Experiment Number 1

Basic Laboratory Techniques

Group Number 3,

Bantilan, Elmer Jann A.

Batistil Joana.

Briones, Justine

(Wednesday 10:30 AM to 1:30 PM)

Submitted To:

Engr. Eduardo Hernandez Junior

Analytical Chemistry (Laboratory) Professor

February 06, 2019

 Abstract

The experiment was conducted for the group in order to familiarize the different laboratory

techniques and basics that would beneficial before attempting further experiments both basics

and advance of analytical chemistry. The problem stated in the experiment on how to use the

different laboratory equipments to perform experiments regarding to the subject. The methods

that were used in this experiment are the proper weighing using the analytical balance and the

proper dilution process with the pipettes also with the basic computation such as converting the

gathered data. Results in this experiment show that there are no outliers but have the furthest

variable among five-peso coins at 95% confidence interval, the molarity of NaCl (Sodium

Chloride) solution is 0.2786 mol/L when 0.4 grams of NaCl powder is diluted in a 250 ml flask

and that the molarity of NaCl (Sodium Chloride) solution is 0.02785 mol/L when 25 ml of

aliquot from the previous solution is diluted in a 250 ml flask.

 Introduction

From the very beginning of the history of chemistry/chemistry laboratory the origin of

chemical laboratory, the historical overview of chemical research work, the way of chemical

analysis from qualitative form styles until the beginning of quantitative format of analysis

determination. The use of analytical devices for quantitative purposes. The beginning of optics

and electricity in the chemical laboratory work in the 19th century. The instrumental development

at the beginning of our century actually changed the usual view of analytical chemistry

laboratory domination of electronics. But before heading to an advance technique of analytical

chemistry knowing it’s basic on what have been done nor what to do.

Chemistry laboratory experiments have partially been a huge benefactor in the modern

world today, with the wide knowledge of curiosity and achievements so far people are

convinced. With the question what is the common and appropriate ways in handling things

strategically in the laboratory? For starters students under analytical chemistry must obtain basic

instruction or common technique as well very useful

Objectives

To be able for students to be familiarize and educated to the basic need and instruction

for chemical laboratory activity purposes thus this is a unique way for students to have more

knowledge and tip/techniques for proper uses in the laboratory (e.g use in apparatuses,

measurements, handling chemicals)

 Materials and Equipments

 5- peso coin (five)

 Analytical Balance

 Aluminum foil

 Reagent bottle, 100 mL

 Beaker, 150 mL

 Stirring rod

 Volumetric flasks with stopper, 100 mL

 Small glass Funnel

 Wash bottle

 Pasteur pipette

 Serological pipette with rubber stopper, 10 mL

Procedures

A. Using the Analytical Balance and Statistical Balance Analysis

Place a single 5-peso coin into the analytical balance, repeated five time with different 5 peso

coins, list the measured mass of the 5 peso coins to record statistically, then get the mean/average

of the 5 different coins. After the mean get the standard deviation then perform a % RSD. In

getting the outlier using grubb’s test is effective and much accurate.

B. Weighing the Standard Reagents

Take a sheet of foil for an improvised plate then gently put this in the analytical balance then

press tare for the weight of the foil is unaffected to the weight of the sample, in measuring the
NaCl (Sodium Chloride) place the sample gently at the sheet of foil, for an accurate

measurement the weight must not be under/exceed 0.4000 grams. After measuring transfer the

sample in a 150-mL beaker.

C. Preparation and Storage of Standard Solutions

Dissolve the NaCl (Sodium Chloride) by a 10 mL distilled water with the use of the stirring rod

mix until dissolve (note that by mixing it shouldn’t occur any noises). After dissolving use a

stirring rod and funnel to transfer the sample into a 100 mL volumetric flask, make to reach the

mark of the volumetric flask. Then rinse the sample into the volumetric flask also rinse the

funnel the remove it, by the use of Pasteur pipette dilute the solution. Insert a stopper at the

volumetric flask, invert the apparatus up and down to check for leaks do this five times until

succeeded. Lastly after checking for leaks transfer the diluted solution into a reagent bottle and

put a label, calculate for the concentration of the solution.

D. Delivering an aliquot and dilution

Transfer a 10-mL aliquot of the prepared NaCl (Sodium Chloride) solution to a 100-mL

volumetric flask with the use of serological pipette, after dilute the sample using distilled water.

