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03 Rational Functions

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Given: C(x) = 400x + 500,000, where C(x) is the total cost in dollars and x is the number of wheelchairs produced per month 2) To find the average cost per wheelchair, we take the total cost C(x) and divide it by the number of wheelchairs x: Average Cost per Wheelchair = C(x)/x 3) Plug in the given values of x to find the average cost per wheelchair: a) For x = 1000, C(1000) = 400(1000) + 500,000 = 900,000. Average cost = C(1000)/1000 = 900 dollars

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Judy Ann Sheng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
102 views

03 Rational Functions

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1) Given: C(x) = 400x + 500,000, where C(x) is the total cost in dollars and x is the number of wheelchairs produced per month 2) To find the average cost per wheelchair, we take the total cost C(x) and divide it by the number of wheelchairs x: Average Cost per Wheelchair = C(x)/x 3) Plug in the given values of x to find the average cost per wheelchair: a) For x = 1000, C(1000) = 400(1000) + 500,000 = 900,000. Average cost = C(1000)/1000 = 900 dollars

Uploaded by

Judy Ann Sheng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Word Problem
•  The cost to print Blue Books by Art Angel Printing is given by
the function
C(x) = 100x + 30,000
where x is the number of Blue Books printed. This formula allows
the Blue Book Committee to calculate the total cost of printing
Blue Books for AHS Batch 2016, for any number or orders they
receive. Jericho, a member of the Blue Book Committee, has a
different question. “I know how much it costs in total to print the
year books, but what is the cost to print the year book?”

•  If they print x number of Bluebooks, they must sell x number of


Bluebooks as well.

•  How much should they sell each Bluebook?


To help answer Jericho’s question, complete the
table below
x 10 50 500 1000 5000 10,000

C(x) 31,000 35,000 80,000 130,000 530,000 1,030,000


Cost/copy 3,100 700 160 130 106 103

C(x) = 100x + 30,000

If the cost/copy, R is a function of the number of


copies of Blue Book printed, what is the equation of
R?
100x + 30000
R(x) =
x
Rational Function
•  A rational function is a function of the form

p(x)
f (x) =
q(x)

where p(x) and q(x) are polynomial functions and q(x) is


NOT the zero polynomial.

•  The domain of f consists of all inputs x for which q(x) ≠ 0


1 x2 − 1
f (x) = f (x) =
x x +1
x+5 −2
f (x) = f ( x) = 7x
x−2
x 2 − 2x − 15
f (x) =
x+3
Not a rational function!!!
1 x−5
f (x) =
2x f (x) =
x+3
Determine the domain:
x −3
1. f (x) =
4x − 1
x +5
2. g( x ) = 2
x − 25
x +1
3. h( x ) = 2
x − 6x + 9
4
4. j(x) = 2
x + 49
Example
x−3
f (x) =
4x − 1

•  What is the x-intercept?


•  What is the y-intercept?
Describe the Graph
Asymptotes
Definition: Asymptote is a value that you get closer
and closer to but never quite reach.

There are 3 types of asymptotes


a.  Horizontal Asymptote
b.  Vertical Asymptote
c.  Oblique or Slant Asymptote
Vertical Asymptotes
Definition: The line x = a is a vertical
asymptote of the graph of f(x) if f ( x ) → ∞
or f ( x ) → −∞ as x approaches “a” either from
the left or from the right.

Look at the table of values for f(x) = 1


x+2
Vertical Asymptotes
x f(x) x f(x)
-3 -1 -1 1
-2.5 -2 -1.5 2
-2.1 -10 -1.9 10
-2.01 -100 -1.99 100
-2.001 -1000 -1.999 1000
As x As x
approaches____-2 approaches____-2
from the _______,
left right
from the _______,
f(x) approaches f(x) approaches
−∞
_______. ∞
_______.
Therefore, by definition, there is a vertical asymptote at
x = −2
Definition: Vertical Asymptote

f(x) → ∞ as x→a+

f(x) → -∞ as x→a-
Horizontal Asymptotes
Definition:The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote if
f ( x ) → b as x → ∞ or x → −∞

1
Look at the table of values for f ( x) =
x+2
Horizontal Asymptotes
x f(x) x f(x)

1 .3333 -1 1

-10 -0.125
10 .08333
-100 -0.0102
100 .0098
-1000 -0.001
1000 .0009

0
y→_____ as 0 as
y→____
∞
x→________ −∞
x→________

Therefore, by definition, there is a horizontal


asymptote at y = 0.
Definition: Horizontal
Asymptote

X è∞

X è-∞
Occurrence of Ver3cal Asymptote:

If a is a zero of the denominator of the ra0onal func0on


then the line x = a is a ver0cal asymptote. This applies to
ra0onal func0on, defined such that the numerator and
denominator have no common factor other than 1 or -1.

If in case there exists a common zero of both numerator
and denominator, say (x-b), then “hole” will occur in the
graph at point (b, f(b)).

