Chapter-1: 1.1 Introduction To Energy Needs

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION FOR RURAL ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC AND DC LOADS
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY NEEDS
In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental

concern, alternatives to the use of non-renewable and polluting fossil fuels have to be
investigated. Some of such alternative are solar, wind, footstep, tidal etc. In this we
used Solar and wind as alternatives and designed system.
Walking is the most common activity in human life. When a person walks, he
loses energy to the road surface in the form of impact, vibration, sound etc, due to the
transfer of his weight on to the road surface, through foot falls on the ground during
every step. This energy can be tapped and converted in the usable form such as in
electrical form. This device, if embedded in the footpath, can convert foot impact
energy into electrical form.
Human-powered transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the

form of walking, running and swimming. However modern technology has led to
machines to enhance the use of human-power in more efficient manner. In this
context, pedal power is an excellent source of energy and has been in use since the
nineteenth century making use of the most powerful muscles in the body. Ninety-five
percent of the exertion put into pedal power is converted into energy.
Pedal power can be applied to a wide range of jobs and is a simple, cheap, and
convenient source of energy. However, human kinetic energy can be useful in a
number of ways but it can also be used to generate electricity based on different
approaches and many organizations are already implementing human powered
technologies to generate electricity to power small electronic appliances. Solar energy
is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun and collected elsewhere,
normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear process that
converts about 650,000,0001tons of hydrogen to helium every second.
The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains in the
sun and is instrumental in maintaining the thermonuclear reaction.
DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 1

The electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-red light, and ultra-
violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions.
Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The
radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy
used today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and fusion.
Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living plants and
animals whose life was dependent upon the sun.
Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power.
More still can be provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be examined,
as well as the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar energy is currently
applied to will be noted.
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a
functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage
unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction
of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone).
The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy; at
certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. At night or
during heavy cloudcover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the
collector will be quite small.
The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of
maximum productivity, and release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a
backup power supply is usually added, too, for the situations when the amount of
energy required is greater than both what is being produced and what is stored in the
container. This project includes power generation with solar panel which is added in
the system making it a hybrid power generating system. The solar energy is a non-
polluting and environmental friendly power source and can be installed almost
anywhere.
The system has dual power source making the system more efficient. The energy
produced by this hybrid system will be environment friendly without having smog.
Producing this type of energy will be cost effective also. The power floor does not

need any fuel or perhaps any sort of energy resource, simply making use of kinetic
energy. Based upon your excess weight from a person moving on the floor.
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES
An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power life, move
objects, or produce electricity. Matter that stores energy is called a fuel. Human
energy consumption has grown steadily throughout human history.
There are two types of energy sources
1) Non Renewable Energy Sources
2) Renewable Energy Sources
1.2.1 Non renewable energy sources

Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be
replenished in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes.
Most non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and
natural gas. Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels.
1.2.2 Renewable energy sources
Wind, solar, and biomass are three emerging renewable sources of energy.
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that is collected from resources
which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
1.2.3 Energy production on remote locations
They can produce electricity for remote locations, where there is no
electricity network. The latter type of installations is known as off-grid facilities and
sometimes they are the most economical alternative to provide electricity in isolated
areas.
However, most of the PV power generation comes from grid-connected
installations, where the power is fed in the electricity network. In fact, it is a
growing business in developed countries such as Germany which is world leader in
PV power generation followed by Spain, Japan, USA and Italy.
As the primary element of construction of solar panels, silicon is the second
most common element on the planet, there is very little environmental disturbance

caused by the creation of solar panels. In fact, solar energy only causes
environmental disruption if it is centralized and produced on a gigantic scale.
Fig.1.1: Electricity generation from remote locations
Solar power certainly can be produced. Among the renewable resources,

only in solar power do we find the potential for an energy source capable of
supplying more energy than is used.
Suppose that of the 4.5x1017 kWh per annum that is used by the earth to
evaporate water from the oceans we were to acquire just 0.1% or 4.5x1014 kWh per
annum. Dividing by the hours in the year gives a continuous yield of 2.90x1010 kW.
This would supply 2.4 kW to 12.1 billion people.
Of all the energy sources available, solar has perhaps the most promise.
Numerically, it is capable of producing the raw power required to satisfy the entire
planet's energy needs. Environmentally, it is one of the least destructive of all the
sources of energy.
Practically, it can be adjusted to power nearly everything except
transportation with very little adjustment, and even transportation with some modest
modifications to the current general system of travel.
Clearly, solar energy is a resource of the future. Solar energy is a great
energy given to human being by a god.

Fig.1.2: Role of solar energy in renewable energy consumption
1.3 OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Many projects have been done previously by Capstone Students and laid the
ground for this project.
The first one was done by two Capstone students “Abdelkarim Adyel” and
“Soukaina Mouatadid” on “Load Profiling in the Moroccan Residential Sector”. They
tackled the different load profiling types and methods, smart houses, and
methodologies of energy audit.
Another point of their project was the approximation of Moroccan

consumption profiles which was achieved by using surveys. Then, with the collected
data from surveys, simulations were conducted and energy efficiency
recommendations were formulated.
Another interesting project on the implementation of a “Home Energy

Management Android Application” by capstone students “Imane L’hadi” and “Sarah
Lahtani”. The purpose of this application was the monitoring and management of

household appliances and renewable sources of energy in terms of consumption and

generation.
This “Home Energy Management Android Application” was updated by

research student “Mohammed Bakr Sikal” as new features were added to meet the
SHEMS requirements.
In parallel to this work, “Zineb Chelh” another capstone student performed

research about “Challenges of implementing the Smart Grid in developing countries”
with an emphasis on the challenges facing the transition towards a smart grid in
Morocco.
The last projects were done by two other capstone students “Soukaina
Brangui” and “Ismail El Hamzaoui”. The purpose of this project was the
implementation of an Arduino based Smart Energy Management System. The
expected Results of this project is to design an efficient Smart Energy Management
system that make use of Renewable Energy sources. This project analyses the
possibility of implementing a SHEMS in a micro-grid context that makes use of
Renewable Energy in Morocco in the residential sector.
The increasing energy demand and pollution caused by the rapidly depleting
fossil fuels have now given way to the use of renewable sources to meet energy
demands. Among the renewable energy sources, high interest is on the solar energy
which generates electricity using PV (photo voltaic) modules The fact that there is a
need for more efficient usage of renewable energy sources and solar energy happens
to be one of them the smart inverters are need of the day. The solar energy can be
used to charge the batteries during day time and the stored energy in the battery can
be used when solar energy is not present.
Smart inverters are generally defined as inverters which are charged through
solar energy and which can perform solar tracking. The authors have used stepper
motors to perform the solar tracking using the MQTT algorithm.
However smart inverters can also be looked upon an inverters with

bidirectional communication with the user and other stakeholders in the system. Our
work explores this possibility by introducing interaction between the user and the

inverter via IOT. Residential houses were incorporated with a WSN system whose
nodes aggregated the energy consumption data of different appliances in the house
and presented it to the user for analyzing.
In this work we consider a crucial situation where the user should be aware of
his energy consumption i.e. in the event of a power failure, we acknowledge the fact
the we have the inverter’s limited resource in the form of its battery in order to meet
our energy needs.
Hence we display to the user how long he can run his loads with the existing
battery voltage. A circuit consisting of IC LM3914 and LEDs was used to indicate the
battery voltage level of an inverter.
The battery voltage level was used to drive the LEDs via a regulator.
Depending upon which of the 10 LEDs was glowing, the user could infer the amount
of battery voltage left.
This work improves upon the aforesaid idea by displaying the battery voltage
by directly sensing it using a microcontroller, thus making it more accurate. The same
voltage is displayed to the user via a mobile app along with the run-time of the loads.
1.4 MOTIVATION
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and
well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man
required energy primarily in the form of food.
He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he hunted. With the passage
of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to the
use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him.
With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships
and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing
ships anfor driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels.
Till this time, iwould not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the
energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only
renewable sources of energy.
1.5 PROBLEM DEFINITION
Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several

hours of daily power-cuts in almost all cities and villages because the increase in
demand for electricity exceeds the increase in electric power generation. People in
these countries may use a power-inverter (rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrol-
run electric generator at their homes during the power- cut. The use of standby
generators is common in industrial and IT hubs. This ultimately increases the shortage
of power.
1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of
power generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as
well as reduce the power shortages.
The challenge is to convert footstep energy to electrical energy. For that the
solution is by using piezoelectric material and solar panel.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 HYBRID ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (HEM System):
Energy consumption in the residential sector represents an important part of

