
accordance with the following formula, shall
equal or exceed

1) at any hose reel within a building or any

division within a building: 30 m

2) at the fire pump connection: 5 m

133
 PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL

where

PM is the static pressure head, in metres, at the juncture between the communication
pipe and the service pipe, and which, unless otherwise directed by the local authority,
is the minimum head measured at a point in time;

HF is the elevation of the fire pump connection or hose reel, in metres, above a
common datum (see figure 1);

HC is the elevation of the communication pipe at the juncture with the service pipe, in
metres, above or below, or on the same level as the common datum (see figure 1). If
the elevation is below the common datum, the volume between HF and HC shall be
added and not subtracted;

PL is the sum, in metres, of all the products of the length of service pipe of a
particular diameter serving the fire pump connection or hose reel, and the friction
factor obtained from table 1 based on the following:

a) fire hydrants: the simultaneous use of all hydrants within a division; or

b) fire hose reels: the simultaneous use of all fire hose reels within a division.
134
4.6.2 All fire installation pipework shall be constructed in
accordance with the relevant requirements of
SANS 2001-DP2 or SANS 2001-DP6 and shall
have a pressure rating of not less than 1 200 kPa.

4.6.3 All fire installation pipework installed above ground

or within the structure of a building shall comprise
metallic pipes and suitable metallic couplings
which comply with the relevant requirements of
SANS 2001-DP2 or SANS 2001-DP6.

135
136
137
 Example of a calculation for sizing pipework

A double-storey building has two fire divisions: one with

one fire hydrant and two hose reels, and the other with
two fire hydrants and three hose reels.

The static head is measured as being 36 m.

The lengths of service pipes and the elevations of the

various hydrants and hose reels are as shown in the
figure.

138
139
Service pipe to fire pump connection
The head loss in the service pipe from
the communication pipe to the fire pump
connection (S1 + S2) for the maximum
fire load of the two fire hydrants, is as
follows for a 75 mm diameter pipe:

PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL
= 36 – (5 – 10) – (60 × 1,91 + 30 × 1,91)
= -130,9 m
(< 5 m is unacceptable (see 4.6.1(b)))

If S1 and S2 are increased

to 100mm diameter:
PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL
= 36 – (5 – 10) – (60 × 0,39 + 30 × 0,39)
= 5,9 m
(> 5 m is acceptable (see 4.6.1(b))) 140
Service pipe from fire pump to hose
reels in division 1
The head loss in service pipes from the
communication pipe to hydrant H3 (S1
+ S2 + S3 + S4) for three hose reels is
0 as the friction factor for 75 mm and
100 mm diameter service pipes
supplying three hose reels is 0 (see
table 1).

At R3: PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL

= 36 – (7 – 10) – 0
= 39 m
(> 30 m is acceptable (see 4.6.1(b)))

At R4: PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL

= 36 – (6 – 10) – 0
= 40 m
141
(> 30 m is acceptable (see 4.6.1(b)))
At R5: PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL
= 36 – (6 – 10) – 30 × 0,11
= 36,7 m
(> 30 m is acceptable (see 4.6.1(b))) (25 mm
diameter pipe is acceptable and there is no
need to increase the pipe size)

142
Service pipe from fire pump to
hose reels in division 2

The head loss in service pipes

from the communication pipe to
hydrant H3 (S1 + S2 + S3 + S6) for
two hose reels is 0 as the friction
factor for 75 mm and 100 mm
diameter service pipes supplying
two hose reels is 0 (see table 1).

At R1: PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL

= 36 – (12 – 10) – 20 × 0,41
= 25,8 m
(< 30 m is unacceptable (see 4.6.1(b)))

143
Therefore, if S7 is increased to 40 mm
diameter:

At R1: PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL

= 36 – (12 – 10) – 20 × 0,05
= 33 m
(> 30 m is acceptable (see 4.6.1(b)))

At R2: PF ≥ PM – (HF – HC) – PL

= 36 – (12 – 10) – (20 × 0,05 + 10 × 0,11)
= 31,9 m
(> 30 m is acceptable (see 4.6.1(b)))
(25 mm diameter pipe is acceptable
and there is no need to increase the pipe size)

144
Summary

The pipe sizes in the table are required.

145
DRAINAGE

146
147