ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

PREPARED BY: ENGR. CHRISTIAN M. PANGANIBAN, M.E.

STRAIGHT LINES:

1. Of what quadrant is A, if secA is positive and cscA is negative?

a. I b. II c. III d. IV

Solution: Y

Quadrant II Quadrant I

X
Quadrant III Quadrant IV

The positive sign of the different trigonometric functions in the different quadrants is determined using the
following phrase: “All Students Take Chemistry” or “Add Sugar To Coffee”

Quadrant Function(+)
I All
[Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Cotangent, Secant and Cosecant]
II S
[Sine and its reciprocal Cosecant]
III T
[Tangent and its reciprocal Cotangent]
IV C
[Cosine and its reciprocal Secant]
Note: Other functions not mentioned per row (from II to IV) are with negative signs.

Therefore, for Secant (+) and Cosecant (-), A must be in Quadrant IV.

2. The equation y = a1 + a1x is an algebraic expression of:

a. straight line b. curve c. projectile motion d. potential energy

Solution:

It is a straight line
a1x – y + a1 = 0

Ax + By + C = 0
General Equation of Straight Line

3. A horizontal line has a slope of ______.

a. negative b. infinity c. positive d. zero

Solution:

The following figures illustrate the different slopes:

Slope = 0

Slope = positive

Slope = negative

Slope = infinity
4. A line, which is perpendicular to the x-axis, has a slope equal to ______.
a. 1 b. 0 c. infinity d. -1

Solution:

Slope = 0

Slope = positive

Slope = negative

Slope = infinity

The line perpendicular to the x-axis is a vertical line whose slope is infinity.

5. A line passes through (4,2) and has a slope of 2. Find the equation of the line.
a. 2x – y – 6 = 0 b. 3x – 2y + 8 = 0 c. 2x – 3y +10 = 0 d. 3x + 2y – 10 = 0
Y
Solution:
m=2
By Point-Slope Form,
y − y1
m= (4,2)
x − x1
y−2
2= X
x−4
2x − 8 = y − 2
2x − y − 6 = 0

6. Find the equation of the line through (2,4) and (4,6).

a. x – y + 2 = 0 b. 2x – y + 4 = 0 c. x + y + 4 = 0 d. x – 2y + 2 = 0

Solution:

By Two-Point Form:
Y
y − y1 y − y1
m= 2 = (4,6)
x 2 − x1 x − x1
6−4 (2,4)
m=
4−2
m =1
X
y − y1
m=
x − x1
y−4
1=
x−2
x−2= y−4
x−y+2=0

7. Find the equation of a straight line with a slope of 2 and x-intercept of 1.

a. 2x +y + 2 = 0 b. 2x – y – 2 = 0 c. x – 2y + 2 = 0 d. 2x – y + 2 =0

Solution: Y

Point-Slope Form,
y − y1 m=2
m=
x − x1 x-intercept, a = 1
y−0 X
2= (1,0)
x −1
2x − 2 = y
2x − y − 2 = 0
8. Find the equation of a straight line with a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of 1.
a. 3x – y + 1 = 0 b. x + 3y – 1 = 0 c. 3x + y – 1 = 0 d. x – 3y + 1 = 0

Solution:

By Slope-Intercept Form: Y

m=3
y = mx + b
y = 3x + 1 y-intercept, b = 1
3x − y + 1 = 0 (0,1)
X
or by Point-Slope Form:
y − y1
m=
x − x1
y −1
3=
x−0
3x = y − 1
3x − y + 1 = 0
9. Find the abscissa of a point having an ordinate of 4 of a line that has a y-intercept of 8 and a slope of 2.
a. -2 b. -1 c. -3 d. 4
Y
Solution:
y-intercept: b=8
(0,8)
y = mx + b
4 = 2x + 8 Slope: m=2
2 x = −4
x = −2 (abscissa ) (x,4)

ordinate: y=4

Abscissa: x=?
10. Find the equation of the line having an x-intercept of 2 and a y-intercept of 4.
a. 2x + y = 4 b. x + 2y = 4 c. x – 2y -4 = 0 d. 2x – y + 4 = 0
Y
Solution:
y-intercept, b=4
By Intercept-Form:
x y
+ =1
a b x-intercept, a=2
x y X
+ =1
2 4
2x + y = 4

11. Find the value of x if a line having a slope of 5/2 and passing through point (4,5) intersects the x-axis.
a. 2 b. -1 c. 3 d. -2
Y
Solution:
y − y1 (4,5)
m=
x − x1
5 5−0
=
2 4−x X
(x,0)
20 − 5 x = 10
5 x = 10
x=2
12. Find the equation of a line perpendicular to the x-axis passing through the point (4, 6).
a. x + y = 0 b. x – 4 = 0 c. y – 6 = 0 d. y – 4 = 0
Y
Solution:
(4,6)
By Inspection:
x=4
x-4=0
X
x=4

13. A line passes through (2,4) and perpendicular to the line 3x + 4y – 4 = 0. Find the equation of the line.
a. 3x + 4y + 20 = 0 b. 4x – 3y + 4 = 0 c. 2x + 3y -18 = 0 d. 3x + 2y -18 = 0

Solution:

The product of the slopes of perpendicular lines is equal to -1:

m1m2 = -1
Let m1: slope of line 3x + 4y – 4 = 0
Let m2: slope of line where (2,4) is located and perpendicular to line 3x + 4y – 4 = 0

3x + 4 y − 4 = 0
4 y = −3 x + 4
3
y= x +1 Y
4
thus,
3
m1 =
4
Therefore, (2,4)
3x + 4y – 4 = 0
−3
 m 2 = −1
 4  X
4
m2 =
3
y − y1
m2 =
x − x1
4 y−4
=
3 x−2
4 x − 8 = 3 y − 12
4x − 3y + 4 = 0
14. A line passes through (2,8) and parallel to the line through (-2,2) and (4,5). Find its equation.
a. x – 2y + 14 = 0 b. 2x – y + 16 = 0 c. x – y + 12 = 0 d. x + y + 14 = 0