the total electricity demand. In this context, a proper prediction of energy demand in
housing sector is very important. Energy use in home accounts for significant part of
total energy consumption both in developing and western world. Residential buildings
currently account for large part of the total energy demand. HEM system is an
important part of the smart grid and has many benefits such as:
 Reduce the electricity bill
 Reduction of demand in peak hours
 Meeting the demand side requirements
One of the main objectives is to decrease the peak demand of households by

controlling power intensive loads and in the same time take into account the comfort
and priority of the customer. Home energy management system that is based on
Zigbee communication allows the households to regulate power of the smart devices
after receiving a signal from the service provider. “There are two energy consumption
peaks during the day: in the morning, between 8 and 10 AM, and in the night,
between 6 and 10 PM. The role of cost control is to change the load curve shape in
such a way that energy consumption peak decreases, even though the total
consumption for the specific household is the same”. Energy prediction for appliances
in homes has a great influence in the functioning of a home energy management
system. This system is able to determine the best energy assignment plan and a good
compromise between energy production and energy consumption. The Home Energy
Management System is mainly composed of Smart plugs, Gateway, Web server,
Database and a user devise.
The key parts of the Home Energy Management System and the main
requirements for a HEMS that will help the monitoring and control of energy. The
requirements as stated in are:
 Monitoring: provide a frequent energy consumption information by the

system to the consumer.
 Disaggregation: the system has to provide disaggregated data about each

appliance. From the information given by the system, the impact of specific
appliances and the impact of long term changes can be clearly highlighted.
 Availability and accessibility: Information should be provided at all times

with an easy to use interface.
 Information integration: in addition to providing disaggregated data. The

system should provide other kinds of information that are related to different
appliances like: temperature , humidity
 Affordability: The system should be easy to install and have minimal

consumption.
 Control: The consumer should be able to control manually its devices.
Fig.2.1: Example of an energy management system in a smart grid

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Purusothaman, SRR Dhiwaakar, et al. explain about the focus is on the DG

agents, grid agent and Mu agents. DG agents like the distributed energy resources
(DERs), load, storage and the grid agents. The Mu agent acts as the communication
channel between the DG agents to the higher level agents such as the control agent.
The implementation of the system has been done using an Arduino microcontroller.
Author Kabalci, Ersan, Alper Gorgun, and Yasin Kabalci, introduces an

instant monitoring infrastructure of a renewable energy generation system that is
constituted with a wind turbine and solar panel arrays. The monitoring platform is
based on current and voltage measurements of each renewable source. The related
values are measured with the developed sensing circuits and processed by an 18F4450
microcontroller of Microchip. The processed parameters are then transmitted to a
personal computer (PC) over universal serial bus (USB) to be saved in a database and
to observe the system instantly. The coded visual interface of monitoring software can
manage the saved data to analyze daily, weekly and monthly values of each
measurement separately.
Jiju, K., et al describes the development of an online monitoring and control

system for distributed Renewable Energy Sources (RES) based on Android platform.
This method utilizes the Bluetooth interface of Android Tablet or Mobile phone, as a
communication link for data exchange with digital hardware of Power Conditioning
Unit (PCU).
Goto, Yoshihiro, et al explained about an integrated system that manages and

remotely monitors telecommunications power plants has been developed and has
started operations. The system is used to operate and maintain more than 200,000
telecommunication power plants, which including devices such as rectifiers, inverters,
and UPSs, and air-conditioning plants installed in about 8,000 telecommunication
buildings. Features of the system are the integrate the management and remote
monitoring functions, into one system and improved user interfaces, which use
information and communication technology such as web technology.
Suzdalenko, Alexander, and Ilya Galkin identify the problem of the non-
intrusive load monitoring method of load disaggregation into separate appliances.
When some local generators based on renewable energy sources are connected to the
same grid, as they may be mismatched with loads variable in time.
Nkoloma, Mayamiko, Marco Zennaro, and Antoine Bagula. describes recent

work on the development of a wireless based remote monitoring system for renewable
energy plants in Malawi. The main goal was to develop a cost effective data
acquisition system, which continuously presents remote energy yields and
performance measures. The project output gives direct access, to generated electric
power at the rural site through the use of wireless sensor boards and text message
(SMS) transmission over cellular network. Preliminary experimental results reveal
that the performance of renewable energy systems in remote rural sites can be
evaluated efficiently at low cost.
Nkoloma, Mayamiko, Marco Zennaro, and Antoine Bagula, are proposes a

novel monitoring, control system for achieving real time monitoring and control of a
hybrid ‘wind PV battery’ for renewable energy system. The proposed system
constitutes a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, which
employs campus network of National Cheng Kung University integrated with a
programmable logic controller (PLC) and digital power meters. The proposed system
is capable of performing real time measurement of electrical data that can be
effectively transferred to remote monitoring center using intranet. It can be concluded
from the simulated and experimental results that the proposed monitoring and control
system can achieve real time supervisory control and data acquisition of remote
various forms of renewable energy system.
Smart Home Monitoring prototype developed by employing Android mobile handset

and Wireless Sensor systems [3]. This system monitors the usage characteristics of
electrical power at the socket outlet in real time. This system measures the Voltage
Current and temperature of socket outlet periodically from each room and monitored
data sent to the system towards computing the threshold violation for action by the
user before circuit breaker gets tripped or fire breakout happens. Also research work
carried out in developing an Automatic Lighting and Control System for Classroom
for the efficient use of energy.

They have also provided mobility and remote command execution to system
using Android mobile App via Bluetooth to control lighting based on voice command
Energy Management System for Smart home has been developed to manage energy at
the level of appliances. So towards this a Smart Home Energy Management System
Architecture been developed. In this system, Sensors control the energy consumption
of home appliances. In addition Solar Energy is used as an alternate source where
according to change in the weather conditions, resources can be switched. Energy data
from numerous home servers are aggregated by the PC server and accordingly
compare them for producing statistical analysis information. IoT based Home Energy
Management system for Rural Area in Myanmar has also been developed. In this
research, demand of electricity been forecasted and accordingly mechanisms been
implemented towards meeting the energy demand. Energy demand could be met using
non conventional energy sources like solar, thermal etc.
The US Patent no. 0215199 A1 [2007] by Robert H. Dold describes a two-

axis solar tracker capable of withstanding the extreme weather conditions. The solar
tracker includes a solar array, a frame, a base, a pivot frame, and a first and second
actuator. The solar array is mounted to the frame and captures sunlight. The base is
pivotally connected to the frame and defines a pivot axis for lavational movement of
the solar array. The pivot frame is also pivotally connected to the frame and defines a
pivot axis for azimuthally movement of the solar array. The base is pivotally
connected to the frame and defines a pivot axis for elevation movement of the solar
array.
The pivot frame is also pivotally connected to the frame and defines a pivot
axis for azimuthal movement of the solar array. The first actuator controls elevational
movement of the solar array and the second actuator controls azimuthal movement of
the solar array. The solar tracker is pivot able between a raised position and a stowed
position .The US patent No. 0308091 [2008] by Ronald P Corioclaimsas an object of
the his invention to mechanically link multiple solar trackers in a large array
configuration so that they may operate in unison, driven by a single motor and tracker
controller, whereby the mechanical linkage system is designed such that it must only
be capable of withstanding the relatively low forces required to effect movement of
the trackers without the requirement to resist larger wind forces acting on the array of

trackers. Another object of his invention is to apply the drive principles to various
solar single-axis tracking geometries to maximize the economic performance for each
solar tracking application. Multiple gearboxes can be mechanically linked by drive
shafts and driven by a single motor. The drive shafts may incorporate universal joints
for uneven terrain or staggered configurations. Harmonic dampers can be affixed to
the solar panels to decouple wind forces which allow the use of larger solar panels.
Qiang Xiei’s US Patent No.0051017 A1 [2010] refers to a solar collector

which may receive and direct solar radiation onto a photovoltaic (or, solar) cell. A
concentrating solar collector may also convert the received solar radiation into a
concentrated radiation beam prior to directing the radiation onto the solar cell. In
some aspects, determination of the target tracker position in the second coordinate
system includes subtracting 360° from an azimuth angle in the first coordinate system
if the azimuth angle in the first coordinate system is between +180° and +360°,
wherein the azimuth angle in the second coordinate system is determined to be equal
to the azimuth angle in the first coordinate system if the azimuth angle in the first
coordinate system is between 0 and +180°.
A US patent No. 0293861 by William F Taylor [2009] describes a

conventional solar tracker employing controllable moveable solar panels to expose
them continuously to the path of the sun both throughout the day and throughout the
year. For example, reference may be made to U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,930. The system
may comprise of a solar panel array assembly having at least two attachments, a
support anchor assembly for attaching to a surface and having at least two
attachments, and a support structure including a plurality of elongated support rods
for securing the array assembly above the support anchor assembly. Each support rod
may be attached at one end to one of the attachments of the solar panel array and
attached at the other end to one of the attachments of the support anchor assembly.
David D Needleman in his US patent No. 0009284 A1 [2009] narrates a

