Chapter 10

Open Building
with Gable Roof
Wind pressures for a typical open storage building are determined. Fig. G10-1
shows the dimensions and framing of the open buildings. The physical data
are as listed in Table G10-1.

Procedure
Wind loads on MWFRS are obtained using the Analytical (Directional)
Procedure of chapter 27, part 1, because the example building is an open
building. Even though the building height is h < 60 ft and qualifies as a
low-rise building by definition, adaptation of the low-rise “pseudo pressure”
coefficients of chapter 28, part 1, is not appropriate for this example building.
Therefore, the Directional Procedure of Section 27.4.1 is used.
C&C wind loads are obtained using provisions of chapter 30, part 5,
for open buildings.

Building Risk Classification

A storage building of this type has a low risk to human life; Risk Category
I is appropriate for this building. The wind speed map associated with Risk
Category I is in Fig. 26.5-1C of the Standard.

Basic Wind Speed

Basic wind speed in any location in Oklahoma is 105 mph; see Fig. 26.5-1C
of the Standard.

Exposure
The building is located in a wooded area. Section 26.7.2 of the Standard
defines terrain roughness as Exposure B.

Enclosure Classification
The building has all walls open; it qualifies as an open building. Value of
(GCpi) = 0.0 (see Table 26.11-1 in the Standard).
Fig. G10-1
Building characteristics
for open building with
gable roof

Velocity Pressures
Velocity pressure is determined using equations from the Standard: Eq.
27.3-1 for MWFRS and Eq. 30.3-1 for C&C. The equation is the same for
MWFRS and C&C.

qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2 (psf)

where
qz = velocity pressure at height z
Kz = exposure coefficient at height z and Kh at mean roof height
Kzt = 1.0 for homogeneous terrain (Section 26.8 of the Standard)
Kd = 0.85 for buildings (Table 26.6-1 of the Standard)
V = 105 mph (Fig. 26.5-1C of the Standard)

Table G10-1 Data for Open Building with Gable Roof

Location Tulsa, Oklahoma
Topography Homogeneous
Terrain Suburban, wooded
Dimensions 30 ft × 60 ft in plan
Roof eave height is 10 ft
Roof gable e = 15°
Framing Typical metal construction
Roof trusses spanning 30 ft are spaced 4 ft on center
Roof panels are 2 ft × 8 ft
Storage Clear flow; blockage less than 50 percent

122 Wind Loads: Guide to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10
 Since Kz is constant in the 0 to 15 ft region, from Table 27.3-1 of the Standard
for MWFRS and Table 30.3-1 for C&C:
For MWFRS Kz = Kh = 0.57
For C&C Kz = Kh = 0.70
For MWFRS qh = 0.00256 (0.57) (1.0) (0.85) (105)2 = 13.7 psf
For C&C qh = 0.00256 (0.7) (1.0) (0.85) (105)2 = 16.8 psf

Design Wind Pressure for MWFRS

The equation for open buildings is given in Section 27.4.3 of the Standard:

p = qhGCN (Eq. 27.4-3)

where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h
G = gust effect factor
CN = net pressure coefficient value obtained from Fig. 27.4-4 through
Fig. 27.4-7 of the Standard.

Gust Effect Factor

This building fits the definition of a low-rise building, so according to
Section 26.9.2 of the Standard it can be considered rigid. The gust effect
factor for nonflexible (rigid) buildings is given in Section 26.9.1 of the
Standard as G = 0.85.

Roof Net Pressure Coefficients

Because the building is open and has a pitched roof, there are two wind
directions to be considered: wind direction parallel to the slope (normal to
ridge), γ = 0° or 180°, and wind normal to the roof slope (parallel to ridge),
γ = 90°. For γ = 0° or 180°, the net pressure coefficients are obtained from
Fig. 27.4-5 of the Standard. For γ = 90°, the net pressure coefficients are
obtained from Fig. 27.4-7. The roof net pressure coefficients are presented
in Table G10-2.
Clear wind flow is assumed; blockage is less than 50 percent.

Table G10-2 Roof Net Pressure Coefficients for Two Cases

Distance from
Wind direction e° windward edge Case A Case B
Normal to ridge
γ = 0° or 180°;
Fig. 27.4-5 15 1.1 (CNW) 0.1 (CNW)
–0.4 (CNL) –1.1 (CNL)
Parallel to ridge
γ = 90°; Fig. 27.4-7 0 0 to 12 ft –0.8 0.8
12 to 24 ft –0.6 0.5
24 to 60 ft –0.3 0.3

Wind Loads: Guide to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10 123
 Wind Pressure for MWFRS
Calculated wind pressures for MWFRS are summarized in Table G10-3.

p = qhGCN = 13.7 × 0.85 × CN

Figures G10-2 and G10-3 illustrate the design pressures (Case A and Case B)
for wind direction γ = 0° or 180° and γ = 90°, respectively.