Solution:

Slope of parallel lines are equal, m1 = m2 Line 2

Y
Let m1: slope of the line where points (-2,2) and (4,5) are located
Let m2: slope of the line where point (2,8) is located
(2,8)
y 2 − y1 y − y1
m1 = m2 =
x 2 − x1 x − x1 (4,5) Line 1
5−2 1 y−8
m1 = = (-2,2)
4 − ( −2 ) 2 x−2
x − 2 = 2y − 16 X
3 1
m1 = = = m 2 x − 2y + 14 = 0
6 2
Thus, the equation of Line 2 is: x – 2y + 14 = 0
15. Find the inclination of line passing through (-5,3) and (10,7).
a. 17.93˚ b. 16.93˚ c. 15.93˚ d. 14.93˚

Solution: Y
y − y1 P2(10,7)
tan θ = m = 2
x 2 − x1 θ
7−3 P1(-5,3)
tan θ =
10 − ( −5)
X
 4 
θ = tan −1  
 15 
θ = 14.93°

16. Find the smallest angle between the lines 2x + y – 8 = 0 and x + 3y + 4 = 0

a. 40˚ b. 60˚ c. 45˚ d. 30˚

Solution:

x + 3y + 4 = 0
3y = −x − 4 Y
1 4
y=− x−
3 3 2x + y – 8 = 0
1
m1 = −
3
θ X
2x + y − 8 = 0
y = −2 x + 8 x + 3y + 4 = 0
θ
m 2 = −2
m 2 − m1
tan θ =
1 + m 2 m1
  1 
 − 2 − −  
θ = tan −1   3 
  − 1 
 1 + ( −2) 3  
  
o
θ = 45

17. The points A(-2,3) and B(6,-5) and C(8,5) are vertices of a triangle. Find the length of the median from
A to the side BC.
a. 3 10 units b. 2 10 units c. 5 10 units d. 6 10 units

Solution:
Y
Getting the Midpoint of side BC:
x + xC 6 + 8 C(8,5)
xM = B = =7
2 2 A(-2,3) median
d=?
y + y C −5 + 5 xM,yM X
yM = B = =0
2 2
midpoint
B(6,-5)
Thus, Midpoint of side BC is at (7,0)

Solving for length of the median, d:

d = ( x A − x M )2 + ( y A − y M )2
d = ( −2 − 7 )2 + (3 − 0)2
d = 3 10 units
18. The distance from the point (2,1) to the line 4x – 3y + 5 = 0.
a.2 units b.1 unit c. 4 units d. 3 units
4x – 3y + 5 = 0
Solution: Y

Solving for the distance (d) between a point and a line,

Ax 1 + By 1 + C d=?
d= (2,1)
± A 2 + B2 X
4(2) + ( −3)(1) + 5
d=
( 4 ) 2 + (3 ) 2
d = 2 units
Note: If you are only after the distance (d), simply take the absolute value or disregard the ± sign on the
formula. The ± sign convention is only important if you are after the equation/s and the point/s involved.

19. The two points on the line 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 which is at a distance 2 units from the line 3x + 4y – 6 = 0
are:
a. (-5.5,1) and (-5,2) b. (64,-44) and (4,-4) c. (-8,-8) and (-16,-16) d. (-44,64) and (10,-10)

Solution:

Ax 1 + By 1 + C
d=
± A 2 + B2
Sign Convention:
(_)(_) = ___

(+) if the point is above the line and (-) if the point is below the line

Follows the sign of B

Ax + By + C = 0

3x + 4y – 6 = 0

X
d=2
2x + 3y + 4 = 0
Second Case (x,y)
d=2
First Case (x,y)

Solving for First Case (x,y):

First Case: (+)(+)= (+) Sign of B is (+) and the point is above the line (+),

Ax 1 + By 1 + C
d=
+ A 2 + B2
3x + 4y − 6
2=
+ (3 )2 + ( 4 ) 2
10 = 3 x + 4 y − 16
3 x + 4 y − 16 = 0
 First Equation:
3x + 4y – 16 = 0
Line Equation:
2x + 3y + 4 = 0

Solving two equations simultaneously,

Results: x = 64 and y = - 44

Solving for Second Case (x,y):

Second Case: (+)(-)= (-) Sign of B is (+) and the point is below the line (-)

Ax 1 + By 1 + C
d=
− A 2 + B2
3x + 4 y − 6
2=
− (3 )2 + ( 4 )2
− 10 = 3 x + 4 y − 16
3x + 4y + 4 = 0
First Equation:
3x + 4y + 4 = 0
Line Equation:
2x + 3y + 4 = 0

Solving two equations simultaneously,

Results: x = 4 and y = -4

Thus, the points are: (64, -44) and (4,-4)

20. Find the distance between the lines 3x + 4y – 12 = 0 and 3x + 4y – 22 = 0 .

a. 3 units b. 4 units c. 1 unit d. 2 units
Y
Solution:

Distance between parallel lines, 3x + 4y – 22 = 0

C1 − C 2
d=
A 2 + B2
d
22 − 12
d=
(3 ) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 X
10
d=
5
d = 2 units 3x + 4y – 12 = 0
21. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle ABC with coordinates of A(0,-3), B(3,0) and C(0,-6).
a. 1, -3 b. 2, -2 c. 1, -2 d. 2, -3

Solution:
Y
x1 + x 2 + x 3
x=
3 B(3,0)
0+3+0 X
x=
3
x =1
A(0,-3)
y + y2 + y3
y= 1 Centroid (x,y)
3
− 3 + 3 + ( −6 )
y= C(0,-6)
3
y = −3
Thus, Centroid is at (1,-3)
22. Find the area of the polygon whose vertices are at (2,-6), (4,0), (2,4), (-3,2) and (-3,-3).
a. 45.2 sq. units b. 55.3 sq. units c. 47.5 sq. units d. 57.4 sq. units

Solution:

Collecting the points in counterclockwise direction, starting at any point say at (2,-6),
Y
- - - - -
1  x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x1 
A=   (2,4)
2  y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y1 
+ + + + + 3