method, apparatus, process of manufacture for determining the attitude of a spacecraft
having at least one star sensor. The method comprises of the steps of selecting a first
reference star sensor from among the star sensors; designating two stars observed by
the first reference star sensor as a primary star pair; identifying a candidate star pair
corresponding to the primary star pair, wherein the candidate star pair is selected from
a star catalog having a plurality of entries; estimating an inertial orientation of the first
star sensor at least in part from the identified candidate star pair; and determining the
spacecraft attitude from the estimated inertial orientation of a reference star sensor
selected from a group comprising the first star sensor.
Nader Barsoum [2010], Global Journal on Technology, Vol.01, 1985-9406

states that research has proved that solar tracking system with single-axis freedom can
increase energy output by approximately 20%, whereas the tracking system with
double axis freedom can increase the output by more than 40%. Therefore this work
was to develop and implement a solar tracking system with both degree of freedom
and which detects the sunlight using sensors. This Peripheral Interface Controller was
the brain of the entire tracking system, and it was programmed to detect the sunlight
through the sensors and then actuate the motor to position where maximum sunlight
could be illuminate the surface of the solar panel. This is programmed to detect the
sunlight using the photocells and then actuate the motor to position the solar panel
where it can receive maximum sunlight.
Tiberiu Tudorache [2012], U.P.B. Sci. Bull,Vol.74, ISSN 11454-234discussed

the performance ofa single axis solar tracking PV panel designed and executed by
University Polytechnic of Bucharest in cooperation with Techno-soft International
SRL. The performance of the equipment was experimentally tested in comparison
with a fixed PV panel. This paper deals with the performance estimation of a solar
tracking PV panel of single axis type. The studied device automatically searches the
optimum PVpanel position with respect to the sun by means of a DC motor controlled
by an intelligent drive unit that receives input signals from dedicated light intensity
sensors. The recorded data on particular day proved that the solar tracking PVpanel
produced more energy than the fixed one with about 57.55%. Considering the own
energy consumption of the tracking mechanism, the mobile PVpanel becomes less
attractive than the fixed one, the tracking mechanism being over sized. If higher
power PV panels are driven by the same tracking mechanism they may produce more
energy than the fixed ones e.g. about 38% more energy in case of a 100 Wp PV panel,
under the same experimental conditions.
Minor M. Arturo W.C.E. Vol. II(2010), had proposed an innovative system for
tracking the sun which is based on the use of a commercial webcam as the sensor
element. An experimental electro-mechanism was designed and developed to evaluate

its accuracy and efficacy in tracking the sun under different weather conditions. The
use of a commercial webcam as the sensor element allowed avoiding most of the
common problems usually seen with the solar trackers currently under use. One is the
high sensitivity of the discrete elements such as photodiodes or phototransistor to
weather conditions, particularly to temperature and humidity. The system showed an
accuracy of 0.1º and high immunity to temperature variations. It demonstrated its
ability to relocate the sun, as well as extrapolate its position when it is invisible for a
period of time.
S. Abdallah Desalination ELSEVIER 220(2008) 669-676has presented a

computerized sun tracking device for rotating the solar still with the movement of the
sun. A comparison between fixed and sun tracked solar stills showed that the use of
sun tracking increased the productivity to around 22%, due to the increase of overall
efficiency by 2%. It showed that the sun tracking is more effective than fixed system
and is capable of enhancing the productivity. Using the sun tracker increases the water
temperature while it decreases thermal capacity of the water. This increases the
evaporation rate and hence the distillation rate. M.R.I. Sarker IJMME-IJENS Vol. 10
discussed in his project work a sun tracker which is claimed to have increased the
amount of power generated by the solar panel through tracking the sun and also an
experimental study has been performed to investigate the effect of using two-axis
tracking system on the PV power output.
The system was designed, as automatic system such that maximum energy
would be generated by the solar panel. This paper presents the design, construction
and also an experimental study of a two axis (azimuth and polar) automatic solar
tracking system attached to PV panels. The tracking system consisted of sensor,
microcontroller with built in Analog to Digital Converter operated control circuits to
drive motor using control software, and gear bearing arrangements with supports and
mountings
F.R.Rubio et al., (2007), Energy Conversion & Management, 2174-2184 has

presented a sun tracker that is able to follow the sun with high accuracy without the
necessity of either a precise procedure of installation or recalibration. The hybrid
tracking system consists of a combination of open loop tracking strategies based on
solar movement models and closed loop strategies using a dynamic feedback
controller. Energy saving factors are taken into account, which implies that, among
other factors, the sun is not constantly tracked with the same accuracy, to prevent
energy overconsumption by the motors. Simulation and experimental results with a
low cost two axes solar tracker are exposed, including a comparison between a
classical open loop tracking strategy and the proposed hybrid one. P. Roth et al.,
(2004), Renewable Energy Vol. 29, PP.393-402 describes design and construction of
an electromechanical system to follow the position of the sun. It allows the automatic
measurement of direct solar radiation with a pyrheliometer.
It operates automatically, guided by a closed loop servo system. A four-

quadrant photo detector senses the position of the sun and two small DC motors move
the instrument platform keeping the sun’s image at the center of the four-quadrant
photo detectors. Under cloudy conditions, when the sun is not visible, a computing
program calculates the position of the sun and takes control of the movement, until
the detector can sense the sun again. It is possible to use this type of tracker with
larger and heavier systems, like solarpanels and concentrators. Other cheaper tracking
sensors could be used. Digitalcontrol should be used to get higher resolution and
better response.
B. J. Huang et al., (2007), Energy Conversion & Management 48, 1273-1280

has presents a PV design, called ‘‘one axis three position sun tracking PV module’’,
with low concentration ratio reflector. A design analysis of the one axis three position
sun tracking PV module is covered in his study. The analytical results show that the
optimal stopping angle β is about 50°, and the optimal switching angle, which
controls the best time for changing the altitude of the PV moduleis half of the
stopping angle, i.e. θH = β/2, and both values are independent of the latitude. The
power generation increases by approximately 24.5% as compared to a fixed module
for latitudes θ< 50°.
Hossein Mousazadeh et Al., (2011), Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol.

133 studied and investigated maximization of collected energy from an on-board PV
array, on a solar assist plug-in hybrid electric tractor (SAPHT). A sun-tracking system
was designed and installed. Considering the mobile structure above the SAPHT,
designing a time and date independent sun-tracker was desired. Using four light
dependent resistive sensors a sun-tracking system on a mobile structure was

constructed and evaluated. The experimental tests using the sun-tracking system
showed that 30% more energy was collected in comparison to that of the horizontally
fixed mode. The overall surface area of the PV array was approximately 6 m 2 and the
peak output power was 540 Wp. Four LDR sensors were used to sense the direct
beams of sun. Each pair of LDRs was separated by an obstruction as a shading device.
A microcontroller based electronic drive board was used as an interface between the
hardware and the software. For driving of each motor, a power MOSFET was used to
control the actuators. The experimental results indicated that the designed system was
very robust and effective. Typically, test results in April illustrated that sun-tracking
system as compared to the horizontally fixed mode, enhanced collected energy by
about 30%.
Okpeki U.K.et. Al.,International Journal of Engineering & Science Vol. 2

(2013) PP. 32-38, describes the design and construction of a bi-directional solar
tracking system. The constructed device was implemented by integrating it with 900V
inverter and 12volts, 100AH battery. The amount of power available from a
photovoltaic panel is determined by three parameters, the type and area of the
materials, the intensity of the sunlight and the wavelength of the sunlight. With
advancement in solar panel technology, parameter one, the type and area of the
material had been fully improved upon and standardized. In this research work the
other two parameters were fully addressed, as this device ensures maximum intensity
of sun rays hitting the surface of the panel from sunrise to sunset. Test showed that
power used by tracker system is less than the power gain by tracking the sun
accurately. The most important conclusion of this research is the total cost of
construction of the tracker system is very low.
J. Rizk, [2008], World Economy of Science Engg. & Tech. Vol.41, states the
potential system benefits of simple tracking solar system using a stepper motor and
light sensor. A solar tracking system is reportedly designed, implemented and
experimentally tested. The design details and the experimental results are discussed.
A solar tracker is designed employing small solar cells to function as self-adjusting
light sensors, providing a variable indication of their relative angle to the sun by
detecting their voltage output. By using this method, the solar tracker is found to be

successful in maintaining a solar array at a sufficiently perpendicular angle to the sun.

