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Propulsion Lect 2 Jet Engines

Jet thrust is created through accelerating a mass of gas using a propulsion system. The accelerated gas produces a reaction force that pushes the engine and aircraft forward. There are two main sources of forward thrust for aircraft - a rotating propeller powered by an engine, or a pure jet engine. A jet engine works by accelerating air through the engine using combustion. The accelerated air exits the rear of the engine as thrust. Jet engines come in different varieties but all work on the same principle of accelerating air to produce thrust through Newton's third law of motion.

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52 views20 pages

Propulsion Lect 2 Jet Engines

Jet thrust is created through accelerating a mass of gas using a propulsion system. The accelerated gas produces a reaction force that pushes the engine and aircraft forward. There are two main sources of forward thrust for aircraft - a rotating propeller powered by an engine, or a pure jet engine. A jet engine works by accelerating air through the engine using combustion. The accelerated air exits the rear of the engine as thrust. Jet engines come in different varieties but all work on the same principle of accelerating air to produce thrust through Newton's third law of motion.

Uploaded by

sanjay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How Jet thrust is created

for flying

1
• The aircraft is to be moved forward, forcing it
to run through still air at a high speed. Only
then necessary lift is created for it to fly. This is
a continuous requirement.
• This forward thrust for the aircraft comes from
one of the two sources: i) a rotating propeller
powered by an engine or, ii) a pure Jet engine.

2
Thrust requirement for aircraft
Lift
Drag

For level
Weight
flight
Lift = Weight
For an aircraft to fly Drag = Thrust

3
Differential form of thrust generation,

Thrust based on acceleration of mass

Thrust based on velocity change


in a time period

Acceleration, Velocity, Momentum and Force are vector


quantities. They all have specific magnitude & direction

4
Thrust needs to be created for all flight
regimes of the aircraft:

• Take-off – normally maximum thrust


• Climb – reducing from maximum
thrust
• Cruise – normally minimum thrust
• Manoevres – variable thrust
• Acceleration & Deceleration - variable
• Descend – Low thrust
• Landing – Just Less than maximum
thrust 5
• Thrust is a mechanical force which is generated
through the reaction of accelerating a mass of
gas, as explained by Newton's III Law of motion.

• A gas or air, used as a working fluid is


accelerated to the rear and the engine attached
to the aircraft are accelerated in the forward
direction.

• To accelerate the gas, we need some kind of


propulsion system. A propulsion system is an
energy consuming machine which accelerates a
gas/ air.

6
• But if we are dealing with a fluid (liquid or
gas) and particularly if we are dealing with
a moving fluid, keeping track of the mass
gets tricky. For a moving fluid, the most
important parameter is the mass flow rate.

• Since the mass flow rate already contains


the time dependence (mass/time), we can
express the rate of change of momentum
across the propulsion device as mass flow
rate times the change in the flow velocity.

7
A Jet Engine Schematic

8
Jet Engine fundamentally is a Heat Engine

Jet
Thrust
Air
Waste
Heat

Combustion is the energy input in to the engine and is


key to the operation of a jet engine

9
Fundamental varieties of jet engine

Pure
Turbojet
Prop-jet

Unducted or
Ducted fan

10
The thrust equation is given by:
Fn = [( ṁ . V)e – (ṁ. V)a ]+ [(pe - pa).Ae]
Momentum Thrust Pressure Thrust
Normally, the magnitude of the pressure thrust is
small relative to the ṁxV term.
This is the uninstalled thrust of the engine
11
A Bypass Jet engine

12
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect - 2

A mixed flow bypass jet engine

13
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect - 2

A pure turbojet engine with afterburner (mixed flow)

14
Lect - 2

Mechanical Creation of Thrust by all components

15
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect - 2

Mechanical Forces created by various


components of a Jet engine

16
Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect - 2

Total and Static Pressures acting on various parts of a jet engine

17
Lect - 2
• All Mechanical loads (e.g. gas loads) are to
be borne by various components of the
engine. These components also transfer the
load to the structure of the engine. The
engine, rigidly attached to the aircraft, and
provides pull (thrust) for motion.
• The loads are variable and continuous
during all the operations of the engine.
• The load bearing components, e.g.
bearings, struts etc. need to be designed and
installed to withstand these continuous and
variable forces. Otherwise the engine is liable
to fail under mechanical loads.
18
A high Bypass Turbofan Engine

19
A modern very-low bypass engine

20

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