1 2 4 2 −3 −3 2  (-3,2)
A=
2  − 6 0 4 2 − 3 − 6  4
(4,0)
1 2 X
A = [(0 + 16 + 4 + 9 + 18 ) − ( −24 + 0 − 12 − 6 − 6)]
2
5
A = 47.5 sq. units (-3,-3)
1

(2,-6)

23. The segment from (-1,4) to (2,-2) is extended three times its own length. What is the terminal point?
a. -11, -20 b. 11, -20 c. 11, 20 d. none of these

Solution:
Y
Using the formula for division of a line segment,
P1(-1,4)
x = x 1 + k( x 2 − x 1 ) 1 time or original length
y = y 1 + k( y 2 − y 1 )
where, X
PP
k= 1 P2(2,-2)
P1P2
4
k=
1
3 times of original length
k=4
x = −1 + 4[2 − ( −1)]
x = 11
y = 4 + 4( −2 − 4)
y = −20
P (x,y)
Thus,
P(11,−20 )

24. A line 4x + 2y – 2 = 0 is coincident with the line _______.

a. 4x + 4y – 2 = 0 b. 4x + 2y+ 3 = 0 c. 8x + 4y – 2 = 0 d. 8x + 4y – 4 = 0

Solution:

Two lines are coincident if they have exactly the same equations.
Choice “d” when reduced (dividing by 2) results to 4x + 2y – 2 = 0 is exactly the same as the equation of
the given line.

Thus, the correct answer is choice “d” (8x + 4y – 4 = 0 ).

CIRCLE:
2 2
25. The equation x + y – 4x + 2y – 20 = 0 describes
a. A circle of radius 5 centered at the origin
b. An ellipse centered at (2, -1)
c. A sphere center at the origin
d. A circle of radius 5 centered at (2, -1)

Solution:
2 2
Circle: x + y – 4x + 2y – 20 = 0
2 2
By inspection, it is a Circle: Coefficients of x and y (i.e. A =C) are equal and with same sign or it follows
2 2
the General Form of a Circle: Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0

By Completing the squares,

Alternate Formula:
2 2
(x – 4x + 4) + (y + 2y + 1) = 20 + 4 + 1 2 2
2 2 Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
(x – 2) + (y + 1) = 25
2 2 2 −D
(x – 2) + (y – -1) = 5 h=
2A
Thus, −E
k=
It is in the form of Standard Equation of a Circle, 2A
2 2 2
(x – h) + (y – k) = r
D 2 + E 2 − 4 AF
r=
Where: Center (h,k) and Radius (r) 4A 2
Thus, Radius, r = 5 and Center is at (2, -1)

26. Find the equation of the circle whose center is at (1,-3) and the circle passes through (-3, 5).
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a. (x–1) + (y+3) =80 b. (x–2) + (y+4) =100 c. (x+1) + (y+3) =100 d. (x–2) + (y–3) =100
Y
Solution:
2 2 2
From: (x – h) + (y – k) = r
2 2
r = (x – h) + (y – k)
2 (-3,5)
2 2 2
r = (-3 – 1) + (5 – -3)
2
r =80 r
X
Thus,
Equation of the circle: (1,-3)
2 2
(x – 1) + (y – -3) =80
2 2
(x – 1) + (y + 3) = 80

27. Find the equation of the circle tangent to the line 3x + 4y = 15 and the center is at (-3,-4).
2 2 2 2 2 2
a. (x+3) + (y+4) =64 b. (x+5) + (y–4) =64 c. (x–3) + (y–4) =64 d. none of these

Solution:
Y
From: Distance between point and line,

Ax 1 + By 1 + C
d=
± A 2 + B2 3x + 4y = 15
3( −3) + ( 4)( −4) − 15
r= X
(3 ) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 r=d
r = 8 units
2 2 2 (-3,-4)
From: (x – h) + (y – k) = r
2 2 2
(x – -3) + (y – -4) = 8
Thus,
Equation of the circle:
 2 2
(x + 3) + (y + 4) = 64

28. Find the equation of the circle circumscribing a triangle whose vertices are (0,0), (0,5) and (3,3).
2 2 2 2
a. x + y – x – 4y = 0 b. x + y – x – 5y = 0 c. 2x + y – 2x – 3y = 0 d. x + y – 2x + 6y = 0

Solution:
2 2
x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Y

at (0,0)
(0,5)
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + F =0
F=0
(3,3)
at (0,5)
0 + 25 + 0 + 5E + 0 = 0
X
E = -5 (0,0)

At (3,3)
9 + 9 + 3D + (-5)(3) + 0 = 0
D = -1

Thus,
Equation of the Circle:
2 2
x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2 2
x + y – x – 5y = 0
2 2
29. How far is the centroid of the circle x + y – 10x – 24y + 25 = 0 from the line y + 2 = 0?
a. 15 units b. 13 units c. 12 units d. 14 units

Solution:
Y
Consider the equation of the circle:
Solving for the center (h,k) by completing the squares,
2 2
(x – 10x + 25) + (y – 24y + 144) = -25 + 25 + 144
2 2 2
(x – 5) + (y – 12 ) = 12
h = 15 ; k = 12 ; r =12 (5,12)

Consider the line,

y+2=0 d=? r=12
y = -2 units
X
2
By inspection:
d= distance of center from the line
d = 12 units + 2 units
Y + 2 = 0 or y = -2
d = 14 units
2 2 2 2
30. Find the equation of the radical axis of two circles having equations of x + y + 4x = 0 and x + y – 4x
+ 2y – 4 = 0.
a. 4x – y + 2 = 0 b. 3x – 2y + 3 = 0 c. 2x – 3y + 4 = 0 d. x + 4y + 2 = 0

Y
Solution:
Subtract Equation 2 to 1
2 2
Eqn. 1: x + y – 4x + 2y – 4 = 0
2 2 4x – y + 2 = 0
Radical Axis
Eqn. 2: x + y + 4x = 0 2 2
x + y + 4x = 0
- 8x + 2y – 4 = 0
X
Simplifying (dividing both sides by 2),

4x – y + 2 = 0
Radical Axis (Equation

2 2
of the line passing through intersection of the x + y – 4x + 2y – 4 = 0
circles)
CONICS

PARABOLA:
2 2
31. In general equation of a conic section: Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0, if the discriminant is zero,
the curve is a figure that represents a/an _______.
a. parabola b. ellipse c. circle d. hyperbola

Solution:

Refer to the tabulation below:

2
B – 4AC Conic Section Eccentricity
<0 Ellipse <1
=0 Parabola =1
>0 Hyperbola >1
2
The quantity B – 4AC is the discriminant, thus if it is equal to zero, the curve is a parabola.