Thepower increase gained over a fixed horizontal array was in excess of 30%.
Ashraf Balabel et al., (2013), International Journal of Control, Automation and

Systems 26 2165–8285, reports on design and testing of control system to achieve
optimal operational efficiency of solar photovoltaic module using a mathematical
analysis. The proposed solar tracking system design was tested, based on calculated
data of the altitude angle at Taifcity, Saudi Arabia. The obtained system response
results show the simplicity, accuracy and applicability of design in meeting different
operational conditions. It is shown that the sun tracking algorithm can be classified
into closed-loop and open-loop systems, according to its control mode. Each system
acquires relative advantages/disadvantages which strongly affect their performance.
K.S. Madhu et al., (2012) International Journal of Scientific & Engineering

Research vol. 3, 2229–5518, states that a single axis tracker tracks the sun east to
west, and a two-axis tracker tracks the daily east to west movement of the sun and the
seasonal declination movement of the sun. Concentrates solar power systems use
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small
beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. Solar
power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.
Test results indicate that the increase in power efficiency of tracking solar
plate in normal days is 26 to 38% compared to fixed plate. And during cloudy or rainy
days it’s varies at any level. Omar Badran et al., (2013)IJMMME Vol. 1, EISSN
2320-4060,discuses about new innovative tracking approach of water distillation
taking advantage of high possible concentration of parabolic trough collector.
Through the use of Image Processing Technique to catch the core of the sun as the
target and using artificial intelligence techniques to predict the sun position in
abnormal climatic conditions.
2.3 EXISTING SYSTEM
Other people have developed Rack-pinion and pulley (mechanical-to-

electrical) surfaces in the past, but the Crowd Farm has the potential to redefine urban space
by adding a sense of fluidity and encouraging people to activate spaces with their
movement. The Crowd Farm floor is composed of standard parts that are easily
replicated but it is expensive to produce at this stage. This technology would facilitate
the future creation of new urban landscapes athletic fields with a spectator area, music halls,
theatres, nightclubs and a large gathering space for rallies, demonstrations and
celebrations, railway stations, bus stands, subways, airports etc. like capable of
Harnessing human location for electricity generation.
Fig.2.2: Rack and pinion
2.3.1 Drawbacks
 It is also converted mechanical energy into electrical energy. But the rack and
pinion can only work with certain levels of friction.
 Selecting suitable generator.
 Selection of springs.
 Moving parts- No long service life.
2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM
Whenever force is applied on the piezoelectric mat that force is converted into
electrical energy using the piezoelectric effect which is used to drive DC loads. The
solar panel also converts the sunlight falling on the panel into electrical energy. The
output from both the sources is DC. The amount of current produced from the
combination of these sources is stored in the lead acid battery. The battery is
connected to the inverter. A voltage booster can be added to boost up the voltage from
the sources. The inverter is used to convert the DC power to AC power. This AC
power is then used to activate various loads. According to the requirement of the
loads the power is converted. It can be used as DC as well as AC power. A

microcontroller family is used to display the amount of voltage generated by the dual
source on the lcd. The power generated in this way is eco friendly and not harming
the environment. This system of power generation can be installed anywhere in public
places. In the proposed system we use voltage sensor to measure the voltage across
the battery. By using both Mains and solar inverter to reduce the usage of the mains
and utilize the renewable resources effectively.
2.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Piezo
AC ripple
electric
neutralizer Solar
transducers
panel contrast
2x16
NodeMCU
Alphanumeric
Unidirectional LCD
current
controller
Voltage
sampler
Rechargeable
Inverter Load(bulb)
battery
Fig.2.3: Block diagram

Working Principle
When ever force is applied on piezo electric crystals that force is converted to
Electrical energy is used to drive DC loads.
And that minute voltage which is stored in the Lead Acid battery. Various
loads can be operated on this A.C energy such as fans , lights etc.
Another way also we define Piezo electric effect that is when the electrical
energy is applied to the Piezo electric material then it compresses.
Procedure
 Foot step board it consists of piezoelectric sensors which are connected in

parallel
 When the pressure is applied on the sensors will convert mechanical energy
into electrical energy
 The Electrical energy will be storing in the 12v rechargeable battery
 D.C voltage is converted into AC voltage by using inverter
 By using this voltage AC we can operate AC loads.
In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional

method by simply walking or running on the foot step. Non-conventional energy
system is very essential at this time to our nation.
Non-conventional energy using foot step is converting mechanical energy
into the electrical energy.
This project uses piezoelectric sensor. In this project the conversion of the
force energy in to electrical energy. The control mechanism carries the piezo electric
sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current controller and 12V, lead acid dc
rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive AC/DC loads.
The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12
Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C.
This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using
conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry. This project
uses regulated 5V power supply. It uses three terminal voltage regulator is used for

voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of
secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
Fig.2.4: Foot step electricity generation
Fig.2.5: Piezo electric effect

Fig.2.6: Schematic representation of the working model
2.5.1 Algorithm
Step-1: First of all place the foot on the Piezo electric sensors.
Step-2: Piezo electric sensors convert the force into electrical energy
Step-3: Then the generated voltage goes to the AC ripple neutralizer
Step-4: Then after it goes to the unidirectional current controller i.e diode
Step-5: The solar panel gives additional voltage to the diode if necessary
Step-6: Then diode gives voltage to the rechargeable battery i.e Lead acid battery
Step-7: Then the voltage goes to the voltage sampler and then to NodeMCU
Step-8: Then NodeMCU to LCD that to display voltage which is stored in battery
Step-9: The stored voltage in the battery gives to the inverter
Step-10: Then the voltage gives to loads like fans, lights etc.

2.5.2 Flowchart
Start
When a person applies force to

Piezo electric sensors
The force applied to sensors
Electricity generation
AC ripple neutralizer
Uni directional current controller(diode)
The voltage generated with foot step is less. So

solar panel gives additional voltage to diode.
Rechargeable battery(Lead acid battery)
Inverter(converts DC to AC)
Load(Bulb)
The voltage is shown through NodeMCU by LCD approximately 13.81V
Stop
Fig.2.7: Flowchart

CHAPTER-3
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
3.1 SENSOR
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a

signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, mercury
converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which
can be read on a calibrated glass tube.
At thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can
be read by a voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known
standards.
3.1.1 Piezo electric sensor
The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880, by two French physicists
brothers Pierre and Paul. They took the name from the Greek word piezo, which
means "to press”.
Fig.3.1.1: Pierre and Paul

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure
pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal.
Piezoelectric materials exhibit the unique property known as the piezoelectric effect.
When these materials are subjected to a compressive or tensile stress.
An electric field is generated across the material, creating a voltage gradient
and a subsequent current flow.

This effect stems from the asymmetric nature of their unit cell when a stress
is applied. As seen in Figure 1, the unit cell contains a small positively charges
particle in the center. When a stress is applied this particle becomes shifted in one
direction which creates a charge distribution, and subsequent electric field. These
materials come in several different forms. The most common is crystals, but they are
also found as plastics and ceramics.
Fig.3.1.2: Lead Zirconate Titanate unit cell
Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement

of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for
research and development in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that
the piezoelectric effect started to be used for industrial sensing applications. Since
then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used and can be regarded as a
mature technology with an outstanding inherent reliability.
It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical,
aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of
mobile phones. In the automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to
monitor combustion when developing internal combustion engines. The sensors are
either directly mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow
plug is equipped with a built in miniature piezoelectric sensor.
The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent
advantages. The high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is
comparable to that of many metals and goes up to 10e6 N/m² [Even though
piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react to compression, the
sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the reason why piezoelectric

sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent
linearity over a wide amplitude range.
Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields
and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Some materials used
(especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline) have an extreme stability even at high
temperature, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000°C. Tourmaline
shows pyro electricity in addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to
generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This
effect is also common to piezo ceramic materials.
Fig.3.1.3: Piezo electric sensor
Elevated temperature cause an additional drop in internal resistance and

sensitivity. The main effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with increasing
pressure loads and temperature.
Fig.3.1.4: Examples of piezoelectric effect

The sensitivity is reduced due to twin-formation. While quartz sensors need

to be cooled during measurements at temperatures above 300°C, special types of
crystals like GaPO4 gallium phosphate do not show any twin formation up to the
melting point of the material itself.
Fig.3.1.5: Symbol of Piezo electric sensor

3.2 AC RIPPLE NEUTRALIZER
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this
project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification.
Fig.3.2.1: Rectifier circuit
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage

using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in
the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input
voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance
is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in
series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
Fig.3.2.2: Rectifier circuit description
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series
with the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same
direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a
unidirectional wave.
In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer
through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and
forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths
through one end of the primary winding and then the other.
The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the
transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit. The
electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts
and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against
one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the

opposite stationary contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the

action of the switch so that the switch continually switches rapidly back and forth.
This type of electromechanical inverter switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once
used in vacuum tube automobile radios. A similar mechanism has been used in door
bells, buzzers and tattoo guns. As they became available with adequate power ratings,
transistors and various other types of semiconductor switches have been incorporated
into inverter circuit designs.
Fig.3.2.3: Bridge rectifier output waveforms