Minimum Design Wind Loadings

Section 27.4.7 of the Standard requires that the design wind load for MWFRS
of open buildings shall not be less than 16 psf (net horizontal) multiplied by
area projected on a plane normal to the wind direction. Depending on the
projected area of the roof and supporting structure, this minimum loading
could govern and should be checked. Load Case A satisfies this minimum
requirement.

Design Pressures for Roof Trusses and Roof Panels

The design pressure equation for C&C for open buildings with pitched roofs
is given in Section 30.8 of the Standard:

p = qhGCN (Eq. 30.8-1)

where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h
G = gust effect factor value determined from Section 26.9 of the
Standard
CN = net pressure coefficient value obtained from Fig. 30.8-2 of the
Standard

Table G10-3 Design Wind Pressures for MWFRS for Two Cases (psf )
Distance from
Wind direction, γ windward edge Case A Case B
Normal to ridge
γ = 0° or 180°
Windward 12.8 1.2
Leeward –4.6 –12.8
Parallel to ridge
γ = 90° 0 to 12 ft –9.3 9.3
12 to 14 ft –7.0 5.8
24 to 60 ft –3.5 3.5
Note: Positive numbers mean toward the surface; negative numbers mean away from
the surface.

124 Wind Loads: Guide to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10
Fig. G10-2
Design pressures for
MWFRS for wind direction
γ = 0° or 180°

Roof Design Pressures

Roof net design coefficients for components and cladding are presented in
Table G10-4, using Fig. 30.8-2 of the Standard.

Width of Zone 2 and Zone 3

Smaller of a = 0.1(30) = 3 ft (controls)
or a = 0.4(12) = 4.8 ft
but not less than a = 0.04(30) = 1.2 ft
or a = 3 ft
a2 = 9 ft2

Effective wind area

Roof panel: A = 4 × 2 = 8 ft2 (controls)
or A = 4 × (4/3) = 5.3 ft2
Roof truss: A = 4 × 30 = 120 ft2
or A = 30 × (30/3) = 300 ft2 (controls)
Wind Loads: Guide to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10 125
Fig. G10-3
Design pressures for
MWFRS for wind direction
γ = 90°. The pressures are
normal to roof surface

Wind Pressure for Trusses and Roof Panels

Calculated wind pressures for trusses and roof panels are summarized in
Table G10-5.

p = qhGCN = 16.8 × 0.85 × CN

Zones for the pitched roof of this open building are shown in Fig. G10-4.
The panels and trusses are designed for the pressures indicated.
For trusses, two loading combinations need to be considered. The two
loading cases are shown in Fig. G10-5. Loading Case 1 is for Wind Directions
1 and 2 while Loading Case 2 is for Wind Direction 2. The loadings shown
for trusses are used for the design of truss and individual members. For
anchorage of the truss to frame support members, you may use MWFRS
loading.

Table G10-4 Roof Net Pressure Coefficients for Components, e = 15°

Effective Wind
Component Area (sq ft) Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1
Panel 8 (≤a2) 2.2 –2.2 1.7 –1.7 1.1 –1.1
Truss 300 (>4a2) 1.1 –1.1 1.1 –1.1 1.1 –1.1
Note: Coefficients are from Fig. 30.8-2 of the Standard.

126 Wind Loads: Guide to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10
Table G10-5 Roof Component Design Pressure by Zone (psf )
Component Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1
Panel 31.4 –31.4 24.3 –24.3 15.7 –15.7
Truss 15.7 –15.7 15.7 –15.7 15.7 –15.7
Note: Positive numbers mean toward the surface; negative numbers mean away from
the surface. Note that Section 30.2.2 requires that a minimum pressure of 16 psf be
used.

Fig. G10-4
Pressure zones for panels
and trusses

Fig. G10-5
Loading cases for room
trusses

Comment
The pressures determined are limit state design pressures for strength design.
Section 2.3 of the Standard indicates load factor for wind load to be 1.0W for
loads determined in this example. If allowable stress design is to be used, the
load factor for wind load is 0.6W as shown in Section 2.4 of the Standard.
Wind Loads: Guide to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10 127