32. A locus of a point which moves so that it is always equidistant from a fixed point (focus) to a fixed line
(directrix) is a _______.
a. circle b. ellipse c. parabola d. hyperbola

Solution:

Circle a locus of a point which moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed point called center.
Ellipse is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of the distances to the fixed points called foci is
constant and equal to the length of the major axis
Parabola is a locus of point which moves so that it is always equidistant from a fixed point called focus and
from a fixed line called directrix.
Hyperbola is a locus of point which moves so that the difference of the distances to the fixed points called
foci is constant and is equal to the length of the transverse axis.

33. What is the line that passes through the focus and is perpendicular to the directrix of a parabola?
a. Tangent line b. Directrix c. Latus rectum d. Axis of the parabola

Solution:

Tangent line cannot be an answer since the line in question is perpendicular to the directrix.
Directrix obviously is ruled out as an answer since it asked for the line that is perpendicular to the directrix.
Latus rectum is a line that passes through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of the parabola, hence
parallel to the directrix.
The only line that passes through the focus is perpendicular to the directrix is the axis of the parabola.
2
34. Determine what type of curve is 3x + 2x – 5y + 7 = 0.
a. parabola b. ellipse c. circle d. circle

Solution
2 2
In general equation of a conic section: Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
If A = C, the curve is a circle.
If A≠C but with the same signs, the conic section is an ellipse.
If A and C have different signs, the conic is a hyperbola.
If either A or C is zero, the conic is parabola
2
Since there is only one term which is a second-degree (i.e. 3x ), that means C in the general equation is
zero, then the curve is parabola.
2
Or using the discriminant B – 4AC,
where: B = 0 , A = 1 C= 0
2 2
B – 4AC = (0) – 4(1)(0) = 0
if it is equal to zero, the curve is a parabola.
 2
35. What is the length of the latus rectum of the parabola x = 20y?
a. 21 units b. 23 units c. 24 units d. 20 units

Solution: Y
2
x = 20y
x 2 = 4ay
2a =10 2a =10
4a = 20
x 2 = 20 y
X
4a = 20 (0,0)
Thus, Latus Rectum = 4a
Length of the latus rectum = 4a = 20 units

2
36. Where is the focus of the parabola x = 4(y – 2)?
a. (0,2) b. (0, -3) c. (0,3) d. (0, -2)

Solution: Y
2 2
( x − h) = 4a( y − k ) x = 4(y – 2)
x 2 = 4( y − 2) F(0,3)
( x − 0)2 = 4( y − 2) a =1
Thus, Vertex (h,k) is at (0,2) V(0,2) a =1
4a = 4
a=1 Directrix
X
(0,0)
Thus, Focus is at (0,3)
refer to the figure
2
37. Find the equation of the directrix of the parabola (x + 2) = -16 (y – 3).
a. y = 5 b. y = 7 c. y = -4 d. y = -6

Solution:
Y
( x − h)2 = −4a( y − k )
( x − −2)2 = −16( y − 3) Directrix: y = 7

h=2 ; k=3
a=4
y= 4+3 = 7 V(-2,3)
Thus, Vertex (h,k) is at (-2,3)
3
X a=4
4a = 16 F
a=4
2
(x + 2) = -16 (y – 3)
Thus, Directrix is y = 7
refer to the figure

38. Find the equation of the parabola with its vertex at the origin and the focus is on the x axis and the
parabola passes through the point (3,4)
2 16 16
a. x = y b. y 2 = x c. y 2 = 16 x d. x 2 = 16 y
3 3
Solution: Y
2
y = 4ax
( 4)2 = 4a(3)
16 (3,4)
4a =
3
2 16
y = x X
3 V(0,0) F(x,y)
39. The cables of a horizontal suspension bridge are supported by two towers 120 feet apart and 40 feet
high. If the cable is 10 feet above the floor of the bridge at the center, find the equation of the parabola
using the mid point of the bridge as the origin.
2 2 2 2
a. x -120y+1200=0 b. x +150y+1400=0 c. y -120x-1200=0 d. y +140x+1600=0

Solution:

( x − h)2 = 4a( y − k )
( x − 0)2 = 4a( y − 10 )
(60,40)
x 2 = 4a( y − 10 )
when x = 60 and y = 10 (0,10)
2
(60 ) = 4a( y − 10 ) 40ft
10ft 10ft
4a = 120
x 2 = 120( y − 10 )
60ft 60ft
x 2 = 120 y − 1200
x 2 − 120 y + 1200 = 0
2
40. A parabola having a span of 30 m and height of 20 m has an area of ______ m .
a. 500 b. 400 c. 600 d. 300

Solution:
Y
Area of parabola is 2/3 of the area of the 30 m
Circumscribing rectangle,

2 20 m
A parabola = A rec tan gle
3
2
A parabola = (30m)(20m) X
3
A parabola = 400m 2

41. Axis of Parabola is also known as

a. asymptote b. transverse axis c. axis of symmetry d. conjugate axis

Solution:

Axis of symmetry is the axis of the parabola that divides the parabola into two equal parts.