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output
of rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until
the mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is
varied, D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied
at the output stage.
3.3 UNIDIRECTIONAL CURRENT CONTROLLER
As name indicates this circuit allows only one direction current flowing. There
are following some devices allow on unidirectional current.
1) Diode
2) Thyristors
In this project we are going to use diode as Unidirectional Current control
device. As we are already familiar with the most common function of a diode is to
allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward
direction).While blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction).
Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve.
A diode is an electronic device that can allow the current to flow in one
direction i.e., forward bias not in reverse bias. Here it is used to prevent the flow of
current back to piezo sensor. This voltage is fed to battery for storing and voltage
divider circuit to provide reference voltage to lcd.
Fig.3.3.1: Diode

3.4 SOLAR PANEL
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal
energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly

characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture
and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques
include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water
heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to
the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Solar power generation
The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing

source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World
Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–
49,837 exajoules(EJ). This is several times larger than the total world energy
consumption, which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of

affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-
term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an
indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource,
enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global
warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are
global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be
considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely
shared".
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly

using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP
systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight
into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric
effect.

Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity

by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and
11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively. In 2016, after another year
of rapid growth, solar generated 1.3% of global power.
Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the

1980s. The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of
California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. Other large concentrated solar
power plants include the 150 MW Solnova Solar Power Station and the 100
MW Andasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar
Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India, are
the world's largest photovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being
developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less
than 5 kW, which are connected to the grid using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff.
Photovoltaics
In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has
evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a
mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into
electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed
by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange,
developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the
prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light intoelectricity,
both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance
of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald
Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in
1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–
6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceeded 20%, and the maximum efficiency of
research photovoltaics was in excess of 40%.
Concentrated solar power
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking
systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is
then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of
concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the

concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower.
Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems
a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power
generation or energy storage.
Solar panels
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate

electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically
6x10 photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array
of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial
and residential applications.
Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions
(STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module
determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W
module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a few
commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 22% and also
exceeding 24%.
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most
installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes an
array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a battery pack for storage, interconnection
wiring, and optionally a solar tracking mechanism.
The most common application of solar panels is solar water heating systems.
The price of solar power has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper
than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is "grid parity")
Technology used in solar panels
Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar
cells made of multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline silicon
accounted for more than 90 percent of worldwide PV production.
Rest of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride, CIGS and amorphous

silicon Emerging, third generation solar technologies use advanced thin-film cells.
They produce a relatively high-efficiency conversion for the low cost compared to
other solar technologies. Also, high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed
rectangular multi-junction (MJ) cells are preferably used in solar panels on spacecraft,
as they offer the highest ratio of generated power per kilogram lifted into space. MJ-
cells are compound semiconductors and made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other
semiconductor materials. Another emerging PV technology using MJ-cells
is concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ).
Applications of solar panels
There are many practical applications for the use of solar panels or
photovoltaics. It can first be used in agriculture as a power source for irrigation. In
health care solar panels can be used to refrigerate medical supplies. It can also be used
for infrastructure. PV modules are used in photovoltaic systems and include a large
variety of electric devices:
 Photovoltaic power stations

 Rooftop solar PV systems
 Standalone PV systems
 Solar hybrid power systems
 Concentrated photovoltaics
 Solar planes
 Solar-pumped lasers
 Solar vehicles
 Solar panels on spacecrafts and space stations
Fig.3.4.1 Solar panel

3.5 BATTERY
Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage,
either individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An
electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to
convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries may be used once and
discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are
used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide
standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.
3.5.1 Categories and types of batteries
Batteries are classified into two broad categories, each type with advantages
and disadvantages. Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality)
transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants
is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means.
Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical
reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original
composition.
Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph
circuits, were restored to operation by replacing the components of the battery
consumed by the chemical reaction. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely
rechargeable due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of electrolyte and
internal corrosion.
Fig.3.5.1: Different types of batteries

Primary batteries
Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable
batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used
in portable devices that have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are
used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and
communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available.
Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions
are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms.
Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells.
Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and
alkaline batteries. Generally, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable
batteries, but disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with
loads under 75 ohms (75 Ω).
Secondary batteries
Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled
with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary
cells can be recharged by applying electrical current, which reverses the chemical
reactions that occur during its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are
called chargers or rechargers.
The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery
is notable in that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the
battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the
hydrogen gas produced by these batteries during overcharging. The lead-acid battery
is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Despite this, its
low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make its use common where
a large capacity (over approximately 10Ah) is required or where the weight and ease
of handling are not concerns.
A common form of the lead-acid battery is the modern car battery, which can
generally deliver a peak current of 450 amperes. An improved type of liquid
electrolyte battery is the sealed valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, popular in
the automotive industry as a replacement for the lead-acid wet cell. The VRLA
battery uses an immobilized sulfuric acid electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage
and extending shelf life. VRLA batteries have the electrolyte immobilized, usually by

one of two means. Gel batteries (or "gel cell") contain a semi-solid electrolyte to
prevent spillage. Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in
special fiberglass matting.
Other portable rechargeable batteries include several "dry cell" types, which
are sealed units and are therefore useful in appliances such as mobile phones and
laptop computers. Cells of this type (in order of increasing power density and cost)
include nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel- zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH)
and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. By far, Li-ion has the highest share of the dry cell
rechargeable market. Meanwhile, NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications due
to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios, and
medical equipment. NiZn is a new technology that is not yet well established
commercially.
Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as
USBCELL, with a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format,
enabling the battery to be charged by plugging into a USB port without a charger, and
low self-discharge (LSD) mix chemistries such as Hybrio, ReCyko, and Eneloop,
where cells are recharged prior to shipping.
How batteries work?
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical
energy. It consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half
cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations.
One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively-
charged ions) migrate, i.e. the anode or negative electrode; the other half-cell includes
electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively-charged ions) migrate, i.e.
the cathode or positive electrode. In the Redox reaction that powers the battery,
reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode, while oxidation
(removal of electrons) occurs to anions at the anode.
The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the
electrolyte. Many cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. In that case each
half-cell is enclosed in a container, and a separator that is porous to ions but not the
bulk of the electrolytes prevents mixing. Each half cell has an electromotive force (or
emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior
of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells,

as first recognized by Volta. Therefore, if the electrodes have emfs E1 and E2, then
the net emf is E2 - E1 in other words, the net emf is the difference between the
reduction potentials of the half-reactions.
The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known
as the terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage
of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage
and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a
cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the
terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage.
An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a
constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell
maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one Coulomb then on complete discharge
it would perform 1.5 Joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases
under discharge, and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the
voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a
curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal
arrangement employed.
Fig.3.5.2: 12V Lead-acid battery

3.5.2 Battery Connections

Lead-acid batteries are normally available in blocks of 2V, 6V or 12V. In
most cases, to generate the necessary operating voltage and the capacity of the
batteries for the Solar Inverter, many batteries have to be connected together in
parallel and/or in series. Following three examples are shown:
Fig.3.5.3: Parallel connection
Fig.3.5.4: Series connection

As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell’s terminals depends on
that energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte.
Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells have different chemistries but approximately
the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCD and NiMH cells have different chemistries,
but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts.