Occurrence of Horizontal Asymptote:
Case 1:
If the degree of the numerator of a ra3onal func3on is
less than the degree of the denominator, then y = 0 is the
horizontal asymptote of the graph.
Case 2:
If the degree of the numerator of a ra3onal func3on has
the same degree with the denominator, then quo/ent of
the leading coefficient of numerator and denominator is
the horizontal asymptote of the graph.

Case 3:
If the degree of the numerator of a ra3onal func3on is
greater than the degree of the denominator, then there is
no horizontal asymptote.
Asymptotes: Summary
1. The graph of f has vertical asymptotes at the
_________
zeros of q(x).
2. The graph of f has at most one horizontal
asymptote, as follows:
line y = 0
a) If n < d, then the ____________ is a
horizontal asymptote. a
y=
b) If n = d, then the line ____________
b is a
horizontal asymptote (leading coef. over
leading coef.)
no
c) If n > d, then the graph of f has ______
horizontal asymptote.
1
Example 1: f (x) =
x
Domain: {x/x ε Ŗ, x ≠ 0 }

Graph:

Range: {y/y ε Ŗ y ≠ 0}

Y-intercept: none
Zeros/s: none
Vertical: x = 0
Asymptotes:
Horizontal: y = 0
Guidelines for graphing Rational Functions
N(x)
If R(x)=
D(x)
1.  Find the domain of the rational function.
2.  Simplify the functional expression by cancelling all
common factors. Corresponding to each root of
these common factors, the graph will have a
“hole”.
3.  Plot the y-intercept if it exists.
4.  Solve for the real zeros of R and plot the x-
intercepts
5.  Graph the asymptotes
Guidelines for graphing Rational Functions
N(x)
If R(x)=
D(x)

6. The graph will NEVER intersect a vertical


asymptote
7. The graph may intersect a horizontal asymptote
y = L.
*Solve for x in R(x) = L. If x = h is a solution, then
the graph intersect the horizontal asymptote at (h,
L)
8. Use table of signs in finding the behavoir of the
graph in the given interval
9. Complete the graph
Examples
1
f(x) =
x +2

Domain: {x/x ε Ŗ, x ≠ -2 }
Hole: None
Range: {y/y ε Ŗ y ≠ 0}

Y-intercept: (0,0.5)
Zeros/s: none
Vertical: x = -2
Asymptotes:
Horizontal: y = 0
Examples
1
f(x) =
x +2

∞
Examples
x −1
f(x) = 2
x −1
Domain: {x/x ε Ŗ, x ≠ 1, -1 }
Hole: (1,0.5)
Range: {y/y ε Ŗ y ≠ 0}
Y-intercept: (0,1)
Zeros/s: none
Vertical: x = -1
Asymptotes:
Horizontal: y = 0
Examples
x −1
f(x) = 2
x −1

∞
Examples
x
h( x ) =
x −1
Domain: {x/x ε Ŗ, x ≠ 1}
Hole: None

Range: {y/y ε Ŗ y ≠ 1}

Y-intercept: (0,0)
Zeros/s: (0,0)
Vertical: x = 1
Asymptotes:
Horizontal: y = 1
Examples
x
h( x ) =
x −1
Examples
x −1
g(x) =
x2 − x − 2

Domain: {x/x ε Ŗ \–1,2}

Range: {y/y ε Ŗ}

Y-intercept: 0.5
Hole: None
Zeros/s: 1
Vertical: x=–1 and x = 2
Asymptotes:
Horizontal: y = 0
Examples
x −1
g(x) =
x2 − x − 2
Examples
x
g( x ) = 2
x +1
Domain: {x/x ε Ŗ}

Range: {y/y ε Ŗ y ≠ 0} Hole: None


Y-intercept: (0,0)
Zeros/s: (0,0)
Vertical: x = -2
Asymptotes:
Horizontal: y = 0
Solving and Interpreting a Given
Scenario
The Average Cost of Producing a
Wheelchair
•  A company that manufactures wheelchairs
has costs given by the function C(x) = 400x
+ 500,000, where the x is the number of
wheelchairs produced per month and C(x)
is measured in dollars. The average cost
per wheelchair for the company is given by
…
Original: C(x) = 400x + 500,000
•  C(x) = 400x + 500,000
x
a.  Find and interpret C(1000), C(10,000),
C(100,000).
§  C(1000) = 900; the average cost of
producing 1000 wheelchairs per month is
$900.
C(x) = 400x + 500,000
x

§  Find and interpret C(10,000)


C(10,000) = 450; the average cost of
producing 10,000 wheelchairs per month
is $450.
§  Find and interpret C(100,000)
C(100,000) = 405; the average cost of
producing 100,000 wheelchairs per
month is $405.
C(x) = 400x + 500,000
x
b.  What is the horizontal asymptote for the average cost
function?

•  Since the degree of the numerator and denominator


are equal then y = 400

•  Describe what this represents for the company.


C(x) = 400x + 500,000
x
The horizontal asymptote
means that the more
wheelchairs produced
per month, the closer
the average cost comes
to $400. Lower prices
take place with higher
production levels,
posing potential
problems for small
businesses.

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