42. A chord passing through the focus of a parabola, perpendicular to its axis, is called its:
a. directrix b. vertex c. translated axis d. latus rectum

Solution:

Latus rectum is a line that passes through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of the parabola, hence
parallel to the directrix.
2
43. The parabola y = -x + x opens:
a. downward b. upward c. to the left d. to the right

Solution:
y = −x 2 + x
x 2 − x = −y
( x 2 − x + 1) = − y + 1
( x − 1)2 = −( y − 1)

Thus, it is in the form of:

2
(x – h) = -4a(y – k)
Parabola that opens downward
ELLIPSE:

44. It is defined as the set of all points in the plane the sum of whose distances from two fixed points is a
constant.
a. Circle b. Hyperbola c. Parabola d. Ellipse

Solution:

Since only hyperbola and ellipse have two fixed points called foci, the choices “circle” and “parabola”
ruled out as answer.

Hyperbola – is a locus of a point which moves so that the difference of its distance to the fixed points
called foci is constant.

Ellipse – is a locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distances to two fixed points called foci is
constant and is equal to the major axis.

45. The chords of an ellipse which passes through the center are known as ______.
a. asymptote b. major axis c. minor axis d. diameters

Solution:

Asymptote is a line that approaches a curve but never touches. The term “asymptote” is closely related to
parabolas and hyperbola but not in ellipses.

Diameters are chords that pass through the center of a closed curve. Diameters of an ellipse are of
different length except for a circle (special case on an ellipse) where the diameters are equal. The minor
axis and major axis of the ellipse are examples of diameters of an ellipse.

46. In an ellipse, a chord which contains a focus and is in a line perpendicular to the major axis is called:
a. focal width b. latus rectum c. conjugate axis d. minor axis

Solution:

Focal width in the choice serves only as a decoy since there is no such thing in an ellipse.
Conjugate axis is an axis of a hyperbola that passes through its center and perpendicular to the
transverse axis. There is no such thing as conjugate axis in an ellipse.
Minor axis of an ellipse is one that is perpendicular to the major axis but does not pass through the focus
but its center.
Latus rectum is a line through the focus, parallel to the directrix and intersecting the curve.
2 2
47. Find the area enclosed by the curve 9x + 18x + 25y – 100y = 116.
a. 15π sq. units b. 20π sq. units c. 24π sq. units d. 31π sq. units

Solution:

9 x 2 + 18 x + 25 y 2 − 100 y = 116 Y
a a
9( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 25( y 2 − 4 y + 4) = 116 + 9 + 100
9( x + 1) 2 = 25( y − 2) 2 = 225
( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
+ =1 b
25 9
( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2 (-1,2)
+ =1
52 32 b

Thus, a = 5 ; b = 3 X

Area = πab = π(5)(3)

Area = 15π sq. units

 48. A satellite orbits around the earth in an elliptical path of eccentricity of 0.6 and a semi-minor axis of
length 12,000 miles. If the center of the earth is at one of the foci, find the maximum altitude of the
satellite.
a. 24,000 miles b. 20,000 miles c. 31,000 miles d. 27,000 miles

Solution:
Y
c = ae
b = 12000
a2 = b2 + c 2 a a
2 2 2
a = (12000 ) + (ae )
a 2 − a 2 e 2 = (12000 ) 2
a b b
a 2 (1 − e 2 ) = (12000 ) 2
(12000 ) 2 X
a2 = c c
1 − (0.60 ) 2 EARTH b
SATTELITE
a = 15000
Maximum altitude = a + c c=ae
c=ae
= a + ae
= 15000 + 15000(0.6)
MAX. ALTITUDE = a + c
= 24000 miles

49. An ellipse has an eccentricity of 1/3. Find the distance between the two directrix if the distance
between the foci is 4.
a. 32 units b. 18 units c. 24 units d. 36 units
Y
Solution:
D=?
2c = 4
c=2 a=6 a=6
c= ae
Directrix Directrix
2 = a (1/3)
a=6 F1 F2
d= a/e X
d = 6/(1/3)
d = 18 units
D = 2d = 2(18)
D= 36 units
c=2 c=2

d=a/e d=a/e
2 2
x y
50. The length of the latus rectum for the ellipse + = 1 is equal to:
64 16
a. 3 units b. 4 units c. 5 units d. 6 units

Solution: Y

x2 y2
+ =1
64 16 a=8 a=8
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
x2 y2 b=4
+ =1
82 42
X
b=4;a=8 F1 F2
2b 2 b=4
2b 2 2( 4) 2 Latus Re ctum =
Latus Re ctum = = a
a 8
Latus Re ctum = 4 units
 2 2
51. Compute the eccentricity of the given curve 9x + 4y – 24y – 72x + 144 = 0..
a. 0.84 b. 0.62 c. 0.75 d. 0.58

Solution:

9( x 2 − 8 x + 16 ) + 4( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = −144 + 9(16 ) + 4(9)

9( x − 4) 2 + 4( y − 3) 2 = 36
( x − 4) 2 ( y − 3) 2
+ =1 Y
4 9 (4,6)
( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
+ =1
b2 a2
a=3
Center (h,k) is at (4,3) (4,3)
2
b =4 ;b=2
2
a =9 ;a=3
a=3
2 2 2
a =b +c
2
9=4+c X
c = 2.24 (4,0)

But c = ae

2.24 = (3)e
e = 0.75

2 2
52. Where is the center of the curve 9x + 25y -144x + 200y + 751 = 0.
a. (-8,-4) b. (8,-4) c. (-8,4) d. (-4,8)

Solution:
2 2
9x + 25y -144x + 200y + 751 = 0 Alternate Formula:
2 2 2 2
9(x -16x + 64) + 25(y + 8y + 16) = -751 +9(64) + 25(16) Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
2 2
9(x – 8) + 25(y + 4) = 225 −D
h=
2A
( x − 8) 2 ( y + 4) 2 −E
+ =1 k=
25 9 2C
( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
+ =1
52 32
( x − 8) 2 ( y − −4 )2
+ =1
52 32

Thus, center is at (8, -4)

Alternate Formula:
2 2
Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
−D −( −144 )
h= = =8
2A 2(9)
− E − 200
k= = = −4
2C 2(25 )
Hyperbola:
2 2
53. From the given equation of the curve 16x – 9y – 128x – 90y – 113 = 0 locate the center of the curve
(h,k).
a. (5,5) b. (4,-5) c. (4,5) d. (6,5)