On the other hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions
of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.
Battery lifetime
Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary")
batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature
of about 20°–30°C. This is known as the "self discharge" rate and is due to non-
current-producing "side" chemical reactions, which occur within the cell even if no
load is applied to it.
The rate of the side reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low
temperature, although some batteries can be damaged by freezing. High or low
temperatures may reduce battery performance.
This will affect the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery
this initial voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.6 volts.
Discharging performance of all batteries drops at low temperature.
3.6 NODEMCU
NodeMCU is an eLua based firmware for the ESP2866 WiFi SOC from
Espressif. The ESP8266 is a low cost self-contained WiFi module produced by
Espresiff Systems. The module provides embedded microcontroller with access to
WiFi networks and seamless access to the Internet.
It features cost effective module with SoC (System on Chip) with integrated
TCP/IP protocol stack.
ESP8266EX is controlled by SoC chip with 32-bit Tensilica MCU with clock
speed up to 160 MHz. ESP8266 can work autonomously and offload WiFi
networking functions.
ESP8266 modules support AT command set, as a standard microcontroller
interface. The ESP8266 developer forum is very active to answer all queries,
providing support for its use as an IoT solution.
Forum was quite useful for me in the initial phases of my project, answering
my queries and making it easy to debug the application.
ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip integrating the antenna
switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters, power
management modules, including front-end module, and minimal PCB area, making it
module of choice for mobile, wearable electronic, and IoT applications.
Fig.3.6.1: NodeMCU ESP8266
Key Features of ESP8266 can be summarized as follows:
 Support for 802.11 b/g/n WiFi Protocols
 WiFi frequency range from (2.4 – 2.5) GHz,
 Integrated 10-bit ADC
 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
 Peripherals: SDIO 2.0,SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
 Support for WiFi modes: station/softAP/SoftAP+station
 Deep sleep power < 5 μA
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 Support for different types of network protocol IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP

 +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Operating temperature range -40 °C ~ 125 °C.
 Average operating current 80mA
 Supports Cloud Server Development/SDK to customer firmware development
 Easy Firmware Upgrade options via UART download or OTA via network
ESP8266 requires 3.3V power, and level conversion is required in case of 5V

microcontroller. Teensy has internal 3.3V power regulator that was used to provide
power supply to the module in our application.
Serial communication uses standard UART pins RX/TX at default rate of
115,200 bps. RST and chip enable (CH_PD) pins can be connected to digital outputs
of the controller to allow direct hardware control of the module.
ESP8266 has 17 GPIO pins, assigned to various function by firmware. The
pins are multiplexed with special functions signals, such as I2C, I2S, UART, PWM,
IR Remote control etc. Users can customise the functions of the pins according to
application scenarios. MTDI (GPIO12) is used as a signal light to indicate
communication between the device and the server.
To lower power consumption of the chip, all data input and output enables can
be set to zero. ESP8266 supports one I2C interface to connect with microcontroller
and other peripherals and sensors.
It has one I2S data input and output interface, mainly used in applications
such as data collection, processing, and transmission of audio data, as well as the
input and output of serial data.
Two UART interfaces UART0 and UART1, data transfers are implemeted via
hardware with speed up to 115,200*40 (4.5Mbps).
3.6.1 Low Power Modes
 Deep Sleep Mode: In this mode WiFi connection is not maintained, but only
Real Time Clock (RTC) clock is still running. The module can use this mode
when application has long time lags between data transmissions. ESP8266
consumes about 60µA in deep sleep mode. The chip can be woken up and

initialized by a low-level pulse generated on the external RST (EXT_TSTB)

pin via an external IO.
 Sleep mode: keeps calibrated real-time clock and watchdog active. The real
time clock can be programmed to wake up ESP8266 at any required interval.
Alternatively, the module can be programmed to wake up when a specific
condition is detected.
 Modem-sleep mode: forces ESP8266 to close the WiFi module circuits
between the two DTIM Beacon intervals in order to save power. ESP8266
will be automatically woken up before the next Beacon arrival. The sleep time
is decided by the DTIM Beacon interval time of the router. During sleep,
ESP8266 can stay connected to the Wi-Fi and receive the interactive
information from a mobile phone or server. Modem-Sleep is used in applications
requiring CPU control, such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output that needs
real-time CPU control.
 Light-sleep mode: is quite similar to that of Modem-sleep. They differ in
powering off clock and suspending internal CPU, resulting in less power than
in Modem- sleep mode.
During Light-sleep, the CPU is suspended and will not respond to the signals
and interrupts from the peripheral hardware interfaces. Therefore, ESP8266 needs to
be woken up via external GPIO.
The waking process is less than 3 ms. Light-sleep mode can be used in the
scenarios where the applications need to stay connected to the router and can respond
to the messages sent from the router in real time.
The CPU can be idle before receiving commands. An example is the Wi-Fi
switch with CPU idle most of the time.
Typical Power consumption of ESP8266 in Modem-Sleep is 15 mA, Light-
Sleep is 0.9 mA, and Deep Sleep 1 mA. ESP8266 support for low Power modes is
good enough for typical IoT applications.
GitHub SDK library provides support for Modem-sleep and Light-sleep mode.
The library can be added to Arduino and low power modes can be enabled. The
ESP8266 ESP12E WiFi module is more friendly with the explore of ESP8266 WiFi
module. It fits on a breadboard with all pins taken out. The module goes into
programming mode with a single reset switch.

Fig.3.6.2: ESP8266 WiFi module pin diagram

3.7 INVERTER
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and
frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.
Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of
applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric
utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are
commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or
batteries.
There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave
inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for
a time before switching positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is
compatible with most electronic devices, except for sensitive or specialized
equipment, for example certain laser printers.
A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3%
total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power.
Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie
inverters. Its design is more complex, and costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power.
The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic oscillator.
It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters was made to
work in reverse, and thus was "inverted", to convert DC to AC. The inverter performs
the opposite function of a rectifier.
Fig.3.7.1: Inverter operation

3.7.1 Applications
DC power source utilization: Inverter designed to provide 115 VAC from the 12
VDC source provided in an automobile. The unit shown provides up to 1.2 amperes
of alternating current, or enough to power two sixty watt light bulbs. An inverter
converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells to
AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can
operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at
any desired voltage. Micro-inverters convert direct current from individual solar
panels into alternating current for the electric grid. They are grid tie designs by
default.
Uninterruptible power supplies:An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses
batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when main power is not available.
When main power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.
Induction heating:Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to higher
frequency for use in induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to
provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC
power.
HVDC power transmission:With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified
and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving
location, an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.
Air conditioning:An air conditioner bearing the inverter tag uses a variable-frequency
drive to control the speed of the motor and thus the compressor.
Fig.3.7.2: Inverter

3.8 VOLTAGE SAMPLER

Sample-and-hold (S/H) is an important analog building block with many
applications, including analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and switched-capacitor
filters. The function of the S/H circuit is to sample an analog input signal and hold
this value over a certain length of time for subsequent processing.
Fig.3.8.1: Sample-and-Hold Circuit

Taking advantages of the excellent properties of MOS capacitors and
switches, traditional switched capacitor techniques can be used to realize different
S/H circuits. The simplest S/H circuit in MOS technology is shown in Figure 1, where
Vin is the input signal, M1 is an MOS transistor operating as the sampling switch, Ch
is the hold capacitor, ck is the clock signal, and Vout is the resulting sample-and-hold
output signal.
Fig.3.8.2: Function of sample and Hold Circuit

In the simplest sense, a S/H circuit can be achieved using only one MOS
transistor and one capacitor. The operation of this circuit is very straightforward.
Whenever clk is high, the MOS switch is on, which in turn allows Vout to track Vin.
On the other hand, when clk is low, the MOS switch is off. During this time, Ch will
keep Vout equal to the value of Vin at the instance when ck goes low. CMOS
Sample-and-Hold Circuits.
Unfortunately, in reality, the performance of this S/H circuit is not as ideal as

described above. The next section of this paper explains two major types of errors,
charge injection and clock feed through, that are associated with this S/H
implementation. The section after that presents three new S/H techniques, all of
which try to minimize the errors caused by charge injection and/or clock feed
through.
Voltage sensor: A voltage sensor can in fact determine, monitor and can measure the
supply of voltage. It can measure AC level or/and DC voltage level. The input to the
voltage sensor is the voltage itself and the output can be analog voltage signals,
switches, audible signals, analog current level, frequency or even frequency
modulated outputs. That is, some voltage sensors can provide sine or pulse trains as
output and others can produce Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation or
Frequency Modulation outputs.
Fig.3.8.3 Voltage sensor

In voltage sensors, the measurement is based on the voltage divider. Mainly
two types are of voltage sensors are available Capacitive type voltage sensor and
Resistive type voltage sensor.

Voltage Regulator: As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A
voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. In this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In
order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used.
Fig.3.8.4: Voltage regulator circuit
The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12
represent the required output voltage levels.
3.9 LCD
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use
replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the
following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to
LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the
CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed
by the CPU to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers,
which means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for
writing different messages on a miniature LCD. A model described here is for its low
price and great possibilities most frequently used in practice.