Put a stopper to the volumetric flask, invert the apparatus up and down to check for leaks do this

five times until succeeded, put the sample at another reagent bottle and put a label, note the

concentration of the solution.

 Results and Discussion

A. Using the analytical balance and statistical analysis

Weight of coin 1 (g) 7.7355 g

Weight of coin 2 (g) 7.7099 g

Weight of coin 3 (g) 7.6528 g

Weight of coin 4 (g) 7.4749 g

Weight of coin 5 (g) 7.7253 g

Mean (g) 7.7253 g

Standard deviation 0.0567

% RSD 0.74 %

Table 1.1

With the use of the analytical balance, the gathered data represents the mass of 5 individual coins
𝛴𝑥
with an average mean of 7.7252 g with a formula of 𝑥̅ = were x is the measurement of an
𝑛

individual coin, n is the number of sample and a standard deviation of 0.0567with a formula of

𝛴𝑥 𝑠𝐷
𝑆𝐷 = √𝑛−1and % RSD of 0.74 % with an formula of 0⁄0 𝑅𝑆𝐷 = × 100
𝑥̅

B. Weighing of standard reagents

Weighing of NaCl (Sodium Chloride) (g) 0.4000

Table 1.2

As per the instruction the mass of NaCl (Sodium Chloride) must not exceed or 0.4000 and must

be exact only
C. Preparation of standard solutions and dilution

Molarity of NaCl solution 0.2786 mol/L

Table 1.3

D. Delivering an aliquot

Molarity of NaCl solution 0.02785 mol/L

Table 1.4

E. Using Grubb’s Test

Data Z Remarks

7.7355 1.3369

7.7099 0.8854

7.6528 0.1217

7.4749 3.2593 This is the furthest among the rest but not an

outlier P > 0.05

7.7253 1.1570

Table 1.5

The purpose of Grubbs’ tests according to Grubb et.al (1969) is to detect a single outlier in a

univariate data set that follows an approximately normal distribution, with having a formula of

𝑥̅ −𝑥
𝑧= ; = 0.05, that sample 4 is the furthest and not an outlier due to its range of value.
𝑠𝐷
 Analysis/calculation

Table 1.1 in the data gathering presented the following quote that getting the mass of individual
𝛴𝑥
coin by the use of analytical balance with the formula of mean 𝑥̅ = where summation of x is
𝑛

the total of the individual mass of coins added that equalled to 38.2984 with n is equal to 5 in
38.2984 𝑔
solving 𝑥̅ = in results mean is equal to 7.7253 g.
5

𝛴𝑥 38.2984 𝑔
By getting the standard deviation the formula of 𝑆𝐷 = √𝑛−1 with 𝑆𝐷 = √ total of
5−1

0.0567

𝑠𝐷
Lastly in getting the %RSD the formula is given by 0⁄0 𝑅𝑆𝐷 = 𝑥̅ × 100 where %RSD =

0.0567
× 100 getting a results of 0.74%
7.7253

Table 1.2 as a standard instruction of the experiment the mass of NaCl is 0.4000 not exceeding

Table 1.3 In finding the Molarity of the of the solution just convert grams into Mol/liter

Table 1.4 In finding the Molarity of the of the solution just convert grams into Mol/liter

𝑥̅ −𝑥
Table 1.5 in performing the Grubbs’ test the following formula are presented 𝑧 = for every
𝑠𝐷

7.7253−7.7355 g
individual value for determining the outlier with 𝑧 = = 1.3369 for value one, 𝑧 =
0.0567

7.7253 −7.7099 g 7.7253 −7.6528 g

= 0.8854 for value two, 𝑧 = = 0.1217 for value three, 𝑧 =
0.0567 0.0567

7.7253 −7.4749 g 7.7253 −7.7253 g

= 3.2593 for value four, , 𝑧 = =1.1570 for value five. To conclude
0.0567 0.0567

that value four 3.2593 having the furthest value and considered as the outlier.
 Conclusion

To conclude, the basic laboratory techniques are beneficial for further advancement of the

experimentation hence knowledge insufficient for a higher type of experimentation. This lesson

will have a foundation of what’s coming next in further experimentation that could definitely use

the concept for the performed experiment.

Reference

Grubbs, Frank (February 1969), Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples,

Technometrics, 11(1), pp. 1-21

K.M, D. (2019). Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual. Manila: Adamson University.