Solution:

16 x 2 − 128 x − 9 y 2 − 90 y = 113
Conjugate axis, 2b
16( x 2 − 8 x + 16 ) − 9( y 2 + 10 y + 25 ) = 113 + 16(16 ) − 9(25 )
16( x − 4)2 − 9( y + 5)2 = 144
Y
( x − 4 )2 ( y − −5 )2
− =1
9 16 Latus Rectum
( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2 c c
− =1 b
a2 b2 F1 (h,k)
F2
( x − 4 )2 ( y − −5 )2 c c b
− =1 Center(h,k) Transverse axis, 2a
33 42
a a
X
Therefore, Center (h,k) is at (4, -5)
c=ae c=ae
Alternate Formula:
2 2 d=a/e
Ax – Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0. directrix
−D −( −128 ) asymptote
h= = =4
2A 2(16 )
− E − ( −90 )
k= = = −5
2C 2( −9)

54. In problem 53, what is the length of conjugate axis?

a. 8 b. 6 c. 9 d. 16 asymptote

Solution:

Conjugate Axis = 2b = 2(4) = 8 units

55. In problem 53, what is the length of transverse axis?

a. 8 b. 6 c. 9 d. 16

Solution:

Transverse Axis = 2a = 2(3) = 6 units

56. In problem 53, what is the length of latus rectum?

a. 11.67 units b. 12.67 units c. 10.67 units d. 13.67 units

Solution:
2 2
Length of Latus Rectum = 2b /a = 2(4) / 3 = 10.67 units

57. In problem 53, determine the distance between one focus and center.
a. 4units b. 5 units c. 6 units d. 7 units

Solution:

Distance between focus and center, c

2 2 2
c =a +b
2 2 2
c = (3) + (4)
c = 5 units
58. In problem 53, what is the eccentricity of the hyperbola?
a. 1.67 b. 1.00 c. 0.92 d. 0.6

Solution:

c = ae ; e = c/a ; e = 5/3

59. In problem 53, what is the distance of the right directrix from the center?
a. 1.90 units b. 1.80 units c. 2.23 units d. 5.66 units

Solution:

Directrix from Center, d

2 2
d = a /c = (3) /5 = 1.80 units
or
d = a/e = 3/1.67 = 1.80 units

60. A line which a curve approaches indefinitely near as its tracing point passes off to the infinity is called
the ________.
a. tangent b. asymptote c. directrix d. latus rectum

Solution:

Tangent is a line which intersects the curve in one and only one point.
Directrix is a fixed line opposite the focus of a conic section which the eccentricity of the conic is defined.
Latus Rectum is a line through the focus, parallel to the directrix and intersecting the curve.
Asymptote is a line that approaches a curve but never touches.
2 2
61. What conic section is described by the following equation? 4x – y + 8x + 4y = 15
a. parabola b. circle c. ellipse d. hyperbola

Solution:
2 2
From: Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (General Equation of Conics)
2 2
4x – y + 8x + 4y -15 = 0

A = 4 ; B = 0 ; C = -1
2
B – 4AC = (0)2 – 4(4)(-1) = 16>0

Thus, conic section is Hyperbola.

62. y – k = ±m(x – h) is an equation of ___________ of hyperbola, where (h,k) is the center and m is the
slope.
a. transverse axis b. conjugate axis c. asymptote d. directrix

2 2
63. y 2 − x 2 = 1 is an equation of hyperbola, center at (0,0) where transverse axis is along ______.
a b
a. y-axis b. x-axis c. z-axis d. conjugate axis

64. In hyperbola, semi transverse axis “a” may be greater, equal or less than semi-conjugate axis “b”.
a. true b. false c. not possible d. either a or b

65. In hyperbola, eccentricity is always less than 1.

a. true b. false c. partially true d. either a or b

Solution:

Eccentricity of a hyperbola is always greater than 1

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS: ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CARTESIAN OR RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM:

+Y
Quadrant II Quadrant I
(-,+) (+,+)
(x,y)
abscissa

ordinate
-X +X

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

(-,-) (+,-)

-Y

STRAIGHT LINES:

A straight line is a line that does not change in direction. Thus, it has a uniform slope.

1. General Equation of Straight Line: Y

Ax + By + C = 0

Ax + By + C = 0 X

2. Equation by Point-Slope Form:

Y

m
y − y1
m= (x1,y1)
x − x1
X
m = slope
Po int : ( x 1, y 1 )

3. Equation by Two-Point Form: Y

(x2,y2)
y − y1 y 2 − y1
=
x − x1 x 2 − x1
X
Po int 1 : ( x 1 , y 1 ) (x1,y1)
Po int 2 : ( x 2 , y 2 )
4. Equation by Slope-Intercept Form: Y

m
y = mx + b b
X
m = slope
b = y − int ercept

5. Equation by Intercept Form: Y

x y b
+ =1
a b
X
a = x − int ercept a
b = y − int ercept

6. Distance between two Points:

Y

(x2,y2)
2 2
d = ( x 2 − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
X
Po int 1 : ( x 1 , y 1 ) (x1,y1)
Po int 2 : ( x 2 , y 2 )

7. Distance from a Point (x1,y1) to a line Ax + By+ C:

Ax 1 + By 1 + C
d=
± A 2 + B2
Y
Use of Sign:
(+) if B is a positive number (x1,y1)
(-) if B is a negative number
d
(+) if the point is above the line or to the right of the line for a vertical line Ax + By + C = 0
(-) if the point is below the line or to the left of the line for a vertical line`
X
That is:
If B is positive and the point is above the line, then use: (+)(+) = (+)
If B is positive and the point is below the line, then use: (+)(-) = (-)
If B is negative and the point is above the line, then use: (-)(+) = (-)
If B is negative and the point is below the line, then use: (-)(-) = (+)

Note: Sign convention is being applied if the equation of the line is being asked. But if only the
distance is required, use the absolute value.