It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages

in two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters,
punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display
symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift
left and right), appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful
characteristics.
Fig.3.9.1: LCD Pin diagram
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command
instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a
predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find
a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even
custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

Table 3.9 Pin description
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register when Register
4
high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
3.9.1 Bulb
A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases. The leaves often
function as food storage organs during dormancy . A bulb's leaf bases generally do not
support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse
conditions. The leaf bases may resemble scales, or they may overlap and surround the
center of the bulb as with the onion. A modified stem forms the base of the bulb, and
plant growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the
base, and new stems and leaves from the upper side. Other types of storage organs
(such as corms, rhizomes, and tubers) are sometimes erroneously referred to as bulbs,

correct term for plants that form underground storage organs, including bulbs. Some
epiphytic orchids (family Orchidaceous) form above-ground storage organs called
pseudo bulbs that superficially resemble bulbs.
Fig.3.9.2 220v Bulb

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 ARDUINO IDE
A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming

language with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor.
Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM
Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer). The
Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
(for Windows, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated
from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring.
It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting,
searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax
highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload
programs to an Arduino board.
It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE
is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.
The Arduino hardware and software are both Open Source, which means the
code, the schematics, design, etc. are all open for anyone to take freely and do what
they like with it. This means there is nothing stopping anyone from taking the
schematics and PCB designs of the Arduino and making their own and selling them.
This is perfectly legal, and indeed the whole purpose of Open Source, and indeed the
Fredonia that comes with the Earthshine Design Arduino Starter Kit is a perfect
example of where someone has taken the Arduino PCB design, made their own and
are selling it under the Fredonia name.
To program the Arduino (make it do what you want it to) you also use the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is a piece of free
software, that enables you to program in the language that the Arduino understands.
In the case of the Arduino the language is C. The IDE enables you to write a computer
program, which is a set of step-by- step instructions that you then upload to the
Arduino.

Fig.4.1 Arduino Platform
4.2 GETTING STARTED
This section will presume you have a PC running Windows or a Mac running
OSX (10.3.9 or later). If you use Linux as your Operating System.
Get the Freeduino and the USB CableFirstly, get your Freeduino board and lay
it on the table in front of you. Take the USB cableand plug the B plug (the fatter
squarer end) into the USB socket on the Freeduino.
Fig.4.2 USB cable

Sketch
A program written with the Arduino IDE is called a sketch. Sketches are saved
on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino
Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.
A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions:
 setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is
used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in
the sketch.
 loop(): After setup() has been called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in the
main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.
The latest version of the arduino IDE can be downloaded from the arduino
website itself, available for windows, linux, mac etc. One have to simply copy the
entire folder into a preferred location in your PC, open the folder click on the arduino
icon and that’s it, no need to install.
The programing language is based on C and any one has a basic idea can
uickly get start with it. Moreover there is a separate page discussing about the
programming details only where one can refer all the details onarduino programming
language. If everything has been done in the correct way the arduino IDE opens up
and it looks like the following image in windows.
The first step is to save the project in a folder which is selected to contain all
projects and experiments with the arduino. Click file -> save as, select the required
folder and give the file name.
For all the experiments with the arduino it is recommended to create a folder
named “ARDUINO WORKSPACE” and save this particular project as
“_1_led_blinking”. Sketch names can only consist of ASCII characters and numbers
(but cannot start with a number). They should also be less than 64 characters long.
The arduino sketch is saved in the file format ‘.pde’.
The Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive objects or it can
be connected to a computer to retrieve or send data to the Arduino and then act on that
data (e.g. Send sensor data out to the internet). The Arduino can be connected to
LEDʼs. Dot Matrix displays, LED displays, buttons, switches, motors, temperature
sensors, pressure sensors, distance sensors.

 Now go to the examples and find the basic led blinking code as shown in the
following image
 There are many different variants of the Arduino available. The most common
one is the Diecimila or the Duemilanove. You can also get Mini, Nano and
Bluetooth Arduinoʼs. New to the product line is the new Arduino Mega with
increased memory and number of I/O pins.
 Probably the most versatile Arduino, and hence the reason it is the most
popular, is the Duemilanove. This is because it uses a standard 28 pin chip,
attached to an IC Socket. The beauty of this systems is that if you make
something neat with the Arduino and then want to turn it into something
permanent (e.g. Or under- stairs cupboard light), then instead of using the
relatively expensive Arduino board, you can simply use the Arduino to
develop your device. You would then have made a custom embedded device,
which is really cool.
 Now a separate window with the code opens up which is not supposed by the
user to edit, since it is a working code and should be kept as such for future
references. Select all and copy paste the entire code into the _1_led_blinking
window and close the new window with the ‘blink code’ safely.
 There is a built-in LED connected to the digital pin number 13 of the arduino
pro-mini board and this particular code is for blinking that led with a delay.
 An arduino code has two basic functions namely “setup ()” and “loop()”. The
setup() is the function where all the initial settings like setting the pin as
input/output, initializing the serial communication with baud rate etc. The
loop() is actually an infinite loop inside which the rest of the code should be
written. The user-defined functions if there is any should be written separately
outside the setup() and loop() and can be called from inside both of them.
 The function pinMode() is a built-in function used to set a particular pin as
input or output. The first parameter is pin number and the second parameter
suggests whether the pin should be input or output.
 For example to make pin number 5 as output
 pinMode (5, OUTPUT);

 To make pin number 6 as input

 pinMode(6, INPUT);
 In this particular example the pin13 is already defined as led using the
statement
 int led = 13
 and hence came the following statement
 pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
 which can make the 13th pin of the arduino board as output.
 The digitalWrite() is another function which can be used to write a digital
value (logic 0 or logic high) to a particular pin which has already been made
as output using the pinMode() function.
 For example to make the pin number 5 as logic high
 digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
 And to make the same pin as logic low
 digitalWrite(5, LOW);
 The function delay () is a very useful function for almost all the projects and it
can generate a delay in milliseconds between the code steps.
 For example to generate a delay of 5 seconds,
 delay(5000);
 Once the coding has been done its time to verify the code and arduino is so
user friendly that people won’t get too many errors. There is a button for
verifying the code at the top left corner of the IDE as shown below;

 Once the verification has been done the code is ready to upload to the board.
Connect the board to the USB port of the PC and install the driver which
comes along with the board. After installing the driver come back to the
arduino IDE and select the board from the list using tools>boards>arduino pro
mini


 After selecting the board, one should also select the COM port on which the
board is connected as shown in the following image;

 Now try to upload the code to the board by clicking the upload button as
shown in the image below;

 Now one can try changing the delay or connecting an external LED to another
pin and all such basic things. No separate power supply is required as the
arduino pro-mini board is USB powered.
Fig.4.3: Toolbar
Table.4.1:Function of each button in toolbar

Verify/Compile Checks the code for errors
Stop Stops the serial monitor, or un-highlights other buttons
New Creates a new blank Sketch
Open Shows a list of Sketches in your sketchbook
Save Saves the current Sketch
Upload Uploads the current Sketch to the Arduino
Serial Monitor Displays serial data being sent from the Arduino
Code
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <ESP8266HTTPClient.h>
const char* ssid = "keerthana";
const char* password = "keerthana";
LiquidCrystal lcd(D5, D4, D3, D2, D1, D0);
float vout = 0.0;
float vin = 0.0;
int rel = 10;
int analogInput = A0;
float R1 = 30000.0; //30k
float R2 = 7500.0; //7500 ohm resistor, I tweaked this
int value = 0;
int addr = 0;
void setup () {
Serial.begin(9600);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.print("Connecting..");
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Footstep & Solar");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Power Generation");
delay(1000);
void loop() {
vin = 0;
value = analogRead(analogInput);
vout = (value * 3.3) / 1024.0;
vin = vout / (R2/(R1+R2));
Serial.print("Voltage = ");
Serial.println(vin,2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Voltage = ");
lcd.print(vin,2);
lcd.print(" ");
if (WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED) { //Check WiFi connection status
HTTPClient http; //Declare an object of class HTTPClient
http.begin("http://zohobooks.co.in/footstep/write_to_database.php?incoming1="+
String(vin)+"&UID=surya"); //Specify request destination
int httpCode = http.GET(); //Send the request
if (httpCode > 0) { //Check the returning code
String payload = http.getString(); //Get the request response payload

Serial.println(payload); } //Print the response payload
http.end(); } //Close connection
delay(1000); //Send a request every 30 seconds

CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 INTERFACE OF 2X16 LCD WITH MICROCONTROLLER
Fig.5.1: interfacing of 2X16 LCD with microcontroller
Here the microcontroller is connected to LCD. In this project LCD display is

used to display the characters where some of the messages will be as ‘automatic
vehicle control system’, send a message to mobile number.
5.2 INTERFACING OF POWER SUPPLY TO MICROCONTROLLER
POWER MICRO
SUPPLY CONTROLLER
Fig.5.2: interface between power supply and microcontroller
Power supply is nothing but the input power supply given to the controller to
run the devices. Here the power supply is given to the controller.

5.3 INTERFACING OF SENSOR TO CONTROLLER
Interfacing of sensor to microcontroller is nothing but the information

transmission between the microcontroller and sensor.
SENSOR MICROCONTROLLER
Fig.5.3: Interface between sensor and microcontroller
Here the sensor values are sent to the microcontroller where the sensor collects
information from soil moisture.
Fig.5.4: Interface between sensor and NodeMCU

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
After completion of all the connections in the block diagram then the kit will be
shown like this.
Fig.6.1: Connections of the project
By using USB cable connect the NodeMCU WiFi module to the arduino software
to dump the code for the kit by using personal computer.
Fig.6.2: Connection with USB to NodeMCU

After dumping the code to NodeMCU then the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) will
shows the voltage which is stored in the battery. The battery get the voltage by piezo
sensors and solar panel. This voltage is stored in battery and shown in LCD.
Fig.6.3: Voltage displaying in lcd
To know how much voltage stored in the battery in personal computer then use
the link which is in the code. http://zohobooks.co.in/footstep/ this is the link which is
in the code. Then copy paste the link in google chrome with same hotspot and
password which is in code and also connect the hotspot to personal computer.
Fig.6.4: Voltage shown in computer

The voltage stored in the battery is used to run loads. Here we are using bulb as a
load. The bulb glows due to that voltage.
Fig.6.5: Output
Mathematical analysis: Output voltage of piezoelectric crystal can be calculated by using

formula :
V = P×g× t
where P is the pressure applied in N/(sq.m )
g is the sensitivity of the material
t is the thickness of the material
V is output voltage
6.1 Advantages.
 No moving parts - long service life.

 Reliable.
 Eco-Friendly.
 Less consumption of Non- renewable energies.
 Pollution free power generation.
 No need of fuel input.

6.2 Applications
Foot step generated power can be used for
 Agricultural
 Home applications
 Street-lightening
 Metros
 Rural applications. Foot step power generation can be used in emergency
power failure situations.

CONCLUSION
A solar and footstep based energy generation system based on a standard

power electronics cell for hybrid system of solar applications has been presented;
simulation and experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of this approach.
Subsystems and systems control developed for this application is able to successfully
provide security of supply by providing uninterrupted power to critical loads in
standalone operation and transition seamlessly between stand alone and grid
connected mode. Furthermore, the proposed integration of the DC-AC converters and
the control schemes demonstrate the capability of stable and fast dynamic operation
under various modes operation of solar panels, AC mains and the battery. Because of
the multiples advantages that solar panels as well as footstep offers power , it is a very
promising technology that can be successfully used to mitigate the effect of variability
of the generation and load demand a state of the art, battery is used to the system to
balance the power flow in the system
Implementing Renewable Energy technologies is one recommended way of

reducing the environmental impact. Because of frequent power cut it is important to
use renewable energy and monitoring it. Monitoring guides the user in analysis of
renewable energy usage. This system is cost effective enables the efficient use of
renewable energy. Thus it is reducing the electricity issues. The project “Foot Step
Power Generation For Rural Energy Application To Run A.C. And D.C. Loads” is
successfully tested and implemented which is the best economical, affordable energy
solution to common people. This can be used for many applications in rural areas
where power availability is less or totally absence.
As India is a developing country where energy management is a big challenge

for huge population. By using this project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C loads
according to the force we applied on the piezo electric sensor.

FUTURE SCOPE
Through this work, we were able to successfully implement an Hybrid Power

generation system by retrofitting an existing inverter with new functionalities such as
bidirectional communication with the user. At the time of a power cut the user can
wirelessly control loads based on his priorities. He can also check his battery voltage
to avoid being caught off guard when the battery completely drains out with no
indication. This prototype gives insight into working of a self sufficient and reliable
system for home automation and monitoring power consumption of household
appliances. This system requires only initial stage investment in solar panel and the
smart inverter system is developed at low cost. A consumer generates enough energy
for oneself and uses it accordingly with an environment friendly system. If extended
to a community, this paper can be connected to grid, where users can “sell” or “buy”
the power generated from others, making it even more diverse. This can be
implemented using the concept of net metering. Also, since this work is confined to a
LAN, port forwarding can be implemented to control the loads even when connected
to a different network.
This project can be further enhanced, by using the results of this current
project, i.e. the monitoring values obtained are helpful in predicting the future values
of the parameters considered. The data stored in cloud can also be analyzed using the
MATLAB. The CSV file from the cloud is taken for analysis in R. The web
application can be developed for interaction with the end user; the user can also
predict values of the future events. In the same way we can go for android application
also. During the prediction two or more models can be used for same dataset, to find
the accuracy of each model.

REFERENCES
[1] Zhijun Qian, Abdel-Rahman, Haibing Hu, I Batarseh, "An integrated three-port
inverter for stand-alone PV applications," IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and
Exposition (ECCE), pp.1471-1478, 12-16 Sept. 2010
[2] S McCarthy, G.T Wrixon,"Practical experience of a 50 kWp photovoltaic system

supplying power to a dairy farm on Fota Island, Cork, Ireland," IEE Proceedings
Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education,
vol.134, no.5, pp.407- 412, May 1987
[3] Yaow-Ming Chen, Yuan-Chuan Liu, Shih-Chieh Hung, Chung-Sheng Cheng,

"Multi-Input Inverter for Grid-Connected Hybrid PV/Wind Power System," IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics,vol.22, no.3, pp.1070-1077, May 2007
[4] T.D Hu nd, S Gonza lez,K Barr ett, "Grid -Tied PV system energy smoothing,"
35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Confere nce (PVSC), 2010, pp.002762-002766,
20-25 June 2010
[5] Hao Qian, Jianhui Zhang, Jih-Sheng Lai, Wensong Yu , "A High- Efficiency Grid-
Tie Battery Energy Storage System," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
vol.26, no.3, pp.886-896, March 2011
[6] M. Liserre, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, "Multiple harmonics control for three-

phase grid converter systems with the use of PI-RES current controller in a rotating
frame," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics , vol.21, no.3, pp.836-841, May
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[7] P. Piagi, R.H.Lasseter,"Autonomous control of microgrids," IEEE Power

Engineering Society General Meeting , pp.8, 2006.
[8] Wei Yao, Min Chen, J. Matas ; J.M. Guerrero, Zhao-Ming Qian , "Design and
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Chapter-1: 1.1 Introduction To Energy Needs

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FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION FOR RURAL ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC AND DC LOADS

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY NEEDS

In today's climate of growing energy needs and increasing environmental

Human-powered transport has been in existence since time immemorial in the

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 1

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 2

1.2 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES

There are two types of energy sources

1) Non Renewable Energy Sources

2) Renewable Energy Sources

1.2.1 Non renewable energy sources

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 3

Fig.1.1: Electricity generation from remote locations

Solar power certainly can be produced. Among the renewable resources,

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 4

Fig.1.2: Role of solar energy in renewable energy consumption

1.3 OVERVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Another point of their project was the approximation of Moroccan

Another interesting project on the implementation of a “Home Energy

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 5

household appliances and renewable sources of energy in terms of consumption and

This “Home Energy Management Android Application” was updated by

In parallel to this work, “Zineb Chelh” another capstone student performed

However smart inverters can also be looked upon an inverters with

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 6

1.5 PROBLEM DEFINITION

Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several

1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 8

2.1 HYBRID ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (HEM System):

Energy consumption in the residential sector represents an important part of

 Reduce the electricity bill

 Reduction of demand in peak hours

 Meeting the demand side requirements

One of the main objectives is to decrease the peak demand of households by

 Monitoring: provide a frequent energy consumption information by the

 Disaggregation: the system has to provide disaggregated data about each

 Availability and accessibility: Information should be provided at all times

 Information integration: in addition to providing disaggregated data. The

 Affordability: The system should be easy to install and have minimal

 Control: The consumer should be able to control manually its devices.

Fig.2.1: Example of an energy management system in a smart grid

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 10

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Purusothaman, SRR Dhiwaakar, et al. explain about the focus is on the DG

Author Kabalci, Ersan, Alper Gorgun, and Yasin Kabalci, introduces an

Jiju, K., et al describes the development of an online monitoring and control

Goto, Yoshihiro, et al explained about an integrated system that manages and

Nkoloma, Mayamiko, Marco Zennaro, and Antoine Bagula. describes recent

Nkoloma, Mayamiko, Marco Zennaro, and Antoine Bagula, are proposes a

Smart Home Monitoring prototype developed by employing Android mobile handset

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 12

The US Patent no. 0215199 A1 [2007] by Robert H. Dold describes a two-

DEPT OF ECE, S .V. ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, TIRUPATI Page 13

Qiang Xiei’s US Patent No.0051017 A1 [2010] refers to a solar collector

A US patent No. 0293861 by William F Taylor [2009] describes a

David D Needleman in his US patent No. 0009284 A1 [2009] narrates a

Nader Barsoum [2010], Global Journal on Technology, Vol.01, 1985-9406

Tiberiu Tudorache [2012], U.P.B. Sci. Bull,Vol.74, ISSN 11454-234discussed