Ax 1 + By 1 + C
d=
A 2 + B2
8. Distance between Two Parallel Lines:
Y
Ax2 + By2 + C2 = 0
C 2 − C1
d= d
A 2 + B2 Ax1 + By1 + C1 = 0
X
Where:
Line 1: Ax + By + C1 = 0
Line 2: Ax + By – C2 = 0

9. Slope of a Straight Line:

Y

(x2,y2)
rise y 2 − y 1
Slope = m = =
run x 2 − x 1
X
(x1,y1)

where:
m is positive if the line is leaning to the right
m is negative if the line is leaning to the left
m is zero for horizontal lines
m is infinity for vertical lines

10. Angle of Inclination of a Straight Line:

Y

tan θ = m θ
θ = tan −1 (m) X

11. Acute Angle between Two Straight Lines having a Slope of m1 and m2:

Y Ax1 + By1 + C1 = 0

θ
m − m1 Ax2 + By2 + C2 = 0
tan θ = 2 θ
1 + m1m 2
 m − m1  X
θ = tan −1  2 
 1 + m1m 2 
12. Location of Mid-point (xm,ym) of Straight Line from (x1,y1) to (x2,y2):

(x2,y2)
x + x2 (xm,ym)
xm = 1
2
X
y + y2 (x1,y1)
ym = 1
2

13. Location of Centroid of a Triangle or Intersection of Medians of a Triangle having vertices

coordinates of (x1,y1), (x2,y2) and (x3,y3):

(x2,y2) (x1,y1)
x + x2 + x3
xc = 1
3
y1 + y 2 + y 3 X
yc =
3 Centroid (xc,yc)
(x3,y3)

14. Relation of Slopes of Parallel Lines:

Y
m1

m1 = m 2 m2

15. Relation of Slopes of Perpendicular Lines:

m1

m1m 2 = −1 m2
X
 16. Area of Polygon by Coordinates:

Let ((x1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3),….., (xn-1,yn-1), (xn,yn) be the consecutive vertices of a polygon arranged in a
counterclockwise sense. The area is:
Y
For n =5:

1 x 1 x 2 x 3 x n −1 x n x 1 (x3,y3)
A= L
2 y 1 y 2 y 3 y n −1 y n y 1
3
1
A = [x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + ....) − ( y 1 x 2 + y 2 x 3 + ....)]
2 (x4,y4)
4
(x2,y2)
2 X
e.g. n = 5
- - - 5
(x5,y5)
1 x x x x x x  1
A =  1 2 3 4 5 1
2  y1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y1 
+ + + + + (x1,y1)
1
A = [x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y 4 + x 4 y 5 + x 5 y 1 ) − ( y 1 x 2 + y 2 x 3 + y 3 x 4 + y 5 x 1 )]
2

17. Division of a Line Segment:

Y

x = x 1 + k( x 2 − x 1 ) P1(x1,y1)
y = y 1 + k( y 2 − y 1 ) Original length
where,
P1P X
k=
P1P2 P2(x2,y2)

Extended Length

P (x,y)
CONICS SECTIONS

Conic Sections – locus (or path) of a point that moves such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point
called focus and a fixed line called directrix is constant. This ratio is called the eccentricity, e of the conic.

The term conic section was based on the fact that these are sections formed if a plane is made to pass
through a cone.

If the cutting plane is parallel to the base of a cone, the section formed is a circle. If it is parallel to the
element (generator) of the cone, the section formed is a parabola. If it is oblique to the base or element of
the cone, the section is an ellipse. If it is perpendicular to the base of the cone, the section formed is a
hyperbola.

GENERAL EQUATION OF CONICS:

Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

If B ≠ 0, the axis of the conic is oblique with the coordinate axes (i.e. not parallel to X o Y axes). Thus, if the
axis is parallel to either X or Y axes (i.e. B = 0), the equation becomes:
Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

WAYS OF DETERMINING CONIC SECTIONS:

By Equations:
2 2
From: Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0

A = C, the conic is a CIRCLE

Either A or C is zero, the conic is PARABOLA
A ≠ C, but the same sign, the conic is an ELLIPSE
A and C have opposite signs, the conic is a HYPERBOLA

By Discriminant:
2
B – 4AC < 0, the conic is a CIRCLE if A = C
2
B – 4AC < 0, the conic is an ELLIPSE if A ≠ C
2
B – 4AC = 0, the conic is a PARABOLA
2
B – 4AC > 0, the conic is a HYPERBOLA

By Eccentricity:

e = 1, the conic is a PARABOLA

e < 1, the conic is an ELLIPSE
e > 1, the conic is a HYPERBOLA
e
0, the conic is a CIRCLE
CIRCLE:

A locus of a point which moves at a constant distance from a fixed point called the center and the constant
distance of any point from the center is called the radius.

P
Circle
r

center

General Equation of a Circle [A=C]

Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or
x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

To solve a circle, either one of the following two conditions must be known:

1. Three points along the circle

Solution: Use the general form

2. Center (h,k) and radius, r

Solution: Use the standard equation

Standard Equations of a Circle:

1. Center at (0,0) Y

x2 + y2 = r 2
P(x,y)
r
y
x X
(0,0)

2. Center at (h,k)
Y
2 2 2
( x − h) + ( y − k ) = r P(x,y)
r
y-k

(h,k) x-h

X
For the circle: Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Alternate Formula:

−D −E D 2 + E 2 − 4 AF
h= k= r=
2A 2A 4A 2

3. Radical Axis
Y

center
a.) If the given circles intersect at
two points, the radical axis passes center
through the intersection points. The X
radical axis is always perpendicular
to the line joining the centers of the radical axis
given circles.

center

b.) If the given circles are tangent to

its other, the radical axis is tangent center
to each circle. The radical axis is X
always perpendicular to the line
joining the centers of the given radical axis
circles.

center

c.) If the given circles have no

common point, the radical axis is
between the given circles. The
X
radical axis is always perpendicular
center
to the line joining the centers of the radical axis
given circles.
PARABOLA:

A locus of points which are equidistant from a fixed point called the focus and a fixed line called the
directrix. The eccentricity of a parabola is equal to 1.

d1=d2
d1
2a

Latus Rectum, 4a
Axis of Parabola
Directrix d2
Parabola Vertex Focus

a a X

2a

2a

General Equation of Parabola [A or C is zero]

C=0 [Opens Upward or Downward]:

Ax 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or
x 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

A=0 [Opens to the Right or to the Left]:

Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or
y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

To solve a parabola, either one of the following conditions must be known:

1. Three points along the parabola and an axis (axis vertical or horizontal)
Solution: Use the general form

2. Vertex (h,k), distance from vertex to the focus a, and axis.

Solution: Use the standard equation

3. Vertex (h,k), and location of focus

Solution: Use the standard equation

Eccentricity

The eccentricity of a conic is the ratio of its distance from focus (d2) and from the directrix (d1)

For a parabola (d2=d1) thus, the eccentricity is equal to 1.

Length of Latus Rectum, LR

LR = 4a where: a = distance from the vertex to the focus

Standard Equations of a Parabola:

1. Vertex at (0,0) Opens to the Right

y 2 = 4ax

2. Vertex at (0,0) Opens to the Left

y 2 = −4ax

3. Vertex at (0,0) Opens Upward

x 2 = 4ay

4. Vertex at (0,0) Opens Downward

x 2 = −4ay

5. Vertex at (h,k) Open to the Right

( y − k ) 2 = 4a( x − h)
6. Vertex at (h,k) Opens to the Left

( y − k ) 2 = −4a( x − h)

7. Vertex at (h,k) Opens Upward

( x − h) 2 = 4a( y − k )

8. Vertex at (h,k) Opens Downward

( x − h) 2 = −4a( y − k )

2
For the Parabola Ax + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Axis Vertical):

−D
h=
2A

D 2 − 4 AF
k=
4 AE

−E
a=
4A
2
For the Parabola Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (Axis Horizontal):

E 2 − 4CF
h=
4CD

−E
k=
2C

−D
a=
4C
ELLIPSE:

A locus of a point whose sum of the distances (d1 + d2) from two fixed points called the foci (F1 and F2) is
constant and is equal to the length of the major axis 2a. It is a conic whose eccentricity is less than 1.

d=a/e d=a/e

d4
Ellipse
b a
d3
Minor Axis, 2b

Latus Rectum
Directrix
Directrix
V2 c=ae c=ae V1
X
F2 Center F1
d2
d1

P (x,y)
a a

Major Axis, 2a
d1 + d2 = 2a
≠C but have the same sign]:
General Equation of an Ellipse [A≠
Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or
2 2
x + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0

To solve for an ellipse, either one of the following conditions must be known:

1. Four points along the ellipse,

Solution: Use the general form

2. Center (h,k), semi-major axis a, and semi-minor axis b,

Solution: Use standard form

Elements of Ellipse:

a2 = b2 + c 2

d1 + d 2 = 2a

a
Distance from Center to Directrix, d =
e

Distance from Center to Focus, c = ae

2b 2
Length of Latus Rectum, LR =
a

d3 a c
Eccentricity(first eccentricity), e = = = <1
d4 d a

c
Eccentricity(second eccentricity), e' =
b
Standard Equations of an Ellipse:

1. Center at (0,0) [major axis is horizontal or on the x-axis]

x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2

2. Center at (0,0) [major axis is vertical or on the y-axis]

x2 y2
+ =1
b2 a2

3. Center at (h,k) [major axis is horizontal]

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
+ =1
a2 b2

4. Center at (h,k) [major axis is vertical]

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
+ =1
b2 a2

Note: a>b
2 2
For the Ellipse Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,

Center (h,k):

−D −E
h= k=
2A 2C
HYPERBOLA:
A locus of a point whose difference of the distances (d2-d1) from two fixed points called foci (F1 and F2) is
constant and is equal to the length of the transverse axis 2a. It is a conic whose eccentricity is greater than
1.
Y

Directrix

Directrix
d4

Conjugate Axis, 2b

Latus Rectum, LR
d3 d2 d1
b
Hyperbola X
F2 V2 V1 F1
c
b b
a
d d

a a

Asymptote Transverse Axis, 2a Asymptote

c c

d2 - d1= 2a

≠C but have different signs]:

General Equation of a Hyperbola [A≠

Ax 2 − Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or
x 2 − Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

To solve for a hyperbola, either one of the following conditions must be known:

3. Four points along the hyperbola,

Solution: Use the general form

4. Center (h,k), semi-transverse axis a, and semi-conjugate axis b,

Solution: Use standard form

Note: “a” can be greater, equal or less than “b”

Elements of Hyperbola:

a2 + b2 = c 2 d 2 − d 2 = 2a

a
Distance from Center to Directrix, d =
e

Distance from Center to Focus, c = ae

2b 2
Length of Latus Rectum, LR =
a

d3 a c
Eccentricity(first eccentricity), e = = = >1
d4 d a
Equation of Asymptote:

The asymptote of the hyperbola has the following equations:

Center at (0,0)
y = ±mx

Center at (h,k)

y − k = ±m( x − h)
Where:

m is the slope

m = b/a if the axis is horizontal

m = a/b if the axis is vertical

Use (+) for upward asymptote

Use (-) for downward asymptote

Standard Equations of Hyperbola:

1. Center at (0,0) [Transverse Axis is on the x-axis]

x2 y2
− =1
a2 b2

2. Center at (0,0) [ Transverse Axis is on the y-axis]

y2 x2
− =1
a2 b2

3. Center at (h,k) [Transverse Axis is Horizontal]

( x − h) 2 ( y − k ) 2
− =1
a2 b2
4. Center at (h,k) [Transverse Axis is Vertical]

( y − k )2 ( x − h) 2
− =1
a2 b2

Note: “a” may be greater, equal, or less than “b”

2 2
For the Hyperbola Ax – Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0,

Center (h,k):

−D −E
h= k=
2A 2C